Ionoregulatory responses to temperature change in two species of freshwater fish

We examined the ionoregulatory responses to temperature changes in two species of freshwater fish that differ in thermal preferences; the stenothermal, cold-water rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the more eurythermal, warm-water common shiner (Notropis cornutus). We found that rainbow trout maintained constant plasma Na⁺ levels over the entire temperature regime (5–20 °C). Upon transfer from 15 °C (holding temperature) to 5 and 10 °C, rainbow trout experienced a significant drop in Na⁺ uptake (J_in ^Na), but after two weeks J_in ^Na had upregulated to warm temperature levels. Further, Na⁺ efflux (J_out ^Na) fell significantly at the colder temperatures. As a result, trout at the lowest temperatures were still in ion balance. When trout were exercised to exhaustion both O₂ consumption (MO₂) and J_out ^Na rose significantly at all temperatures, but while MO₂ continued to be dependent upon temperature, J_out ^Na was high and constant. In contrast to the trout, common shiners experienced a 20% drop in plasma Na⁺ at 5 °C. Upon exposure to cold temperatures they experienced a reduced J_in ^Na, and showed no signs of acclimation during the subsequent two weeks. Likewise J_out ^Na was constant at all temperatures. These findings raise questions regarding the degree to which fish employ homeostatic mechanisms designed to defend a set- point (i.e., steady-state) osmolarity and ionic composition.     

Modelling the potential distribution of two tropical freshwater fish species under climate change scenarios

1. Climate change is causing shifts in the distribution patterns of freshwater fish at various spatio-temporal scales. Tropical freshwater fish are vulnerable, especially in areas where a high impact of climate change is predicted; thus, there is an increasing need to predict these shifts to determine conservation and adaptation strategies.
2. Ecological niche models offer a reliable way to predict the effects of climate change on species distribution. Potential shifts in the distribution of tropical fish were tested under two scenarios (4.5 – moderate and 8.5 – extreme) with three general circulation models for years 2050 and 2070 using maximum entropy software using as models two predatory species – the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus and the giant cichlid Petenia splendida.
3. The potential distribution of both species was associated with warm and humid–sub-humid conditions. Future projections showed a higher availability of suitable areas for both species resulting from the expansion of warmer conditions in the middle and upper basins of the Central American mountain range and centre of the Yucatan Peninsula.
4. Ecological niche models of keystone or umbrella species such as A. tropicus and P. splendida could be useful to support conservation plans of protected areas. The potential distribution of both species covers areas of high suitability including six important biosphere reserves in Mexico, three protected areas in Guatemala and part of the Mesoamerican biological corridor.
5. Despite the potential expansion of the present distribution range suggested by the models, it is important to consider the biological and ecological requirements of the species and the ecological implications of these potential shifts in distribution. Both scenarios could have several implications at genetic, population, and ecosystem levels.

     

Differential responses of body shape to local and reach scale stream flow in two freshwater fish species

Stream flow is recognised as an important influence on the physical traits, distribution and diversity of stream fishes. However, measures of ‘stream flow’ are not consistent among studies and can refer to variables characterising microhabitat (e.g. flow velocity) or reach‐level (e.g. discharge) parameters. Because of the ambiguity associated with the term ‘stream flow’, the differential effect of these two aspects of local stream hydrology on freshwater fishes is unclear. Using two frequently sympatric freshwater fish species, Etheostoma nigrum and Pimephales notatus, we tested for correlations between population‐level body shape and two measures of stream flow, microhabitat flow velocity (m/s) and reach‐level discharge (m³·s^?1). Etheostoma nigrum body shape was correlated with flow velocity, while P. notatus body shape was correlated with mean annual discharge. The respective correlations are potentially manifestations of behavioural differences among the two species. Etheostoma nigrum is a benthic specialist rarely venturing far from its associated microhabitats. Pimephales notatus is a habitat generalist and uses many different microhabitats but is unable to escape the overall discharge pressures of a particular stream. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the spatial scale of variables when predicting phenotype–environment associations.     

