人工巢箱招引杂色山雀研究

2005年3-7月于辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区悬挂人工巢箱招引杂色山雀,共设置80个巢箱,其中11个巢箱被4种鸟利用。鸟类的进驻率为13.75%,其中杂色山雀利用了8个巢箱,利用率占招引总数的72.73%。对招引到杂色山雀的巢箱因素进行分析,结果表明:杂色山雀多选择2m以上、南坡中下部、巢口朝西南的巢箱,而巢箱悬挂的树种对其选择没有影响,人为或天敌干扰会导致杂色山雀放弃巢箱。该项试验为进一步保护稀有物种和研究其繁殖生态提供了初步的依据。     

森林道路对山雀类利用人工鸟巢的影响

于2002 年11月至2003年6 月间, 在韩国安养首尔大学冠岳植物园(37°25'05"N,126°56' 85"E)阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林内研究了森林道路对山雀类利用人工鸟巢的影响。对在人工巢箱中繁殖的山雀类,杂色山雀(Parus varius)、沼泽山雀( P. palustris)和大山雀(P. major)的繁殖对的数量、巢位、窝大小、卵重及卵大小进行了调查。调查结果显示,在 3 个研究区,杂色山雀在森林内部(距离道路 75–150m)的繁殖对数量,比森林边缘(距离道路 0–75 m)多,其窝大小、卵重等尺寸也明显比森林边缘高,但沼泽山雀基本不受森林道路的影响。在人类活动频繁的地区人工巢箱为洞穴鸟类提供良好的繁殖条件。人工鸟巢的设置将有利于这些鸟类的保护和管理。表 3 参 16。     

滇杨性别相关的SRAP分子标记

【目的】滇杨作为一种利用价值较高的雌雄异株树种,备受林业科学研究者的关注。由于个别不利性状的存在,限制了滇杨在生产上的有效推广。天然群体中,滇杨雌株极为罕见,导致其遗传基础较为狭窄,给其遗传改良工作带来一定的局限性。滇杨直到成年开花后,才能辨别其性别,这为研究其雌株的濒危以及雌雄植株的分别利用带来较大的困难。因此,亟需建立一种快速且准确的性别早期鉴定方法,以加速研究并解决上述问题。【方法】试验利用SRAP技术,以60株已知性别的滇杨个体为材料,筛选与滇杨性别相关的分子标记,并利用获得的SRAP标记,对30株未知性别的滇杨幼苗进行性别鉴定,并对鉴定结果的一致性进行比较。【结果】在参试的20对SRAP引物中,2对引物可在已知性别的60株滇杨植株间产生差异条带,且均为雄性相关的特异性条带。其中引物Me1可以在1 600 bp处扩增出特异性条带,而另一对引物Me10的扩增条带在710 bp处。利用这2对SRAP引物对30株苗期滇杨进行性别鉴定,2对引物所得鉴定结果完全一致。【结论】通过试验可初步认为,试验所筛选出的2对SRAP分子标记引物,可以准确对滇杨早期性别进行鉴定。研究结果可为滇杨不同性别植株的分别利用提供早期选择,也可为雌株濒危的原因提供理论参考。     

刺苋和苋属的实时荧光PCR鉴定

基于叶绿体的Psb A基因(Genbank登录号:DQ006133.1),设计了ASP-1和ASP-2两组具有刺苋特异性的引物探针,对苋科Amaranthaceae苋属Amaranthus刺苋A.spinosus的9个不同地理种、长芒苋A.palmeri的2个不同地理种、其它5种苋属植物和苋科非苋属8种,以及苋科外植物3种共27个样品进行Taq Man实时荧光PCR鉴定。结果表明,ASP-1适合作为刺苋的实时荧光PCR鉴定引物,其最佳扩增温度62℃;ASP-2适合作为苋属的实时荧光PCR鉴定,其最佳扩增温度为60℃。首次建立了Taq Man探针实时荧光PCR快速鉴定刺苋和苋属植物的方法。在优化后的检测条件下,ASP-1的检测灵敏度可达到0.03 ng·μL~(-1);ASP-2的检测灵敏度则可达到0.01 ng·μL~(-1)。上述方法作为形态鉴定的辅助方法,可准确有效的对刺苋及苋属植物进行鉴定。     

红松SRAP-PCR反应体系的优化

通过单因素试验,对红松SRAP—PCR反应体系的主要影响因子（Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg^2＋、模板DNA、dNTPs、引物浓度）进行了优化筛选,得出红松SRAP—PCR反应的最佳体系：20μL反应体系中,模板90ng,Mg^2＋1．0mmol／L,dNTPs0．15mmol／L,Taq DNA聚合酶1．5 U,引物0．3～0．4μmol／L。     

