Effect of dietary non-starch polysaccharide solubility and inclusion level on gut health and the risk of post weaning enteric disorders in newly weaned piglets

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) solubility and inclusion rate on gut health and development, performance and risk of post weaning enteric disorders (PWED) using NSP sources known not to affect digesta viscosity. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 3 factorial combination of NSP type (sNSP vs insoluble NSP (iNSP); inulin vs purified cellulose) and inclusion level (50 vs 100 vs 150 g/kg). Piglets were weaned at 28 days (day 0) and fed ad libitum until slaughter on day 14. There were no incidences of PWED. NSP solubility had little effect on performance, but sNSP diets resulted in lower caecal and colonic pH and higher colonic Lactobacilli to coliform ratio compared to iNSP diets. Increasing NSP levels significantly reduced caecal and colonic pH but decreased empty body weight percentage (P = 0.067). These results suggest that gut health may benefit most from diets containing appropriate sources of predominantly sNSP rather than iNSP. The optimal level of such sNSP will likely depend upon the level of risk of PWED in order to balance the trade off between maximising performance and improving gut health. Effects of NSP feeding under a higher infectious pressure remains to be assessed.     

非淀粉多糖复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪血液指标的影响

选用120头平均体重为(8.1±0.2)kg的PIC断奶仔猪,采用单因素完全随机化试验设计,研究在饲料中添加复合酶对断奶仔猪血液指标的影响。试验共设5个处理组,每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头猪。试验期为28 d,分为前期(1～14 d)和后期(15～28 d)两个阶段。结果表明:非淀粉多糖复合酶组能显著提高断奶仔猪前期血糖、总蛋白的含量(P<0.05);提高后期断奶仔猪血糖、总蛋白和免疫球蛋白A的含量(P<0.05),复合酶Ⅱ效果好于复合酶Ⅰ。     

Dietary protein levels and amino acid supplementation patterns alter the composition and functions of colonic microbiota in pigs

Different dietary nitrogen (N) patterns may have different effects on gut microbiota. To investigate the effects of different crude protein (CP) levels or essential amino acids (EAA) supplementation patterns on the structure and functions of colonic microbiota, 42 barrows (25 ± 0.39 kg) were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments including: diet 1, a high CP diet with balanced 10 EAA; diet 2, a medium CP diet with approximately 2% decreased CP level from diet 1 and balanced 10 EAA; diets 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, low CP diets with 4% decreased CP level from diet 1. Specifically, diet 3 was only balanced for Lys, Met, Thr and Trp; diets 4, 5 and 6 were further supplemented with Ile, Val and Ile + Val on the basis of diet 3, respectively; and diet 7 was balanced for 10 EAA. Results over a 110-d trial showed that reducing the CP level by 2% or 4% dramatically decreased N intake and excretion (P < 0.05) in the presence of balanced 10 EAA, which was not observed when altering the EAA supplementation patterns in low CP diet (−4%). With balanced 10 EAA, 2% reduction in dietary CP significantly reduced Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes (F:B) ratio and significantly elevated the abundance of Prevotellaceae NK3B31 (P < 0.05); whereas 4% reduction evidently increased the abundances of Proteobacteria, Succinivibrio and Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 (P < 0.05). Among the 5 low CP diets (−4%), supplementation with Ile, or Val + Ile, or balanced 10 EAA increased F:B ratio and the abundance of Proteobacteria. In addition, the predicted functions revealed that different CP levels and EAA balanced patterns dramatically altered the mRNA expression profiles of N-metabolizing genes, the “N and energy metabolism” pathways or the metabolism of some small substances, such as amino acids (AA) and vitamins. Our findings suggested that reducing the dietary CP levels by 2% to 4% with balancing 10 EAA, or only further supplementation with Ile or Val + Ile to a low protein diet (−4%) reduced the N contents entering the hindgut to various degrees, altered the abundances of N-metabolizing bacteria, and improved the abilities of N utilization.     

