内生菌荧光假单胞菌DLJ1和蜡状芽胞杆菌SZ5对南方根结线虫胁迫下辣椒植株抗性与产量品质的影响

为了检验内生菌荧光假单胞菌DLJ1和蜡状芽胞杆菌SZ5的促生与提高植株对南方根结线虫的防治效果, 确定合适的菌剂接种方式, 并分析其机制, 本文以杀线剂阿维菌素为对照, 比较了不同接菌方式下DLJ1 和SZ5对辣椒植株在南方根结线虫胁迫下的抗性以及对产量品质的影响?结果证实DLJ1在种子萌发期的一次接菌与萌发期与田间的5次接菌处理均可使根系根结数减少70%以上, 使植株对南方根结线虫的抗性升至高抗级别, 辣椒产量提高超过150%; DLJ1一次接菌处理组的果型最大?Vc与可溶性蛋白含量最高?SZ5萌发期一次处理根结数降低40%, 植株对南方根结线虫表现为中抗, 产量提高60%以上; SZ5多次接菌处理根结数只能降低27%, 产量仅提高6%左右?阿维菌素处理的效果介于DLJ1和SZ5之间, 可降低植株根结数45%, 提高产量49%左右?分析其机理发现, 两菌剂处理均可通过提高植株的POD酶活性和总酚含量, 降低O2-产生速率和MDA积累, 提高光合色素含量等来促进植物生长, 通过提高几丁质酶活性来提高植株对线虫的抗性?总之, 只需要在辣椒种子萌发期进行一次DLJ1接菌处理, 即可使植株获得稳定而显著的促生和防治南方根结线虫双重效果, 提示DLJ1菌在农业生产上的应用前景广阔?     

The preferential accumulation of picloram at sites of active growth in gorse (Ulex europaeus L.)

Application of ¹⁴C-picloram to single spines of 6 month old, soil grown, vegetative plants of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) resulted in its translocation to regions of meristematic and metabolic activity, with significant accumulation in the stem apex and root nodules. Dissection of the root system of plants grown in nutrient solution revealed a greater mass of picloram in differentiated root tissue than in root apices, although the concentration of chemical in the latter fraction was greater than in the former. Loss of picloram to the nutrient solution was interpreted as preferential leakage from the root nodules because of the lack of picloram accumulation in this fraction. In reproductive plants bearing flowers and floral buds the picloram was diverted from the root tissue fractions to the floral organs, which constituted the primary sink.     

Growth of seedling Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) in association with pea (Pisum sativum L.)

When Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) seedlings were grown in the field in association with a pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop vegetative growth of yarrow was significantly reduced by 6 weeks after emergence. Flowering was totally suppressed while the pure stand of yarrow developed flower clusters at 13 weeks after seedling emergence. Rhizome development occurred at 8 weeks after seedling emergence in the pure stand, but not until 15 weeks when grown with pea. The early suppression of seedling yarrow in a glasshouse experiment was associated with root interference, although by 5 weeks shoot interference by pea plants was important in reducing yarrow growth. The greatest suppression of yarrow occurred when both roots and shoots of the two species were allowed to interfere. Yarrow had low aggressivity against pea when grown in various combinations in a replacement series experiment in the glasshouse.     

