过表达嗜热毛壳菌Cu/Zn-SOD基因提高转基因水稻对3种病害的抗性

超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD,EC1.15.1.1)是生物体中清除氧自由基、保护细胞免受氧化损害的关键保护酶之一,SOD活性的提高可以增加植物对各种不良环境的适应和耐受能力。本研究将一个源自嗜热毛壳菌(Chaetomium thermophilum,Ct)的Cu/Zn-SOD基因Ct SOD通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法转入水稻,转基因植株的SOD活性均得到显著提高。对转基因植株分别接种水稻白叶枯病、细菌性条斑病以及纹枯病的病原,发现过量表达Ct SOD能够显著提高转基因植株对3种病害的抗性。这种对多种病害具有抗性的单个基因在植物抗病育种中具有重要应用价值。     

植物脱水素对多种逆境的响应

综述了目前关于脱水素（Dehydrin,DHN）的研究进展,包括脱水素的蛋白结构特征、细胞定位及作用机制,脱水素在生物及非生物逆境下的转基因研究,脱水素的磷酸化修饰,脱水素的结合金属离子、清除活性氧、作为分子伴侣 保护酶活性等特性。展望了利用现代生物技术将脱水素用于提高植物对逆境的耐受力的应用前景,提出今后还需在脱水素作用机制、基因家族功能与生物胁迫相关性等几个方面进行深入研究。     

The effect of salt stress on Arabidopsis thaliana and Phelipanche ramosa interaction

Salinity and Orobanche or Phelipanche spp. infection are important crop stress factors in agricultural areas. In this study, we investigated the effect of salt stress on Phelipanche ramosa seed germination and its attachment onto Arabidopsis thaliana roots. We also evaluated the effect of both stresses on the expression of genes regulated by abiotic and biotic stresses. According to our results, high concentration of NaCl delayed P. ramosa seed germination in the presence of a strigolactone analogue (GR24). A similar pattern was observed in the presence of A. thaliana plants. Furthermore, we found that salt‐treated A. thaliana seedlings were more sensitive to P. ramosa attachment compared with the untreated plants, indicating that there was a positive correlation between salt sensitivity and the ability of P. ramosa to infect A. thaliana plants. At the molecular level, a synergystic effect of both salt and P. ramosa stresses was observed on the cold‐regulated (COR) gene expression profile of treated A. thaliana seedlings. Our data clarify the interaction between parasitic plants and their hosts under abiotic stress conditions.     

叶片气孔分布及生理特征对环境胁迫的响应

从干旱、遮荫、盐胁迫、重金属以及CO2浓度5个方面综述了植物叶片的气孔分布及其特性在不同胁迫环境下出现的形态和生理差异。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫导致大多数植物叶片的气孔密度增大,气孔开度减少,而气孔的分布则随物种和胁迫程度不同而出现差异。(2)遮荫环境导致多数植物的气孔数量和气孔密度减小,气孔的形状发生改变,植物的气孔导度和净光合速率均明显降低。(3)盐胁迫将减少植物的叶片面积,改变叶片的组织结构,增加叶片的气孔密度,降低植物的气孔导度和净光合速率。(4)重金属胁迫则导致植物的气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度均呈现降低趋势。(5)大多数研究都表明叶片的外部形态及其气体交换等特征在提升CO2浓度后将受到显著影响。     

植物与病原物互作中的细胞程序化死亡

细胞程序化死亡(PCD)广泛存在于动植物的生长发育或抗逆过程中,而植物与病原物互作中的PCD已成为当前植物病理学的研究热点之一。本文从植物细胞程序化死亡的概念、检测方法、植物与病原物互作间的细胞程序化死亡及调控机理等方面进行了简要概述。     

Tolerance to paraquat-mediated oxidative and environmental stresses in squash (Cucurbita spp.) leaves of various ages

