Screening of Amaranth Cultivars （Amaranthus mangostanus L.） for Cadmium Hyperaccumulation

The potential harm of soil cadmium pollution to ecological environment and human health has been increasingly widely concerned. Phytoremediation, as a kind of new and effective technology, has become an important method for cleaning up cadmium in contaminated sites. The amaranth （Amaranthus mangostanus L.） is widely distributed and has abundant varieties in China, its rapid growth and large biomass can be served as candidate for cadmium hyperaccumulators for phytoremediation. To obtain cadmium hyper-accumulator, Cd uptake in 23 amaranth cultivars from different ecological region was investigated under hydroponic culture condition. Meanwhile, pot experiment was established to probe phytoremediation potentiality of Cd contaminated soil by amaranth. Three treatment （Cd 5, 10, and 25 mg kg^-1） were imposed to red soil, yellow brown soil, and vegetable soil. The results showed that under hydroponic culture with Cd 3 mg L^-1, the cadmium concentration in the shoots of the cultivar Tianxingmi reached 260 mg kg^-1, and its total cadmium uptake was the highest among various cultivars. In the treatment Cd 25 mg kg^-1, the cadmium concentration in the shoots of the cultivar Tianxingmi reached 212 mg kg^-1, while bioaccumulation factor and shoot purification rate reached 8.50 and 3.8%, respectively. Further, the total biomass and shoot biomass were not decreased significantly under Cd exposure. These results suggested that cultivar Tianxingmi is a typical Cd hyperaccumulator, and can be expected to be used in phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil.     

Genotypic Difference in the Responses of Seedling Growth and Cd Toxicity in Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The experiment was carried out to study the genotypic difference in the responses of seed germination, growth and physiological characters of rice seedlings to Cd toxicity. The result showed that the germination was slightly stimulated under low Cd concentration （0.01-1.5 mM Cd）, while severely depressed under higher Cd concentration （2.0 mM）. Rice seedlings exposed to 0.01 mM Cd showed slight increases in plant height, root volume, biomass and chlorophyll concentration. These parameters were significantly reduced when Cd level in the medium was increased to 0.5 mM, and meanwhile corresponding increase in superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities, and MDA （malondialdehyde） content was observed. However, SOD and POD activities declined when plants were exposed to 1 mM Cd when compared with those under 0.5 mM Cd. Cadmium addition lowered Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots and shoots. There was significant genotypic difference in the response of these parameters to Cd stress. Under Cd stress, Xiushui 110 had the least inhibition of growth and increase in MDA content, higher shoot Cd concentration, and greatest increase in POD and SOD activities, indicating its higher tolerance to Cd toxicity, while Bing 9914 had the greatest reduction of growth, and Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn contents, but greatest increase in MDA content, and least increase in activities of antioxidative enzymes, indicating its sensitivity to Cd toxicity.     

Effects of Farm Yard Manure and Lime on Cadmium Uptake by Rice Grown in Two Contaminated Soils of Chittagong

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of farm yard manure （FYM） and lime （calcium carbonate） on reducing the uptake of Cd by rice in two Cd contaminated soils of Chittagong. The effects of farm yard manure, lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime （FYM ＋ Lime） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth, Cd uptake by rice and 0.1 N HC1 extractable Cd in soil were investigated. Results showed that addition of lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly decreased 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd in the city sewage soil. Application of farm yard manure significantly decreased Cd concentration in rice in the city sewage soil. Lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly reduced Cd concentration in rice m both the contaminated soils. Lime was more efficient than farm yard manure in reducing the uptake of Cd by rice.     