NO_3~--N/NH_4~+-N不同配比下紫花苜蓿氮代谢关键酶及钼、铁元素含量研究

以西北地区广泛种植的优质植物性蛋白饲料紫花苜蓿"甘农3号"为试验材料,在室外防雨网室内,采用盆栽营养液沙培法,在适宜氮素供应水平210 mg·L-1基础上,研究NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N混合的7种配比(NO_3~--N/NH_4~+-N分别为12.5/87.5、25/75、37.5/62.5、50/50、62.5/37.5、75/25、87.5/12.5,依次标为1/7、1/3、3/5、5/5、5/3、3/1、7/1)对紫花苜蓿全生育期各部位硝酸还原酶(NR)、固氮酶活性及钼(Mo)、铁(Fe)营养吸收的影响。结果表明:(1)从部位来看,紫花苜蓿NR活性、Mo含量趋势一致,均表现为:叶根茎,而Fe含量则表现为根叶茎;不同配比下各部位NR活性均表现为配比中NO_3~--N比例大时,其活性较高,尤其是生长前期当NO_3~--N/NH_4~+-N为7/1时,各部位NR活性均最高;不同配比对根中Mo含量的影响在苗期与NR趋势相近,在NO_3~--N比例大时达最高。现蕾期与固氮酶活性相同,1/7时最高。成熟期同固氮酶与NR活性,均为5/3时最高;不同配比对根中Fe含量的影响与固氮酶活性变化趋势相一致,苗期均为1/7处理最高,盛花期至成熟期均为5/3处理最高。(2)从生育期来看,紫花苜蓿全生育期NR和固氮酶活性变化趋势均呈单峰曲线;NR活性在盛花期最高,即盛花期氮代谢能力最强,且各生育期均为配比中NO_3~--N比例大时NR活性高,氮代谢能力较强;固氮酶活性在结荚期最高,即结荚期根瘤固氮能力最强,且苗期和现蕾期均表现为1/7处理其活性最高,盛花期至成熟期5/3处理活性最高;不同配比对茎和叶中Mo、Fe含量的影响基本相同,现蕾期至盛花期在配比中NH_4~+-N比例大时含量最高,结荚期至成熟期在配比中NO_3~--N比例大时含量最高。(3)NR和固氮酶活性相互关系在整个生育期表现不同:在紫花苜蓿生长前期(苗期至现蕾期),NO_3~--N/NH_4~+-N=7/1时NR活性最大,1/7处理NR活性最小,而固氮酶活性则相反,二者表现出拮抗关系;在紫花苜蓿生长中、后期(盛花期至成熟期)NR活性与固氮酶活性均在NO_3~--N/NH_4~+-N=5/3时达最大值,二者又相互促进。     

Role of Aeciospores in Outbreaks of Pea (Pisum sativum) Rust (Uromyces fabae)

Aeciospores in Uromyces fabae were found to be repeating spores and play an important role in pea rust outbreaks in the North Eastern Plain Zone (NEPZ) of India. Experiments conducted on pea rust from 2001 to 2004 revealed the dominance of aeciospores at all growth stages of pea in this region. Urediospore production was erratic and was only observed in a few samples of stems and tendrils (5–10%). Inoculation of pea plants either by aeciospores or urediospores resulted in the production of aeciospores. Production of aeciospores was observed at a temperature range of 10–25 °C, with a maximum at 25 ± 2 °C. Among the different growth stages of pea, the pod formation stage was highly susceptible and produced the maximum number (744) of aecidia/leaf at 20–25 °C. Significant effects of growth stages and temperature were also noticed for pustule number. Urediospore production mainly coincided with the senescence of the pea plants. Maximum germination (2%) of aeciospores was observed at 25 °C, whereas maximum urediospore germination (3.5%) was at 15 °C. Temperatures > 15 °C decreased urediospore germination. A relative humidity (RH) of 100% was favourable for aeciospore germination while 98% RH favoured urediospore germination. Typical histo-pathological behaviour of the aeciospores was observed.     

Bioassay to assess root rot in pea and effect of root rot on yield

Infection of pea roots by soil-borne pathogens causes foot and root rot. In 1985 research was started to develop a method to predict the root rot likely to occur in prospective pea fields. In a bioassay the pea cultivar Finale was sown in a composite soil sample from each field in pots under standardized conditions in the greenhouse. The plants were removed at the green bud stage and the severity of root rot recorded. Between 1985 and 1988 approximately 200 field pea crops were monitored for root rot development. Forty-eight fields were bioassayed in 1986, 51 in 1987 and 30 in 1988. Each year, root rot readings in the bioassay and disease severity readings at field sampled plants at flowering and green pod were linearly correlated (P<0.001). As the degree of root rot in the field crop increased, there was a proportional lower yield. In heavily infested fields, up to a 50% yield reduction occurred.The bioassay in pots proved to be a reliable method for predicting root rot severity in sampled pea fields.     

Imazethapyr inhibition of acetolactate synthase in Rhizobium and its symbiosis with pea

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity extracted from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae has been characterized. The optimum pH for extraction was 7·6 and for the assay 7·0. The K_m for pyruvate was 7·2 mM , and the enzyme was saturated at 40 mM . An obligatory requirement of TPP and Mg²⁺ for full ALS activity was observed. Valine was the only branched-chain amino acid that caused ALS feedback inhibition. The specific activity of Rhizobium ALS was nearly 20 times the activity found in pea (Pisum sativum) leaves. Bacteroids from pea nodules also showed high ALS activity, and the nodule plant fraction had higher ALS activity than other plant tissues. ALS sensitivity to imazethapyr was also dependent on the source: ALS activity of free-living Rhizobium and bacteroids was slightly more tolerant than that of other pea tissues, but the differences were less than those found in rates of specific activity. It is proposed that the high ALS activity expressed by Rhizobium, both as free-living bacteria and as bacteroids, is related to the growth tolerance of rhizobia to imazethapyr and is also related to the relative tolerance of symbiotic pea plants. © 1998 SCI     