萘暴露对环文蛤的氧化胁迫与损伤研究

试验条件下研究了不同质量浓度（2 mg·L^-1、8 mg·L^-1和32 mg·L^-1）双环芳烃——萘暴露对环文蛤（Cyclina sinensis）超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性和丙二醛（MDA）生成量变化的影响。结果表明,高浓度萘（32 mg·L^-1）在15 d内对环文蛤有很强的致死效应;在非致死条件下,随暴露时间延长SOD活性持续升高,CAT活力存在低浓度促进高浓度抑制的现象,AKP活性随暴露时间延长表现出先升高后降低的趋势,而MDA生成量则随暴露时间延长呈现低→高→低的变化。Pearson相关分析显示,在环文蛤应对氧化胁迫的过程中SOD和CAT呈现协同作用（R=0.439,P〈0.01）,SOD和AKP表现拮抗关系（R=-0.571,P〈0.01）。在保护细胞膜结构完整性方面,CAT和AKP可能较SOD发挥更大作用（R=-0.490,P〈0.01）。     

Effect of dietary oxidized fish oil and vitamin C supplementation on growth performance and reduction of oxidative stress in Red Sea Bream Pagrus major

A 50‐day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary oxidized fish oil (OFO) and vitamin C (VC) on growth and oxidative stress in juvenile red sea bream. Test diets were formulated with 2 degrees of peroxide value (23 and 29 meq kg^?1) combined with 3 levels of VC (0, 400 and 800 ppm). No significant difference was found on growth performance between fish fed OFO with 400 or 800 mg VC and the control group that fed a diet with fresh fish oil after 50 days. However, fish fed OFO without VC supplement indicated significantly poor growth than the control group. Liver and muscle thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were reduced by increased VC intake of fish. Fish fed diets containing low OFO with 400 and 800 mg VC, high OFO with 800 mg VC, and fresh fish oil are allocated in the zone of high resistance against oxidative stress together with low oxidative stress condition. On the other hand, no VC supplemented group was under the highest oxidative stress condition. In conclusion, dietary oxidized lipid increased the oxidative stress condition of fish, but more than 400 mg VC kg^?1 of dietary supplement improved growth and health of juvenile red sea bream.     

Effect of microalga-based diet on oxidative stress enzymes of African catfish,Clarias gariepinus

Here an indigenously isolated microalgal strain Ascochloris spp. cultivated in synthetic medium was evaluated as an aquaculture feed supplement. The daily dietary supplement includes microalgal feed (AF) and commercial diet feed (CF) (as control), respectively. These diets were fed separately to the juvenile Clarias gariepinus fishes (n = 4) under controlled conditions for an experimental period of 100 days. The protein, glycogen and lipid contents in the muscle extracts were found to be marginally higher in fishes that were fed with CF than AF diet. Similarly, CF fishes showed significantly higher glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and lipid peroxidase activities, except glutathione content. Zero mortality of the fishes with no significant difference in the overall body mass with the two dietary supplements strongly suggests that algal biomass could supplement the requisite nutrients for their metabolic activities. This preliminary investigation helps in exploring algal biomass as a potential alternative feed additive in the aquaculture industry.     

鱼类饲料油脂氧化酸败分析及对饲料质量影响探讨

本对四种油脂（大豆油脚、鱼油、新鲜豆油和熟豆油）和五种鱼用颗 粒饲料（市售）进行了过氧化值和硫代巴妥酸（TBA）值的分析测定；并测得大豆油脚贮藏前后（10天）氧化酸败值的变化。     

Effect of oxidized fish oil on growth performance and oxidative stress of Litopenaeus vannamei

A 4‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of oxidized fish oil (OFO, POV: 234.84 meq kg^?1) on growth performance and oxidative stress of Litopenaeus vannamei. Five diets containing various OFO levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1) with the same dietary lipid level were fed to L. vannamei. The results showed that the body weight gain and the specific growth rate of the shrimp fed with 50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1 of OFO diets decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the hepatosomatic index increased significantly (P < 0.05). The malondialdehyde concentrations in the serum and muscle of the shrimp fed with 50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1 of OFO diets were significantly higher than that of the shrimp fed with fresh fish oil (P < 0.05). The total antioxidant competence decreased significantly compared with the control group. Therefore, dietary OFO affects the growth performance and increases the oxidative stress of shrimp.     