药用半枫荷基因组总DNA提取及ISSR-PCR反应体系优化

利用正交试验设计方法,对影响ISSR-PCR反应的Mg2＋、dNTPs、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶等因素进行优化的结果表明：在20μL PCR反应体系中含10×PCR Buffer,0.018μmol/L引物,4.0 mmol/L Mg2＋,15 ng/μL模板DNA,1.5 U Taq DNA聚合酶,4种dNTPs各0.15 mmol/L为半枫荷ISSR-PCR最适反应体系。     

落叶松—杨栅锈菌DNA提取及RAPD条件优化

本文对采自全国8个省市的落叶松—杨栅锈茵茵株进行了基因组DNA提取，并以其为模板对影响RAPD扩增1的重要参数进行优化试验，以期建立落叶松—杨栅锈茵RAPD反应的优化体系。结果表明，PCR扩增体系最佳条件是：25μL体积中，2．5mmol／LM^2 ，30ng／μL模板，0．15mmol／LdNTP，1．5μL引物，0．75UTaq聚合酶。     

PCR在真菌与植物病理学中的应用现状

介绍PCR的原理、操作和影响反应的条件。论述了PCR应用于克隆抗病虫目的基因、鉴定转基因植物中的靶基因的方法和策略。综述了几年来用于研究真菌系统进化和分子分类的现状,包括真菌通用引物的位置。反映了PCR研究类菌原体的最新进展,对其在根结线虫、类病毒等方面的应用也作一简述。同时介绍近一年来应用较多的RAPD进行遗传标记和种以下水平的分类的情况。     

紫椴ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

分别采用单因子试验和正交设计2种方法对影响紫椴ISSR-PCR反应体系的4个因素(Taq酶,Mg2 ,dNTP,引物)在3个水平上进行优化试验.正交设计选用L9(34)方案,采用直观分析法获得影响因素最佳反应水平.单因子试验分别研究各因素对ISSR-PCR反应的影响情况,找出最佳反应水平.2种方法所得影响因素最佳水平存在差异,通过综合比较与分析,最终建立了紫椴ISSR-PCR的最佳反应体系:在20μL的反应体系中,Taq酶1.0U,Mg2 2.0 mmol·L-1,dNTP 0.20 mmol·L-1,引物0.4μmol·L-1,1×PCR buffer,30 ng模板DNA.在此基础上筛选出14个扩增稳定、多态性丰富的ISSR引物,并通过梯度PCR试验,确定引物最佳退火温度.     

家蚕来源肠球菌RAPD反应体系的优化

通过调整 Mg2 、DNA模板、引物、Taq DNA聚合酶和dNTPs的浓度及PCR反应循环次数,建立并优化了家蚕来源肠球菌的RAPD-PCR反应体系及条件.结果表明,在25 μl反应体系下,当Mg2 的浓度为3.5 mmol/L、DNA模板加入量为50 ng、引物浓度为15 pmol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶加入量为3U、 PCR反应循环次数为45时,扩增结果最好.在本实验室,为家蚕来源肠球菌的遗传多样性研究建立了一种最佳RAPD分析模型.     

Untersuchungen über Verbreitung,Lebensweise und Ansiedlung von höhlenbrütenden Singvögeln im Forstamt Geisenfeld,Oberbayern

Studies on the distribution, bionomy and settlement of singing birds in breeding cages in the forests of Geisenfeld, South Bavaria Studies made in 1976 at 16 localities of the Geisenfeld- Forest comparing 7 types of breeding cages for birds showed the Titmice,Parus major (71.1%) to be the predominant species, followed byParus ater (15.0),Sitta europaea (4.5),Certha macrodactyla (3.1),Parus cristatus (2.4) andPhoenicurus phoenicurus (1.5), The maximal brood density was reached in localities smaller than 5 ha, probably in the consequence of the edge-effect. But in some more spacious woods a better settlement of birds was found in the middle than at the edge. Also by help of using more cages the number of broods could be raised.Comparing different types of cages the following types showed the best settlement of birds: Schwegler cage with round hole (75%), Bavarian cage with pointed gable root and oval hole (72.9) and Thüring cage with oval hole (63.2). The Trunk Looper(Certhia macrodactyla) settled nearly only the special Trunk Looper-cages. In nest boxes hanging in normal hight of about 3 m the Great Tit showed the greatest density, whereas in boxes hanging deeper, at eye level, the Coal Tit predominated.In most cases the number of eggs of the first brood was greater than such of the second. But also the mortality of broods and the number of unfinished nests were greater in the first brood.     

福建师范大学旗山校区及周边地区鸟类调查

2010年3月-2011年10月,采用样线法和鸟鸣声识别法对福建师范大学旗山校区及周边地区的鸟类进行调查研究.共观察到鸟类131种,隶属14目41科,其中留鸟占35.12％,冬候鸟占37.40％,夏候鸟占13.74％,旅鸟占12.98％,迷鸟占0.76％.国家二级保护野生动物有褐翅鸦鹃(Centropus sinensis)、黑翅鸢(Elanus caeruleus vociferuts)等8种,福建省重点保护野生动物有金腰燕(Hirundo daurica)、戴胜(Upupa epops saturata)等14种;优势种有黑领椋鸟(Sturnus nigricollis)、家燕(Hirundo concolor gutturalis)等21种,常见鸟有珠颈斑鸠(Streptopelia chinensis chinensis)、大山雀(Parus major commixtus)等19种.并提出校园及周边地区鸟类保护的建议.     