干旱胁迫对豌豆根系形态及产量的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了55%的土壤相对含水量在分枝期、孕蕾期、花荚期进行15 d历时的干旱胁迫对豌豆干物质累积、根系生长及产量的影响。结果表明,与全生育期正常供水(75%)相比,三种干旱胁迫处理均降低了豌豆的干物质累积量,胁迫时期越早,复水对豌豆地上部干物质累积的补偿效果越好,分枝期干旱胁迫在成熟期达到了等量补偿;干旱胁迫均显著抑制了根系的生长,分枝期干旱胁迫对根系生长的抑制具有滞后效应,胁迫结束时与对照间差异不显著,在花荚盛期显著低于对照,孕蕾期干旱胁迫根系的复水补偿生长作用较好,各根系形态指标在成熟期均达到了超越补偿;三种胁迫方式均抑制了根瘤的形成及其生长,且复水后均产生了不足补偿,胁迫时期越早,补偿效果越差;花荚初期干旱胁迫对豌豆产量的抑制作用最大,比对照低20.41%,其次为孕蕾期,比对照低6.63%,分枝期干旱胁迫不影响子粒产量。     

Enzymatic Activity of the Mycelium Compared with Oospore Development During Infection of Pea Roots by Aphanomyces euteiches

ABSTRACT To describe the disease cycle of the root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches, enzymatic activity in the mycelium was compared with the development of oospores in pea roots. Plants were inoculated with two zoospore concentrations to achieve different disease levels. Hyphae were stained for fungal alkaline phosphatase activity in the roots. Additionally, enzyme activity was measured after electrophoresis of an A. euteiches-specific glucose-6-phosphate isozyme. Development of oospores in the roots was measured after staining the oospores with trypan blue. In plants inoculated with the higher zoospore concentration, the enzymatic activity of the pathogen mycelium peaked 10 to 14 days after inoculation, when oospore formation was initiated. Oospore formation was associated with a gradual increase in disease symptoms. At the last harvest, plants inoculated with the higher zoospore concentration had died. In these plants, oospores were found in 90% of the root length, while the enzymatic activity of the mycelium was low. This suggests that the pathogen mycelium is only active on living plants and does not grow saprophytically on dead plant material.     

Effect of bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi) on the growth and yield of single pea (Pisum sativum) plants under glasshouse conditions

Single pea ( Pisum sativum ) plants cvs Kelvedon Wonder and Solara, growing in pots in a glasshouse, showed significant reductions in seed yield of 24, 47 or 71% following inoculation with pea bacterial blight ( Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi ) during reproductive, vegetative or both reproductive and vegetative growth stages, respectively. These yield reductions were seen as reduced numbers of seeds per pod combined with changes in the numbers of pods per plant. Examination of the importance of different disease parameters on yield showed that mean disease on the whole plant was the most important. Equations describing the relationship between seed yield or the natural log of the total weight and mean disease were derived.     

大豆胞囊线虫侵染泡桐和豌豆的研究

 形态学观测和寄生性研究结果表明,发生于我国河南省兰考县泡桐(Pauloumia sp.)和内蒙古自治区凉城县豌豆(Pisum sativum)上的胞囊线虫均属于大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glyeines);上述两种植物上的胞囊线虫均可侵染大豆,在根部形成有卵雌虫。而兰考和凉城两地大豆上的胞囊线虫群体可分别在泡桐成豌豆上良好繁殖。以上结果证明,泡桐和豌豆为大豆胞囊线虫的两种新寄主植物,其中,泡桐为大豆胞襄线虫侵染多年生乔木植物的首例报道。     

豌豆病毒病病原研究

 1986年至1990年,从豌豆田中采集了150余份病毒病样本,鉴定出蚕豆萎蔫病毒(BB-WV)、芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)、马铃薯Y病毒组分离物、黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)、莴苣花叶病毒(LMV)、大豆花叶病毒(SMV)、豌豆花叶病毒(PMV)、菜豆黄花叶病毒(BYMV)和苜蓿花叶病毒(AMV)等9种病毒。样本中,BBWV所占的比例最高,达59.2%,其次为CMV,占15.5%。BBWV常与CMV复合侵染豌豆,LMV发生也较普遍。田间调查表明,豌豆病毒病发病率因种植地区及品种不同而有差异,平均发病率为12.4%。     