Enzymatic activity and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) after exposure to low doses of chlorsulfuron and cadmium

The aim of this research was to study the influence of chlorsulfuron residue and cadmium on the enzymatic activity and photosynthetic apparatus of maize(Zea mays L.) plants. Chlorsulfuron and cadmium at 0.001 and 5.0 mg kg–1, respectively, were mixed and applied to soil prior to planting. The levels of chlorsulfuron-and cadmium-induced stress to plants were estimated by growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxide content, enzyme activities, and major fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll(revealed by the fluorescence imaging system Fluor Cam). Chlorsulfuron negatively affected the chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the dark-adapted state, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II, photochemical quenching coefficient, and steady-state fluorescence decline ratio in the leaves of maize seedlings. However, cadmium did not produce noticeable changes. Plants that were exposed to both chlorsulfuron and cadmium showed an obvious increase in the steady-state fluorescence decline ratio. These results implied that the seedlings possessed more resistance to cadmium than to chlorsulfuron and their resistance to chlorsulfuron toxicity was enhanced by the presence of cadmium. The results also suggested that chlorophyll fluorescence imaging reveals overall alterations within the leaves but may not reflect small-scale effects on tissues, as numeric values of specific parameters are averages of the data collected from the whole leaf.     

Cow manure and cow manure-derived biochar application as a soil amendment for reducing cadmium availability and accumulation by Brassica chinensis L. in acidic red soil

Organic amendment is a promising,in situ phytostabilization approach to alleviate the phytotoxic effects of heavy metal contaminated soils.The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of cow manure(CM)and its derived biochar(CMB)as a soil amendment on cadmium(Cd)availability and accumulation in low and high Cd-accumulating cultivars of Brassica chinensis L.grown in an acidic red soil.CM and CMB were applied to Cd-contaminated acidic red soil at the rates of 0,3.0and 6.0%(w/w).Application of CMB was significantly more effective than that of CM,as it reduced the availability of Cd in soil by 34.3–69.9%and its bioaccumulation in the low Cd accumulator,Aijiaoheiye 333,by 51.2 and 67.4%,respectively.The addition of CMB significantly increased the extractability and accumulation of trace metals(Zn,Mn,Fe,and Cu)by plants and improved plant biomass production.CMB application,combined with utilizing low Cd accumulating cultivars represents a new,sustainable strategy to alleviate the toxic effects on Cd and improve food safety.     

Effects of Different Substrate Composition on Growth of Gesneriaceae Plants

The cultivation experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different proportions of peat soil, perlite, vermiculite and yellow mud on growth of Gesneriaceae species(Chirita gueilinensis, Sinningia speciosa, Lysionotus pauciflorus, Hemiboea henryi, Aeschynanthus acuminatus, Saintpaulia ionantha). The growth traits of each plant growing in 7 different matrix materials were investigated.The plant height, crown width and chlorophyll content of each plant were measured. The results showed that the best substrate ratio was peat soil∶vermiculite=2∶1for C. gueilinensis, L. pauciflorus and H. henryi; peat soil∶perlite∶vermiculite = 2∶1∶1for S. ionantha; peat soil∶vermiculite∶yellow mud=2∶1∶1 for S. speciosa; peat soil∶perlite∶vermiculite∶yellow mud=2∶1∶1∶1 for A. acuminatus.     

Correlation Analysis of SPAD Value with Chlorophyll Content and Economic Yield Traits of Brassica napus L.

[Objective] The aim was to compare differences of SPAD value, chloro- phyll content, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield traits to analyze correlation of SPAD value with other indices and establish regression functions. [Method] Based on 34 Brassica napus L. varieties, SPAD value, chlorophyll content, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield traits were measured and re- gression functions were established according to correlations. [Result] SPAD value, chlorophyll content, agronomic and economic characters and yield traits all achieved significant level in differences among 34 varieties. Specifically, SPAD value was of extremely significant correlation with chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, and the correlation from high to low was chl-b〉chl-z〉chl-a〉chl-x. SPAD value was of significantly positive correlation with total pod number per plant, plant height, seed number per pod, yield per plant and harvest yield, and of insignificant correlation with branch point height, effective branch number, pod density of main stem, and pod length. [Conclusion] It is simple and rapid to predict chlorophyll con- tent, economic characters and yields of Brassica napus L. with SPAD value and re- gression functions.     