Response of ATPases in the osmoregulatory tissues of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus exposed to copper in increased salinity

An increase in salinity of freshwater can affect the physiology and metal uptake in fish. In the present study, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to copper (1.0 mg/l) in increased salinities (2, 4, and 8 ppt) for 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. Following the exposures, the activities of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase, and Ca²⁺-ATPase were measured in the gill, kidney, and intestine to evaluate the changes in osmoregulation of fish. Results showed that increases in salinity and Cu exposure of fish significantly altered the ATPase activities depending on the tissue type, salinity increase, and exposure durations. Salinity-alone exposures increased Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and decreased Ca²⁺-ATPase activity. Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity decreased following Cu exposure in 2 and 4 ppt salinities, though the activity increased in 8 ppt salinity. Ca²⁺-ATPase activity decreased in the gill and intestine in all salinities, while the activity mostly increased in the kidney. However, there were great variations in Mg²⁺-ATPase activity following exposure to salinity alone and salinity+Cu combination. Cu accumulated in the gill and intestine following 14 days exposure and accumulation was negatively correlated with salinity increase. Data indicated that ATPases were highly sensitive to increases in salinity and Cu and might be a useful biomarker in ecotoxicological studies. However, data from salinity increased freshwaters should carefully be handled to see a clear picture on the effects of metals, as salinity affects both metal speciation and fish osmoregulation.     

Living on the edge: Traits of freshwater fish species at risk in Canada

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Histopathological changes in the liver and brain of fish exposed to endosulfan insecticide during tsetse fly control operations in Botswana

Abstract. During tsetse fly control operations, fish in the Okavango Delta region of Botswana are exposed to ultra–low–volume doses (6–12 g/ha) of endosulfan, an insecticide recognized to be highly toxic to fish. Approximately 1 % of the fish population can be killed by a spray, and the physiology and behaviour of survivors is temporarily disturbed. Simultaneously with the onset of the spraying season (July), the livers and brains of several species [including Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) and Tilapia rendalli (Boul.)] developed pathological lesions which often persisted until the season ended (October). Initially, hepatic lesions in C. gariepinus were characterized by generalized toxic necrosis, focal necrosis, and subcapsular oedema which gradually lessened in intensity and disappeared before the spraying season ended. Melano-macrophage centres and perivascular haemopoietic elements were lost from poisoned livers and were not replaced until at least 6 months later. In T. rendalli brain, pesticide–related changes included encephalitis, meningitis and oedema, with an associated inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophilic granule cells. Most brain damage disappeared during the month after the spraying season, although glial scarring was occasionally observed in fish sampled later. The possible connection of these abnormalities with observed behavioural changes is discussed.     

Use of ecological niche modelling to predict distributions of freshwater fish species in Kansas

Abstract – An essential innovation in aquatic biodiversity research would be a robust approach to accurately predict species’ potential distributions. In this paper, I conduct an analysis to test the efficacy of ecological niche modelling for predicting fish species’ potential distributions using an artificial‐intelligence algorithm, the Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐Set Prediction (GARP). Models of species’ ecological niches are developed using GARP, and projected onto geography to predict species distributions. To test the validity of this approach, I used freshwater fish distribution data for twelve fish species occurring in Kansas. These taxa were chosen to represent phylogenetic, distribution, and habit diversity. I subset these data by omitting half of the counties from model building, and test models using the omitted counties. Models were tested using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses. Of the species tested, all were statistically significant with the models showing excellent predictive ability. Omission errors across taxa ranged from 0 to 17%. This inferential capacity opens doors to many synthetic analyses based on primary point‐occurrence data.     

Effect of juglone on the survival time of two Brachionus species (Rotifera): species-specific tolerance against oxidative stress

To investigate the effect of oxidative stress on the survival of two Brachionus species of rotifer, we examined the effective dose of juglone, which generates reactive oxygen species, and compared survival times between the two species. First, we observed that juglone affected survival in the rotifers in a dose-dependent manner between 0.02 to 20 μM, and that treatment at above 2 μM showed acute toxicity causing the animals to die within a few hours. Next, we found the difference in survival time between the two species exposed to 20 μM juglone: B. rotundiformis was significantly more tolerant against the substance than the allied species B. plicatilis. The findings suggest that exploring the basis of species-specific abilities to persist under oxidative stress will be of great interest to uncover the underlying mechanisms governing the stress resistance of the rotifer, as well as contributing to their stable mass production for aquaculture.     