Paraquat is labeled for row-middle application on cucurbits, but drift to crop foliage is inevitable. Experiments were conducted to determine whether differential tolerance to paraquat existed among leaves of various ages in Cucurbita spp. (squash) and other plants, and to examine whether leaves tolerant to paraquat are also tolerant to other herbicides and abiotic stresses. Physiological responses to paraquat, including antioxidant activity, were investigated in squash leaves to identify mechanisms of paraquat tolerance. Although the level of paraquat tolerance differed by leaf age, cultivar, and species, the level of paraquat injury was lower in younger leaves than in older leaves in 14 of 18 squash cultivars and 5 of 12 other species tested. Cellular leakage and lipid peroxidation were consistently lower in the youngest leaf (leaf 4) than in the older leaves. Quantum yield and relative chlorophyll content were the same in all leaves of nontreated plants. Epicuticular wax content was higher in the youngest leaf than in leaves 1, 2, and 3 of cv. ‘Joongangaehobak’ and ‘Wonbiaehobak’. However, leaf cuticle content was not consistent with leaf ages. Differential leaf response to paraquat was partially correlated with the change in catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase activities in nontreated and treated leaves. The APX activity in the youngest leaf was generally 2 times higher than in leaves 1-3 in both nontreated and treated plants. Ascorbate antioxidant levels were also higher in the youngest leaf than those in leaves 1-3. Leaves tolerant to paraquat were also tolerant to diquat and to abiotic stresses, low temperature and drought. However, tolerance to oxyfluorfen, which has a different mode of action than paraquat and diquat, was higher in older than in younger leaves. Higher tolerance to paraquat-mediated oxidative and abiotic stresses in young leaves of most squash cultivars might contribute to the differential prevention of oxidative damage in leaves of various ages.     

Phytobiome metabolism: beneficial soil microbes steer crop plants' secondary metabolism

Crops are negatively affected by abiotic and biotic stresses, however, plant‐microbe cooperation allows prompt buffering of these environmental changes. Microorganisms exhibit an extensive metabolic capability to assist plants in reducing these burdens. Interestingly, beneficial microbes may also trigger, at the host side, a sequence of events from signal perception to metabolic responses leading to stress tolerance or protection against biotic threats. Although plants are well known for their vast chemical diversity, plant‐microbial interactions often stimulate the production of a rich and different repertoire of metabolites in plants. The targeted microbial‐plant interactions reprogramming plant metabolism represent potential means to foster various pest managements. However, the molecular mechanisms of microbial modulation of plant metabolic plasticity are still poorly understood. Here, we review an increasing amount of reports providing evidence for alterations to plant metabolism caused by beneficial microbial colonization. In addition, we highlight the vital importance of these metabolic reprograms for plants under stress erratic conditions. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

水稻叶鞘3种氧化还原酶活性在褐飞虱胁迫中的变化

为阐明水稻抗褐飞虱的机制,分析了褐飞虱为害对感、抗虫水稻品种叶鞘中3种保护酶活性的影响。采用苗期群体接虫方法对水稻品种进行抗性鉴定,在此基础上测定了褐飞虱为害前后水稻叶鞘中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。受褐飞虱为害后,抗虫和感虫品种叶鞘中SOD活性均上升,表明无论是抗性植株还是感性植株在清除超氧阴离子自由基方面都具有较强的能力;POD活性在抗虫品种中下降,而在感虫品种中增加,表明抗性品种较感性品种具有更强的酶促抗氧化性能,从而对褐飞虱胁迫具有更强的适应能力。CAT活性在抗虫品种中增加,而在感虫品种中大幅下降,这与其对褐飞虱抗性弱密切相关。     

活性氧参与调控植物生长发育和胁迫应激响应机理的研究进展

复杂多变的自然环境使植物进化出复杂而又巧妙的机制来感知外部信号,并对外部环境的变化做出适应性调整。在这种信号整合和决策过程中起关键作用的一类物质是活性氧(ROS)。细胞内、外产生的ROS与Ca~(2+)和电信号相互偶联组成的ROS波,向"友邻细胞"或远端细胞进行快速信号转导,进而伴随着多种信号组分共同完成应激响应表达。而ROS的产生与清除平衡关系决定了ROS在植物生长发育、器官发生和抗逆方面的作用。系统结并讨论了ROS的产生来源、信号传导机制、响应表达及ROS引起的细胞程序性死亡的最新研究进展。为深入了解ROS激活相关基因的表达,进而研究触发信号转导通路,使植物积极、高效地应对各种内在或外源的刺激信号,以调控植物的生长发育或适应胁迫环境,提供新的观点和见解。     

Combined effects of salinity and phosphorus availability on growth,gas exchange,and nutrient status of Catapodium rigidum