Effect of Biochar on Relieving Cadmium Stress and Reducing Accumulation in Super japonica Rice

It is of great importance to solve the threats induced by cadmium pollution on crops. This paper examined the effect of biochar on cadmium accumulation in japonica rice and revealed the mechanism underlying the response of protective enzyme system to cadmium stress. Biochar derived from rice straw was applied at two application rates under three cadmium concentrations. Shennong 265, super japonica rice variety, was selected as the test crop. The results indicated that cadmium content in above-ground biomass of rice increased with increasing soil cadmium concentrations, but the biochar application could suppress the accumulation of cadmium to some extent. Under high concentrations of cadmium, content of free proline and MDA （malondialdehyde） were high, so did the SOD （superoxide dismutase）, POD （peroxidase） and CAT （catalase） activity in the flag leaf of rice. However, the protective enzyme activities remained at low level when biochar was added.     

Changes in Soil Biota Resulting from Growth of the Invasive Weed,Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.（Compositae）, Enhance Its Success and Reduce Growth of Co-Occurring Plants

Exotic plant invasion presents a serious threat to native ecosystem structure and function. Little is known about the role of soil microbial communities in facilitating or resisting the spread of invasive plants into native communities. The purpose of this research is to understand how the invasive annual plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. facilitates its competition capacity through changing the structure and function of soil microbial communities. The soil characteristics of different areas invaded by A. artemisiifolia were examined. Greenhouse experiments were designed to assess the effect of A. artemisiifolia invasion-induced changes of soil biota on co-occurring plant growth, and on the interactions between A. artemisiifolia and three co-occurring plant species. The results showed that the soil organic C content was the highest in heavily invaded sites, the lowest in native plant sites, and intermediate in newly invaded sites. Soil available N, P and K concentrations in heavily invaded site were 2.4, 1.9 and 1.7 times higher than those in native plant soil, respectively. Soil pH decreased as A. artemisiifolia invasion intensity increased, and was lower in invaded sites（heavily invaded and newly invaded） than in native plant sites. The soil microbial community structure was clearly separated in the three types of sites, and A. artemisiifolia invasion increased anaerobe, sulfate-reducing bacteria and actinomycete abundance. Soil biota of invaded sites inhibits growth of co-occurring plants（Galinsoga parvifloraCav., Medicago sativa L. and Setaria plicata（Lam.） T. Cooke.） compared to soil biota from un-invaded sites, but facilitates A. artemisiifolia growth and competition with co-occurring plants. A. artemisiifolia biomass was 50-130% greater when competing with three co-occurring plants, compared to single-species competition only（invasion by A. artemisiifolia alone）, in heavily invaded soil. Results of the present study indicated that A. artemisiifolia invasion alters the soil microbial communit     

Wheat growth,photosynthesis and physiological characteristics under different soil Zn levels

In recent years,heavy metal hazards in the soil have seriously affected agricultural production.This study aims to examine the effects of different levels of heavy metal Zn on the growth,photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of wheat,and provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and control of heavy metal pollution in agricultural production.The field test method was used to explore the changes of wheat agronomic traits,photosynthetic capacity,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,s...     

土壤镉污染对大蒜生理生化指标的影响

1材料与方法1．1材料供试蒜种为山东省农科院培育的鲁蒜王（VF684）1号,选取籽粒饱满、大小均匀、健壮无损伤的蒜瓣为试材。供试土壤为青岛市郊农田0-20cm表层土壤。该土壤远离公路和居民区,属于该地特有的砂质壤土,土壤污染较轻,其pH值6．56,有机质含量25．35g/kg,速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量分别为91．56、24．20、42．10mg／kg,重金属全镉、全铅含量分别为0.21、45．83mg／kg。采集土壤风干后过3mm尼龙筛,备用。     