小麦可溶性非淀粉多糖对大鼠肠道形态与功能的影响

试验采用单因素随机区组设计,研究在玉米淀粉-酪蛋白纯合日粮的基础上梯度添加0%、2%、3%、4%小麦可溶性非淀粉多糖(non-starch polysaccharides,NSP)对大鼠肠道形态与功能的影响。选用48只SD雄性大鼠随机分为4个处理,每处理6个重复,每重复2只大鼠。结果表明,随着日粮中可溶性NSP水平的提高,大鼠小肠各段绒毛高度线性降低(P0.05),大鼠十二指肠、空肠的隐窝深度线性增加(P0.05),大鼠小肠腐胺和精胺的含量线性提高(P0.05),大鼠盲肠乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总挥发性脂肪酸的含量线性提高(P0.05)。     

Influence of cereal non-starch polysaccharides on ileo-caecal and rectal microbial populations in growing pigs

The effect of cereal non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on the gut microbial populations was studied in 5 growing pigs between 39-116 kg body weight according to a Latin square design. The diets were composed to contain different NSP levels. The control diet had a normal NSP content (139 g/kg dry matter (DM)), 2 diets had a low total amount of NSP (95 and 107 g/kg DM) and 2 diets had a high amount of total NSP (191 and 199 g/kg DM). Furthermore, one of the diets within each category had a content of insoluble NSP similar to the control diet and one had a high content of insoluble NSP. Samples were collected from the ileum, via intestinal post valve T-caecum (PVTC) cannulas surgically inserted at the ileo-caecal ostium, and from the rectum. The total microbial flora of the ileal samples were analysed for by defining base pair length with terminal restriction fraction length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The microbial diversity of the coliform flora of the ileal and rectal samples were defined by biochemical fingerprinting. It was observed that many terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) disappeared when new diets were introduced and that some characteristic TRFs were found in the high and low NSP diets, respectively. Both the total gut microflora and the coliform flora were influenced by the dietary NSP content.     

Effects of different types of dietary non-digestible carbohydrates on the physico-chemical properties and microbiota of proximal colon digesta of growing pigs

The effect of different types of fibre on the intestinal digesta and microbial diversity was evaluated in growing pigs. The animals were fed during forty-two days with one of four experimental diets including a control group, a diet enriched with resistant starch type I, by coarse ground corn, and other two diets containing sugar beet pulp (8%) and wheat bran (10%) (as sources of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides respectively). Body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were assessed at day 7, 21 and 42. Luminal samples of digesta from proximal colon were collected to analyse water retention capacity (WRC), concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the microbial diversity. Overall, animals fed with higher amounts of non-digestible carbohydrates had lower ADFI and BW. Sugar beet pulp provoked an increase of WRC, a higher concentration of SCFA, and a more stable microbial diversity throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, animals fed with wheat bran presented a lower bacterial diversity.     

米糠碱溶性非淀粉多糖的酶解研究

研究了多糖主链降解酶(纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、果胶酶)与多糖侧链降解酶(阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶、β半乳糖苷酶、乙酰木聚糖酯酶)在降解米糠碱溶性非淀粉多糖过程中的协同作用。用DNS法测定酶解生成的还原性当量作为评价降解效果的指标。研究表明,多糖主链酶分别与α-L阿拉伯木聚糖酶、β-半乳糖苷酶存在协同作用,而与乙酰木聚糖酯酶协同作用不明显。     

非淀粉多糖复合酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能及养分表观利用率的影响

本试验旨在研究非淀粉多糖复合酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能、养分表观利用率的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取科宝肉鸡商品代1日龄公雏320只,随机分成2个处理组,各处理组8个重复,每个重复20只。处理1饲喂基础饲粮,处理2饲喂基础饲粮+150 g/t NSP复合酶制剂F。1-21 d基础饲粮采用玉米-豆粕型饲粮,22-42 d基础饲粮采用玉米-豆粕-杂粕型饲粮,低温制粒。结果表明,在1-21 d肉鸡的玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加NSP酶制剂F对肉鸡生产性能和养分表观利用率无改善作用,而在高杂粕(3%菜粕、3%棉粕和8%DDGS)的玉米-豆粕-杂粕型肉鸡饲粮中添加NSP复合酶制剂F对22-42 d和1-42 d肉鸡生产性能均有改善作用,在一定程度上改善了22-42 d肉鸡饲粮的养分表观利用率。     

Transmission of pathogenic respiratory bacteria to specific pathogen free pigs at slaughter

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the transmission of pathogenic respiratory bacteria to thirteen 5-month-old specific pathogen free (SPF) pigs, during the slaughtering process in a commercial slaughterhouse. Before transportation, the SPF pigs and the lorry were checked to confirm the absence of pathogenic respiratory bacteria.