The combined effects of NaCl-salinity and phosphorus deficiency on biomass production, nutritional status, and photosynthetic activity were studied in Catapodium rigidum: an annual Poacea with fodder potential. Plants were grown in hydroponic conditions for 55 days under two phosphorus (P) supply: 5 (low) or 180?µmol KH₂PO₄ (sufficient), in the absence or presence of 100?mM NaCl. Obtained results demonstrated that both salinity and P deficiency treatments applied separately reduced substantially plant growth and CO₂ assimilation rate with a more marked impact of salt stress. Salinity has no substantial effect on both shoot P concentrations and phosphorus acquisition efficiency independently of P availability. The highest decrease in plant growth (?91%) was observed in plants simultaneously submitted to both stresses suggesting an additive effect of the two stresses and that P deficiency increased the susceptibility of C. rigidum to salinity. This may be linked to a significant decrease in potassium acquisition (?95%), K/Na selectivity ratio (?73%), stomatal conductance (?66%), CO₂ assimilation rate (?64%), and shoot water content (66%). Furthermore, plants cultivated under combined salinity and sufficient P supply displayed higher stomatal conductance, CO₂ assimilation rate, K/Na selectivity ratio, and plant growth than plants cultivated under combined effects of salinity and P deficiency. These results suggest that adding P to saline soils could be an alternative for alleviating the negative effects of salinity and may ameliorate salinity tolerance.     

Growth and yield responses of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) to diclofop-methyl and ozone

We evaluated the combined effects of diclofop‐methyl herbicide application and the air pollutant ozone (O₃) on diclofop‐methyl‐resistant and ‐susceptible biotypes of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). We conducted two experiments, one with a long vegetative growth period and the other with a short vegetative growth in late spring with seed production in summer. As expected, because of its phytotoxicity, the herbicide alone reduced total vegetative biomass, leaf area, tiller number and seed production at most sampling periods in susceptible plants for both experiments. However, it had variable effects on resistant plants, including a positive effect on seed production. Ozone alone delayed vegetative biomass accumulation and reduced leaf area and seed biomass in both experiments. However, the effects of O₃ on some parameters were altered by herbicide rate and/or biotype. Especially notable was a greater reduction in seed biomass because of O₃ in resistant than in susceptible plants with no herbicide. If these apparent differential responses to herbicide and O₃ stress of susceptible and resistant plants are confirmed and persist over time, evolutionary tradeoffs may occur. For example, the frequency of resistant plants in a population may be altered in response to interactions between herbicides and other anthropogenic stresses.     

Seedborne fungal contamination: consequences in space-grown wheat

Plants grown in microgravity are subject to many environmental stresses that may promote microbial growth and result in disease symptoms. Wheat (cv. Super Dwarf) recovered from an 8-day mission aboard a NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) space shuttle showed disease symptoms, including girdling of leaf sheaths and chlorosis and necrosis of leaf and root tissues. A Neotyphodium species was isolated from the seed and leaf sheaths of symptomatic wheat used in the spaceflight mission. Certain isozymes of a peroxidase unique to extracts from the microgravity-grown plants were observed in extracts from earth-grown Neotyphodium-infected plants but were not present in noninfected wheat. The endophytic fungus was eliminated from the wheat seed by prolonged heat treatment at 50 degrees C followed by washes with water at 50 degrees C. Plants from wheat seed infected with the Neotyphodium endophyte were symptomless when grown under greenhouse conditions, whereas symptoms appeared after only 4 days of growth in closed containers. Disease spread from an infected plant to noninfected plants in closed containers. Dispersion via spores was found on asymptomatic plants at distances of 7 to 18 cm from infected plants. The size and shape of the conidia, mycelia, and phialide-bearing structures and the ability to grow rapidly on carbohydrates, especially xylose, resembled the characteristics of N. chilense, which is pathogenic on orchard grass, Doctylis glomerati. The Neotyphodium wheat isolate caused disease symptoms on other cereals (wheat cv. Malcolm, orchard grass, barley, and maize) grown in closed containers.     

不同甜瓜品种蔓枯病抗性与抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 基因 表达的关系

 蔓枯病是威胁甜瓜最重要的病害之一,该病是由西瓜壳二孢菌(Ascochyta citrullina Smith, 无性世代是泄根亚隔孢壳Didymella bryoniae)引起的,在甜瓜的幼苗期至采收期均可发生。在中国厚皮甜瓜栽培品种中尚未发现蔓枯病抗性较好且综合性状优良的品种,多数甜瓜抗蔓枯病材料均为薄皮小果,关于甜瓜与蔓枯病菌的互作机理目前报道较少,厚皮甜瓜和薄皮甜瓜与蔓枯病菌的互作机理差异以及不同品种的薄皮甜瓜间与蔓枯病菌的互作机理差异未见任何报道。在低温高湿环境下甜瓜发生蔓枯病的几率比在适宜生长环境下大大增高,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascrobate peroxidase gene,APX,EC1. 11. 1.11) 是植物耐受逆境胁迫的主要因子,调节活性氧水平,与过氧化氢、一氧化氮一起参与防卫反应和细胞死亡,有可能调节MAPK的级联反应,应对多种环境胁迫因子。本研究拟探讨不同甜瓜品种与蔓枯病菌互作时APX转录水平的变化,初步解释APX在甜瓜与蔓枯病菌互作中的作用。     