土壤镉污染对大蒜生理生化指标的影响

[目的]研究土壤镉污染对大蒜生理生化指标的影响,为土壤镉污染修复提供依据。[方法]通过设置0.21-500mg／kg12个cd污染浓度梯度,采用盆栽模拟试验,研究大蒜株高、叶绿素（Chl）含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量对土壤镉胁迫的生理生态响应机制。[结果]土壤镉污染能显著影响大蒜的株高,且随着胁迫时间的增加胁迫作用逐渐增大;除cd浓度500mg／kg外,其余各处理大蒜叶绿素a含量与对照相比差异均不显著;各处理叶绿素总量与对照相比差异均不显著。高浓度的Cd污染对大蒜细胞膜的伤害增加,但随着大蒜生理机制的调节,伤害逐渐降低。[结论]大蒜对镉污染土壤具有较强的生理生态适应性,具备修复镉污染土壤的潜力。     

秋水仙素对大蒜生长的影响及多倍体诱导效应分析

[目的]探讨诱导大蒜染色体加倍的有效方法。[方法]以秋水仙素为诱变剂,比较不同浓度和不同时间处理对大蒜的多倍体诱导效应。[结果]经秋水仙素处理过的植株,在相同浓度下,随着秋水仙素处理时间的延长,株高降低,细胞有丝分裂指数减小,染色体加倍率升高。在相同的处理时间内,随着秋水仙素浓度的升高,株高降低,细胞有丝分裂指数明显减小,染色体加倍率显著升高。当秋水仙素浓度为0.05%,处理6 d时,染色体加倍率达到最高,为28.67%。随着浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,植株的死亡率逐渐上升,气孔面积也呈上升趋势。[结论]该研究为丰富大蒜种质资源和加速高产优质大蒜的育种进程奠定了基础。     

3种植物Ran基因的克隆及序列分析(摘要)(英文)

[目的]研究洋葱、大蒜和油菜中Ran基因与拟南芥Ran2基因的同源性,以确定3种植物材料能否作为拟南芥的替代材料研究Ran定位。[方法]采用RT-PCR方法,以拟南芥Ran2的引物分别从洋葱、大蒜和油菜分裂细胞提取的总RNA中扩增出相应片段DNA(AcRan,AsRan,BnRan),经凝胶电泳回收相应PCR产物,克隆到pMD18-T载体上,转化到DH5α中,抽提质粒,经酶切、PCR鉴定确定阳性克隆,将阳性克隆的菌体进行测序、比对分析。[结果]洋葱、大蒜和油菜的Ran基因开放阅读框分别为666、663和666bp;分别编码221、220和221个氨基酸,分子量约24.3kD;与拟南芥AtRan2氨基酸序列同源性分别为99.1%、100%(除末端缺少1个天冬氨酸D外)和96.4%;进化树分析显示洋葱和大蒜Ran基因与拟南芥进化关系更近,其根尖可代替拟南芥根尖研究Ran基因的定位或相关生物学功能。将该实验克隆的3种植物Ran基因序列与收集的14种植物的Ran序列共28种进行氨基酸同源性比对及进化树分析表明,高等植物Ran基因绝大多数在进化树中处于同一位置,同源性高达90%以上(拟南芥AtRan4和水稻OsRan4例外),因此,它们可能在植物细胞分裂过程中起着相似的作用;且3种植物在受动结合域(EBD)和酸性末端(AT)存在不同;而拟南芥AtRan4缺少这2个功能域,可能与AtRan1～3具有不同的作用。[结论]为进一步研究植物Ran基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

3种金乡大蒜中营养活性成分的含量比较

[目的]检测3种金乡大蒜中营养成分和活性物质含量,从化学分子水平探讨不同品种的差异,对于优化种质资源、提升大蒜后期加工利用的品质和附加值具有指导作用。[方法]采用食品化学的常规方法并结合大型仪器检测,测定大蒜中营养成分和活性成分的含量。[结果]基本营养成分可溶性糖、粗脂肪、蛋白质含量,以金乡紫皮蒜最高,金乡白皮蒜次之,独头蒜最少;金乡紫皮蒜维生素C含量最高,独头蒜次之,金乡白皮蒜最少;金乡白皮蒜的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最高,紫皮蒜次之,独头蒜最差;锗和大蒜素DADS含量则是独头蒜最高。[结论]对于偏重营养成分的利用,金乡紫皮蒜有较大优势;而对于大蒜素和锗的特色保健功能利用,独头蒜有更大优势。     