Depth-based barotrauma severity,reflex impairment and stress response in two species of ice-angled fish

Barotrauma is a frequent event in fish captured from depth, and anglers often attempt to remedy this problem by venting fish. Barotrauma has been frequently assessed in fish during the warm water season, but no work has been done during winter ice angling, and the need and/or effectiveness of venting for ice-angled fish has not been quantified. To answer these questions, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque and black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur) were angled through the ice, barotrauma assessed, and the effect of venting on reflex responsiveness and blood glucose levels after 1 or 2.5 h of holding were determined. Greater capture depths resulted in more severe barotrauma, with bluegill experiencing symptoms at shallower depths than black crappie. Bluegill reflex action mortality predictor (RAMP) scores improved more than black crappie scores following venting. These results suggest barotrauma impacts fish in winter fisheries in a similar fashion to fish in warmer conditions, with species-specific differences in their susceptibility to barotrauma and their response to venting.     

Effect of fish size and temperature on the utilization of different protein sources in two catfish species

Two sets of feeding trial were conducted to determine the effect of size and temperature on the utilization of different protein sources in two catfish species. In both the experiments, the fish were fed to apparent satiation daily at 08.00 and 18.00 hours, and faecal matter collected through slow siphoning. The first experiment was designed to study the effect of fish size on apparent digestibility coefficients for plant and animal proteins in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Three size classes (105–109 g; 780–830 g; 1250– 1300 g) of fish were stocked in triplicate sets of 600‐L plastic pools fitted with a flow‐through system (2 L min^?1). Within each size class, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) for protein varied significantly with the source and quality of protein used. Soybean meal and fishmeal protein were utilized with greater efficiency, whereas rice bran protein was least digestible. An increase in ADC protein was apparent with increase in fish size for high protein sources such as soybean meal, full‐fat soybean, laboratory‐prepared fishmeal, steam‐cooked brown fishmeal and dried fish. ADC protein for other ingredients decreased with increase in size. In the second experiment, the influence of varying temperature on ADC for protein was determined in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) (6–8 g). Triplicate groups of 25 fish were kept at three different ambient temperatures (18, 28 and 38 °C), in 70‐L polyvinyl indoor flow‐through (1–1.5 L min^?1) circular tanks (water volume = 55 L). The trend in utilization of protein from different sources remained similar at the three temperatures. For each ingredient, digestibility values obtained at 18 °C were significantly lower than those obtained at 28 °C and 38 °C. Optimal protein utilization in H. fossilis was measured at 28 °C.     

Alien freshwater fish species in the Balkans—Vectors and pathways of introduction

Fish introductions, particularly in areas of high biological diversity and endemism, represent a major threat for biodiversity. In the Balkan Peninsula, 60 fish species have been introduced to date, of which 36 have become naturalized in inland waters. Since the Balkans are one of the world's 35 biodiversity hot spots, this large presence of alien fish species poses a serious threat for the stability of freshwater ecosystems and the survival of the native ichthyofauna and of aquatic biodiversity in general. The motivation for the introductions, and the historical timeline, varies among the Balkan states. Despite recent attempts to implement and align legislation aimed at preventing the introduction of potentially invasive species, and the implementation of rigorous controls of introductions and increased protection of open waters, the majority of current introductions remain intentional, primarily via aquaculture. This review article provides a historical overview of freshwater fish introductions, the motivation behind them and the current distribution of alien freshwater fishes in the Balkans. The ecological implications and future perspectives concerning alien fish species in the region are also discussed.     

基于网箱控制法和模型法的长江4种淡水鱼目标强度研究

目标强度(target strength,TS)是将回波积分值转换成绝对资源量的关键参数,同时也是渔业声学技术的热点研究内容。2012年12月及2013年6―7月,在三峡水库中华鲟基地网箱内使用BioSonics DT-X(199 kHz)分裂波式科学回声仪测定了4种共计31尾不同鳔室构造和体型的长江淡水鱼类背腹方向的目标强度,并将此结果与基尔霍夫近似模型法测定结果进行比较。实验鱼包括鳊(Parabramis pekinensis) 6尾、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) 8尾、鲇(Silurus asotus)10尾及长江鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)7尾。结果表明,模型法测定结果与网箱控制法所测结果无显著性差异。构建4种鱼TS值(dB)与体长(BL, cm)的标准方程分别为鳊:TS=20lg(BL)-70.1 (R~2=0.94);鲢:TS=20lg(BL)-67.0 (R~2=0.80);鲇:TS=20lg(BL)-74.5 (R~2=0.80)及长江鲟:TS=20lg(BL)-66.1 (R~2=0.94)。模型法获得实验鱼目标强度的分布表明,鱼类不同的形态学特征及鳔室数量会影响目标强度的大小与分布特征。低频(38 kHz)下鳊、鲇及长江鲟目标强度最大值对应的姿态倾角出现在-10°～0°,而鲢目标强度最大值出现在-20°～-10°,且不同种类鱼的目标强度最大值所对应姿态倾角的位置各不相同。本研究通过网箱控制法和模型法测定了4种不同鳔室构造和体型的长江淡水鱼类目标强度,可为长江淡水鱼类目标强度研究提供有益借鉴,为采用渔业声学方法进行长江淡水鱼类垂直原位监测评估资源量提供相关参数。     