植物生长调节剂DTA-6在甜豌豆上的应用效果

以美国菜用甜豌豆“甜脆蜜”为试验材料, 研究了植物生长调节剂DTA 26 对甜豌豆产量和品质的影响。结果表明,DTA 26 处理能: 1) 显著提高甜碗豆单株生产能力, 单位面积产量均高于清水对照; 2) 提高了根系还原力和叶片叶绿素含量; 3) 使甜豌豆主要营养成分如可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸的含量均有提高。DTA 26 处理菜用甜豌豆可使产量和品质协同提高。     

Some compatible Rhizobium leguminosarum strains in peas decrease infections when parasitised by Orobanche crenata

Orobanche crenata (crenate broomrape) produces serious damage to many legume crops and particularly becomes a limiting factor for pea production in the Mediterranean basin. Nodulation effects on pea–broomrape relationships were studied using the commercial pea cultivar Douce de Provence and different Rhizobium strains using pot and Petri dish experiments. First, the benefit of bacterial inoculation on plant growth and efficiency of N incorporation were demonstrated for two isolates, P.SOM and P.1236. These isolates did not influence parasite germination induced by the artificial stimulant, GR24. In contrast, pea root inoculation with P.SOM and P.1236 isolates led to a reduced root infection by O. crenata , resulting from a lower Orobanche germination rate close to pea roots and a limited capacity of the parasitic seedlings to develop tubercles. Broomrape necrosis was observed both before and after parasite attachment to inoculated pea roots. Concomitantly, reduction in infection was accompanied by enhanced peroxidase activity and constantly high phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in pea roots. These data suggest the involvement of these enzymes in pea resistance to crenate broomrape induced by the compatible rhizobia. Management of Orobanche via crop selection based on these enzyme systems is a viable option.     

Laboratory and greenhouse evaluation of a new systemic fungicide,N,N'-bis-(1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-piperazine (CELA W 524)

The new systemic fungicide N,N'-bis-(1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-piperazine (CELA W 524) was shown to display a moderate to distinct fungitoxic activity in vitro towards several pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. Depending on the inert ingredients present², the available formulations proved to be either rather phytotoxic or virtually non-phytotoxic. Pre-infectional spraying with the non-phytotoxic formulation provided complete protection of barley, bean, cucumber, pea and tomato plants against barley powdery mildew, bean rust, cucumber powdery mildew and cucumber scab, pea powdery mildew and tomato leaf mould, respectively. some suppression of disease symptoms —although only at high concentrations of CELA W 524 — was observed in the case of leaf spot in pea plants. Upon post-infectional treatment disease control was less pronounced, although powdery mildew diseases and tomato leaf mould were effectively suppressed. When applied via the roots CELA W 524 proved to be systemically active, successfully protecting barley plants against powdery mildew, and cucumber plants against powdery mildew and cucumber scab.Samenvatting Het nieuwe systemische fungicide CELA W 524 (C. H. Boehringer Sohn, Ingelheim am Rhein, Duitsland) bleek een matige tot duidelijke fungitoxische werking in vitro te vertonen tegenover verschillende pathogene en niet-pathogene schimmels. Eén van de beschikbare formuleringen bleek vrij sterk fytotoxisch, de andere was nagenoeg niet fytotoxisch. Bespuiting vóór inoculatie met de niet-fytotoxische formulering resulteerde in volledige bescherming van gerst, bonen, komkommers, erwten en tomaten tegen respectievelijk gerstemeeldauw, boneroest, komkommermeeldauw en vruchtvuur, erwtemeeldauw en bladvlekkenziekte bij tomaat. Enige onderdrukking van ziektesymptomen trad ook op bij erwten, geïnoculeerd metAscochyta pisi, tenminste, wanneer hoge concentraties van CELA W 524 werden gebruikt. Bij bespuiting na inoculatie was het effect geringer, hoewel meeldauwziekten en bladvlekkenziekte bij tomaat toch doeltreffend bestreden werden. Toegediend via de wortels bleek CELA W 524 systemisch actief; het beschermde aldus gerst tegen meeldauw en komkommers tegen meeldauw en vruchtvuur.     

中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘根瘤的形态解剖特征研究

为进一步开发利用沙棘的生态效能,揭示其不同品种间的差异性与规律性,2003~2006年对沙棘的4个种类,不同立地条件的沙棘根瘤结构采用根瘤切片法,进行显微观察研究,结果表明:生长在同一生境下的中国沙棘、俄罗斯沙棘的根瘤形态解剖结构差异很大,中国沙棘的皮层厚度比俄罗斯沙棘相对要厚,维管束直径大,维管束内细胞、维管束外细胞均小,泡囊及泡囊密度均大,这与其原产地域密切相关;同一种类在立地条件不同的山地、滩地、人工林的中国沙棘根瘤组织结构各部分也有明显差异,人工林中国沙棘皮层厚度比滩地及山地的中国沙棘皮层厚度要厚、维管束直径也大,随着立地条件不同的人工林、滩地及山地的土壤水分逐渐减少、土壤肥力逐渐减弱,维管束内细胞、维管束外细胞明显变小,泡囊大小、泡囊密度则为山地最大、且数量最多。中国沙棘根瘤解剖结构与其生态适应性密切相关,长期的自然选择形成了中国沙棘根瘤结构适应其严酷的立地条件变化的特征。     