小麦凝集素类受体激酶TaLecRLK1的鉴定及抗锈病功能分析

凝集素类受体激酶(lectin receptor-like kinase, LecRLKs)是一类在植物应答多种生物/非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用的类受体激酶。本研究在小麦与条锈菌互作的转录组中筛选到1个在小麦与条锈菌非亲和互作中显著上调表达的LecRLKs基因TaLecRLK1。该基因全长2 292 bp,编码蛋白含有1个胞外信号肽、B-lectin结构域、PAN＿AP结构域、跨膜域和胞内酪氨酸激酶域。qRT-PCR分析表明：TaLecRLK1在小麦与条锈菌非亲和互作早期诱导表达,在烟草及小麦原生质体中瞬时表达,TaLecRLK1-GFP定位在细胞膜上。利用大麦条纹花叶病毒介导的基因沉默技术(BSMV-VIGS)沉默TaLecRLK1,接种无毒性条锈菌小种CYR23后,沉默叶片表面产生少量夏孢子堆,组织学观察发现沉默植株中条锈菌菌丝长度增长、侵染点附近活性氧积累面积减少;TaPR1、TaPR2、TaPR5的表达受到抑制,TaCAT和TaSOD则被迅速诱导表达。综上所述,TaLecRLK1对小麦抗条锈病起到正调控作用。     

Suppressive effect of abscisic acid on systemic acquired resistance in tobacco plants

Recent studies have indicated that the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), induced in response to a variety of environmental stresses, plays an important role in modulating diverse plant–pathogen interactions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, we previously clarified that ABA suppressed the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a plant defense system induced by pathogen infection through salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. We investigated the generality of this suppressive effect by ABA on SAR using tobacco plants. For SAR induction, we used 1,2-benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide (BIT) and benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) that activate upstream and downstream of SA in the SAR signaling pathway, respectively. Wild-type tobacco plants treated with BIT or BTH exhibited enhanced disease resistance against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco wildfire bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst), however, which was suppressed by pretreatment of plants with ABA. Pretreatment with ABA also suppressed the expression of SAR-marker genes by BIT and BTH, indicating that ABA suppressed the induction of SAR. ABA suppressed BTH-induced disease resistance and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression in NahG-transgenic plants that are unable to accumulate SA. The accumulation of SA in wild-type plants after BIT treatment was also suppressed by pretreatment with ABA. These data suggest that ABA suppresses both upstream and downstream of SA in the SAR signaling pathway in tobacco.     

干旱和盐胁迫对向日葵叶片蜡质积累的影响及蜡质烷烃合成基因的克隆

植物表皮蜡质在植物逆境胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。为了研究干旱和盐胁迫对向日葵叶片蜡质积累的影响,对三周龄向日葵分别进行干旱和盐胁迫处理,7 d后提取蜡质并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析。结果表明：向日葵幼苗叶片蜡质主要由初级醇、烷烃和脂肪酸组成,其含量分别占蜡质总含量的79%、10%和9%。干旱和盐胁迫均没有改变向日葵幼苗叶片蜡质的组成,但是能够显著提高蜡质总含量,与对照相比,分别增加了8.8%和8.5%。所有蜡质组分中,烷烃含量变化最大,分别在干旱和盐胁迫后较对照增加了62.5%和47.0%,表明了向日葵幼苗叶片蜡质组分中,烷烃积极响应干旱和盐胁迫。为进一步研究参与向日葵蜡质烷烃合成的基因,在向日葵基因组中进行同源检索,共获得6个差异表达的候选基因,克隆了两个在叶片中表达水平较高的HaCER1-1和HaCER3-1。测序结果显示,HaCER1-1和HaCER3-1编码区长度分别为1 869 bp和1 674 bp,编码622个和557个氨基酸的蛋白质。利用qRT-PCR技术进一步分析了NaCl和PEG溶液处理下HaCER3-1的表达水平,结果显示,在处理后的12 h时,HaCER3-1在叶片中的表达分别增加了11倍和3.5倍,表明HaCER3-1的表达受到干旱和盐胁迫的诱导。本研究为解析向日葵蜡质响应渗透胁迫和烷烃合成机制奠定了分子基础。