玛柯河两种鱼类的资源量及分布特征

为了解玛柯河的鱼类资源现状,2013年7月对玛柯河班玛县境内的干流和支流进行了鱼类资源调查。共采集大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis malacanthus chengi)和玛柯河高原鳅(Triplophysa markehensis)574尾,平均全长分别为18.2 cm和12.3 cm。根据河段密度法估算出6条支流内两种鱼的资源量分别为42 059尾和42 352尾。环境因子与鱼类密度的相关性分析的结果显示,大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼和玛柯河高原鳅的密度与流速和比降呈现正相关,玛柯河高原鳅的密度还与水深呈负相关。     

Supplementation of microbial levan in the diet of Cyprinus carpio fry (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to sublethal toxicity of fipronil: effect on growth and metabolic responses

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary microbial levan on growth performance and metabolic responses of Cyprinus carpio fry exposed to sublethal dose (1/10th LC₅₀) of fipronil [(±)-5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethylsulfinylpyrazole-3-carbonitrile]. Two hundred and twenty five fry were randomly distributed in five treatments in triplicates. Four purified diets were prepared with graded levels of microbial levan. Five different treatment groups were levan control L₀P₀ (basal feed + 0 % levan without exposure to pesticide); pesticide control L₀P₁ (basal feed + 0 % levan with exposure to pesticide); L_0.25P₁ (basal feed + 0.25 % levan with exposure to pesticide); L_0.50P₁ (basal feed + 0.50 % levan with exposure to pesticide); and L_0.75P₁ (basal feed + 0.75 % levan with exposure to pesticide). Weight gain% and specific growth rate were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in levan fed groups compared to their non-levan fed counterpart. Highest (p < 0.05) content of ascorbic acid in muscle, liver and brain tissues was observed with higher level of dietary levan. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity decreased with the increasing level of dietary levan in the liver and muscle. Aspartate aminotransferase activity exhibited a second order polynomial relationship with the dietary levan, both in liver (Y = ?1.001x ² + 5.366x + 5.812, r ² = 0.887) and muscle (Y = ?0.566x ² + 2.833x + 6.506, r ² = 0.858) while alanine aminotransferase activity showed third order polynomial relationship both in liver (Y = 1.195x ³ ? 12.30x ² + 35.23x + 9.874, r ² = 0.879) and muscle (Y = 0.527x ³ ? 8.429x ² + 31.80x + 8.718, r ² = 0.990). Highest (p < 0.05) superoxide dismutase activity in gill was observed in the group fed with 0.75 % levan supplemented diet. Overall results indicated that dietary microbial levan at 0.75 % in C. carpio fry ameliorated the negative effects of fipronil and augmented the growth.     

Effect of ambient temperature increase on intestinal mucosa amylolytic activity in freshwater fish

The relationship between the level of the intestinal mucosa amylolytic activity (AA) of juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus, carp Cyprinus carpio, roach Rutilus rutilus and perch Perca fluviatilis and the rate of water temperature increase was studied. Increase in water heating rate significantly influences AA and the level of upper lethal temperatures defined by critical thermal maximum (CTM) during different seasons. At a low rate of water temperature increase, 0.04 °C/h, AA and the level of CTM are maximal during all seasons. More rapid rates of heating, 4–50 °C/h, increase the AA during the summer and usually decrease it by 2- to 7.5-fold during other seasons. Rapid increase in ambient temperature in the autumn–winter period, unnatural for seasonal dynamics, produces a negative impact upon the fish’s carbohydrate hydrolysis rate and thermal resistance.