Nine SPF pigs (group 1) were in contact in a conventional slaughterhouse with finishing pigs, during 4 h before slaughtering. Four SPF pigs (group 2) were slaughtered immediately at arrival in the slaughterhouse.

Five bacterial pathogens (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis and Streptococcus suis) were detected by PCR, after slaughtering, from nasal cavities, tonsils and trachea in the two groups of pigs. Lung samples were PCR negative. Three and four bacterial species were isolated from the pigs of group 2 and group 1, respectively. Cultures were negative from the lungs.

All the bacterial species present in the SPF pigs were detected by PCR. P. multocida was isolated, from three samples of scalding water before the onset of slaughtering.

Our results suggest that the SPF pigs became contaminated mainly by the slaughterhouse environment and the scalding water. Histological examinations revealed that during scalding, contaminated water could reach the trachea and the lungs of pigs. Checks conducted at slaughter for respiratory disorders have to be carried on, but nasal cavities and tonsils are not appropriate for bacteriological investigations. Moreover, bacteriological results obtained from the lungs of slaughtered pigs have to be used with carefulness.     

饲料中添加紫花苜蓿多糖对育肥猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响

为研究紫花苜蓿多糖对育肥猪生长性能及胴体品质的影响,选择体重相近的健康三元杂交育肥猪180头,随机分成3组,每个组3个重复,每个重复20头,1组饲喂基础日粮为对照组,2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加5.0%、10.0%紫花苜蓿多糖,预试验10 d,试验期60 d。在试验1 d和60 d测定生长性能指标,试验结束测定胴体品质。结果表明:(1)试验2、3组试验末重和平均日增重分别较对照组提高5.8%、6.2%、14.0%、14.9%(P <0.05),试验2、3组料重比分别较对照组降低4.6%、5.0%(P <0.05)。(2)试验2、3组屠宰率和瘦肉率分别较对照组提高4.2%、4.0%、5.8%、6.9%(P <0.05);试验2、3组胴体率均高于对照组(P> 0.05),试验2、3组背膘厚和眼肌面积分别较对照组降低7.8%、10.0%、8.9%、8.7%(P <0.05)。(3)试验2、3组肉质评价指标大理石评分、肉色、剪切力、p H24 h较对照组相比,均差异性不显著(P> 0.05)。综述所述,日粮中10.0%紫花苜蓿多糖可以提高育肥猪的生长性能和胴体品质。     

非淀粉多糖复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

选用120头平均体重为(8.1±0.2)kg的PIC断奶仔猪,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,研究在饲料中添加复合酶对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。试验共设5个处理组,每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头猪。试验期为28d,分为前期(1～14d)和后期(15～28d)两个阶段。结果表明:非淀粉多糖酶能显著提高断奶仔猪后期、全期日增重,降低料重比(P0.05);能显著降低仔猪腹泻发生率(P0.05),复合酶Ⅱ效果好于复合酶Ⅰ。     

非淀粉多糖复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪养分表观消化率的影响

本试验采用单因素完全随机化试验设计,研究在饲料中添加复合酶对断奶仔猪生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响。选用120头平均体重为(8.1±0.2)kg的PIC断奶仔猪,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头猪。5个处理组分别为对照组(玉米-豆粕型、基础日粮)、试验1组(对照基础日粮+100g/t非淀粉多糖酶Ⅰ)、试验2组(对照基础日粮+100g/t非淀粉多糖酶Ⅱ)、试验3组(对照基础日粮+150g/t非淀粉多糖酶Ⅱ)、试验4组(对照基础日粮+200g/t非淀粉多糖酶Ⅱ)。结果表明:复合酶Ⅱ能显著提高断奶仔猪粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙、磷的表观消化率(P0.05)。     