Effects of hoeing and rototilling on some aspects of the population dynamics of pure stands of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane)

Two naturally-established pure stands of Portulaca oleracea L. were used to study the effects of five disturbance schedules (early, midseason, late, repeated and no disturbance) on the development of purslane populations. In one stand disturbance was by rototilling and in the second stand by hoeing. In most disturbed plots, the re-established stands had densities which were not significantly less than those of the control plots. These stands were composed of plants established by seed germination (seed plants) and by regeneration of roots on severed stems (stem plants) or shoots on root and stem bases (root plants). The composition of these stands depended on the type of disturbance. Undisturbed stands were composed predominantly of seed plants. Disturbed stands had fewer than 55% seed plants. Hoeing resulted in a greater proportion of stem plants and a lower proportion of root plants than rototilling. All disturbances resulted in decreased dry matter yields per unit area. The maximum yields for the controls in the two stands were similar, regardless of differences in density, mean dry weight, size class distribution and time of establishment. Early disturbance resulted in significant decreases in seed capsule production while disturbance late in the season had minimal effects on seed production. The implications for control of purslane in crops are discussed.     

新型真菌源激活蛋白对豌豆幼苗生理特性影响的初步研究

为探讨真菌源激活蛋白在促进植物生长和增产方面的作用机理,研究了不同浓度激活蛋白处理对豌豆幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明,经1、2、5μg/mL激活蛋白处理后第7d,豌豆幼苗根系活力比对照分别增加了46.0%、58.5%和21.0%,硝酸还原酶活性比对照分别增加64.38%、140.62%和35.31%;处理后第15d,植物叶片叶绿素含量比对照分别增加了13.69%、18.49%和6.16%,可溶性糖含量比对照分别增加20.68%、32.03%和17.28%,可溶性蛋白含量比对照分别增加18.59%、32.05%和22.10%。不同浓度激活蛋白均能促进与植物生长相关的生理指标的提高,其中以2μg/mL的作用效果最好。     

Serological detection and identification of bacteria from plants by the conjugated Staphylococcus aureus slide agglutination test

A rapid slide agglutination test using polyclonal antisera conjugated to protein A-rich whole-cell Staphylococcus aureus was developed for the detection and identification of bacteria from plants. The specificity and sensitivity of the technique was evaluated in 18 antibody/antigen combinations, representing six bacterial genera ( Erwinia, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Rhodococcus and Xanthomonas ). For two pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae the specificity of the technique was increased by the use of antisera prepared to somatic extracts.
The advantages of the Staphylococcus aureus agglutination technique include speed, simplicity and the ability to identify organisms directly from infected plant tissues. It was applied to the detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and pv. pisi in lesions on bean and pea, respectively, to P. gladioli pv. alliicola and Lactobacillus sp. from rotted onion bulbs and specific strains of Rhizobium phaseoli in bean root nodules.     

Dispersion patterns and sampling plans for the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on grass pea,Lathyrus sativus L.

From 2009/2010 to 2010/2011, flight patterns and spatial distribution of pea aphids were studied in northwestern Ethiopia. Yellow traps were used and legume fields sampled. Trap catches varied between years (lower in 2009/2010 than in 2010/2011), locations and months in the growing season. At Woreta, peaks were observed in January (20–70 per trap) and at Wondata in October and November (60–80 per trap). Also, pea aphid numbers were more on fallow land than on other land-use systems (a maximum of 41,000 in December 2010/2011 and 25,000 in January 2009/2010 per 100 plants). Taylor's power law coefficients, i.e., b values, were significantly greater than 1 on grass peas planted after fallow; the corresponding r² values ranged between 0.87 and 0.94. Coefficients were inconsistent on grass peas planted after teff and undersown in maize. The optimum sample size n (number of yellow traps) required in relation to the mean densities of the pea aphid was more or less the same for the three levels of accuracy (D = 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5). At D = 0.5, numerical sample size curves showed 10 traps as mean number of aphids per trap approached 4 or 5, which is practical and affordable. Some additional work at more locations may be required to validate these sampling plans before wider use.