大蒜提取液对白鲢鱼肉的保鲜作用

[目的]研究大蒜（Allium sativumL.）提取液对白鲢（Hypophtha lmichthys molitrix）鱼肉货架期品质的影响。[方法]测定货架期白鲢鱼肉的pH值、挥发性盐基总氮（TVBN）、TBA值和菌落总数,并进行感官评定。[结果]大蒜提取液能够有效地保持鱼肉货架期的品质,延缓鱼肉pH值、TVBN值、TBA值以及菌落总数的升高。[结论]该研究可为大蒜提取液在淡水鱼储藏保鲜方面的实际应用提供理论依据。     

3种植物Ran基因的克隆及序列分析

［目的］研究洋葱、大蒜和油菜中Ran基因与拟南芥Ran2基因的同源性,以确定3种植物材料能否作为拟南芥的替代材料研究Ran的定位。［方法］采用RTPCR方法,以拟南芥Ran2的引物分别从洋葱、大蒜和油菜分裂细胞提取的总RNA中克隆出同源基因,进行测序、比对分析。［结果］洋葱、大蒜和油菜的Ran基因开放阅读框分别为666、663和666bp;分别编码221、220和221个氨基酸,分子量约24.3kD;与拟南芥AtRan2氨基酸序列同源性分别为99.1%、100.0%（除末端缺少1个天冬氨酸D外）和96.4%;进化树分析显示洋葱和大蒜Ran基因与拟南芥进化关系更近。［结论］为进一步研究植物Ran基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

应用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定大蒜中糖含量

[目的]建立简便、准确、灵敏的测定大蒜中果糖、葡萄糖及蔗糖含量的方法。[方法]样品经热水提取后,使用Kromasil NH2(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm)柱分离,以乙腈-水(80∶20,V/V)为流动相,使用蒸发光散射检测器检测。[结果]果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的线性范围分别为0.05~3、0.075~5、0.05~5 g/L;检出限分别为1.9、2.4、1.8μg/L;样品的平均加标回收率分别为99.2%、97.6%、98.0%;相对标准偏差分别为1.02%、1.41%、1.27%。[结论]该方法操作简便、快速、准确,用于实际样品的测定,结果令人满意。     

大蒜根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性动态研究

[目的]研究大蒜不同时期根际微生物数量及土壤酶活性的变化。[方法]以白皮蒜和紫皮蒜为试验材料,分别测定不同时期根际微生物数量及土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性。[结果]各时期2个大蒜品种均促进了根际土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌的生长,间接提高了根际土壤中脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,从而促进了大蒜根际土壤中氮、磷等营养元素的周转与循环,为下茬作物生长提供了良好的微生态环境。[结论]该研究为大蒜作为一种良好的前茬作物的生态学研究提供理论依据。     

镉污染对火炬树的影响

[目的]研究不同浓度镉污染对火炬树生长的影响。[方法]以当年生的火炬树的播种苗为材料,在不同浓度镉（10、30、50、100mg/kg）处理的土壤条件下,每月定期随机测量植株的苗高、地径及生物量。[结果]土壤中含镉量较低即10 mg/kg时,除了火炬树的地径,树高和生物量的增长都要高于对照,并随着土壤中含镉含量的增加,火炬树树高、地径、生物量的增长均低于对照且差距逐渐增大。[结论]低浓度的镉处理能促进火炬树的生长,高浓度的处理对火炬树的生长有抑制作用。不同浓度的镉处理对火炬树树高和地径生长无显著影响,说明火炬树具有较强的抗镉污染的能力。