预消化处理肉鸡加酶日粮中非淀粉多糖酶解效果的研究

文章旨在研究4种单体NSP酶制剂(木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶和甘露聚糖酶),经过预消化处理工艺后,对肉鸡日粮中的非淀粉多糖的酶解情况,为进一步研究NSP酶制剂在肉鸡日粮中的合理利用提供参考依据。结果显示,不同的NSP酶添加量对肉鸡日粮的预消化处理效果有着显著的相关关系,木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶、甘露聚糖酶的最佳添加水平分别为250、350、300、200 mg/kg;初步确定的预消化处理参数是:温度45℃、时间60 min、水分35%。本试验条件下,结合相关的数据分析,试验日粮中最佳酶制剂组合是:木聚糖酶186 mg/kg、β-葡聚糖酶440 mg/kg、纤维素酶337 mg/kg、甘露聚糖酶200 mg/kg(P<0.01)。研究表明,加酶日粮经过预消化处理后,可以有效地降解其中日粮的非淀粉多糖,提高日粮的营养利用率。     

不同能量水平小麦日粮添加非淀粉多糖酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响

本文旨在研究不同能量水平小麦日粮中添加复合非淀粉多糖(NSP)酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响。选用1 500只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复100只雏鸡。5个处理分别为:玉米组(Ⅰ)、小麦组(Ⅱ)、低能小麦组(Ⅲ)、小麦 0.1%复合NSP酶制剂组(Ⅳ)和低能小麦 0.1%复合NSP酶制剂组(Ⅴ)。结果显示:与Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组相比,Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组F/G分别降低8.95%(P<0.05)和9.33%(P<0.05);蛋白质表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);血清TG、VLDL(21 d)显著提高(P<0.05);血清T3水平显著增加(P<0.05);Ⅳ组与Ⅱ组相比,21 d和49 d血清胰岛素水平显著提高(P<0.05),Ⅴ组与Ⅲ组相比,35 d和49 d血清胰岛素水平也显著提高(P<0.05)。结果表明,在小麦日粮中添加NSP酶制剂可改善肉鸡生长性能。     

Characterisation of chloride currents in the jejunum and colon of pigs

Chloride secretion in the intestines of pigs of different age (32 days and 4 months) was examined using the Ussing chamber technique. After stimulating chloride secretion by carbachol and forskolin, alternative chloride channels and finally Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) channels were blocked. While basal short-circuit currents (I_sc) were higher in the jejunum than in the colon of the piglets of 32 days, it was inverse for the 4-month-old fatteners. In the jejunum responses to stimulation and final levels of I_sc were higher in the piglets than in the fatteners. The decrease in I_sc after blocking CFTR channels was smaller in the fatteners than in the piglets in both intestinal segments. In conclusion, 32-day-old piglets show a higher basal chloride secretion as well as a higher response to stimulation in the jejunum than 4-month-old pigs.     

透析管体外消化法评定NSP复合酶作用效果的研究

在小麦型日粮中添加不同组成的NSP复合酶进行透析管体外消化试验,结果表明,添加NSP复合酶可一定程度提高体外小麦—豆粕型日粮干物质、蛋白质和能量消化率,且以复合酶Ⅰ的效果最好,使小麦—豆粕型日粮的干物质、粗蛋白和能量的体外消化率分别提高了9.37%、7.74%和20.28%(P<0.05)。     

猪CAST基因多态性研究

采用3种限制性内切核酸酶对153头杜洛克猪、内江猪和荣昌猪的钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白(CAST)基因进行PCR-RFLP分析。结果表明:1)HinfⅠ、MspⅠ和RsaⅠ均检测到多态性,同时还发现1个杜洛克个体的HinfⅠ-RFLP出现120bp突变片段。2)X2检验表明,HinfⅠ、MspⅠ和RsaⅠ酶切所产生的基因及基因类型处于Hardy-Wenberg平衡状态(P<0.05);杜洛克、内江猪和荣昌3个品种猪的优势基因型分别为ABCCEE、AACCEE、AACCFF,在99%程度上分别与相应的品种有关。