The effect of road traffic on a breeding community of woodland birds

The very rapid development of the road infrastructure in recent years has adversely affected the natural environment. The main effects of this have been the loss or deteriorating quality of habitats, the mortality of animals due to collisions with road vehicles, the withdrawal of birds as a result of disturbance and excessive noise in the neighbourhood of roads. In this study, we attempted to define the influence of a busy road on a breeding community of woodland birds. Individuals were counted using the point method at 54 observation points located at three various distances (60, 310, 560 m) from the road. At each point, we determined the habitat parameters and the intensity of noise. In total, 995 individuals of 39 species were recorded on the study plot. This study showed that the area was homogeneous with respect to habitat. The number of birds per point increased with distance from the road. Species diversity was lower near the road. The density of nine common species increased with distance from the road. Great Tit Parus major and Song Thrush Turdus philomelos preferred the neighbourhood of the road, whereas the numbers of the other species were the highest in the middle row of points. The number and species diversity of birds were correlated with the pattern of sound propagation across our study area. Our results showed that the species particularly sensitive to road traffic were those nesting near the ground and with low-frequency calls.     

Cohabitation of tree holes by ants and breeding birds in a temperate deciduous forest

A previously unknown association of ants with birds breeding in tree holes is described. Ants Lasius brunneus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were found in c. 15% of nests of Parus major L. and Poecile palustris L. (Paridae) breeding in tree holes in the primeval deciduous forest located in the Bia?owie?a National Park (Poland). The ants preferably used holes located higher above the ground. As such holes are warmer than the unused holes or other nest sites, it is suggested that the ants cohabit holes utilized by the tits to gain thermal benefits.     

北京植物园竹亚科植物耐寒性评价

2009年冬季,北京地区气温降至40年来历史最低,竹亚科植物经历了严峻的低温考验。对北京植物园竹园栽植的10属59种竹子从叶、枝、秆的表现和新枝叶、新笋的生长等方面进行了耐寒性评估,结果表明,金镶玉竹、乌哺鸡竹、黄古竹、灰竹、黄槽竹、黄竿京竹、蓉城竹、早园竹、御江箬竹、善变箬竹、箬叶竹、鹅毛竹等33种耐寒性较强,表现较好;刚竹、红壳雷竹、斑竹、黄皮绿筋竹、绿皮黄筋竹、罗汉竹、油苦竹、秋竹等26种耐寒性稍弱,表现较差。研究发现,小气候环境对竹种的越冬表现具有重要影响,新栽植竹种的防寒措施对提高越冬性是必要的。     

Untersuchungen zum Nahrungseintrag von Kohlmeisen in einem Gradationsgebiet der Kleinen Fichtenblattwespe (Pristiphora abietina Christ)

Using a modern data survey system combined with a videocamera for observation, it was possible to determine the percentage of sawfly larvac in breeding food of titmouse (Parus major) without disturbing the birds. The activities of a titmouse pair in a spruce stand, located in southeast Bavaria and seriously damaged by spruce sawfly, were observed during the whole breeding period. Spruce sawfly larvae were used as breeding food preferably at 4th larvae instar or later. Since larvae of this instar were available, they dominated the insects used as breeding food with more than 70%. During the most intensive feeding period nearly 500 sawfly larvae per day were used as food. The consumption of sawfly larvae during the whole feeding period added up to a total of more than 5000 larvae. The birds can not significantly reduce the sawfly density in heavily attacked stands. This can be shown in a simple calculation: there had been 11 titmouse pairs per hectar. They used appr. 55000 old larvae for breeding food. This represents appr. 15% of the estimated number of old sawfly larvae per hectar. But in a low density area an insect-feeding songbird population may possibly hinder a serious increase in the sawfly population.     

Migratory passerine birds in Britain carry Phytophthora ramorum inoculum on their feathers and “feet” at low frequency

In this study, we investigated whether birds could be vectors facilitating long‐distance spread of Phytophthora ramorum in Britain. Migratory bird species associated with the main sporangium‐producing host plants and most likely to pick up P. ramorum spores were considered. Swabs were taken from the flank and “feet” of 1,014 birds over a 12‐month period (April 2011–March 2012) in the west of Britain and subsequently analyzed for the presence of P. ramorum using nested PCR. Ten positive samples from 10 birds were identified: three in Cornwall, one in Devon, three in Gloucestershire, two in north Wales and one in Merseyside. Phytophthora ramorum was detected on samples from four species of thrushes (Redwing Turdus iliacus, Fieldfare T. pilaris, Blackbird T. merula and Song Thrush T. philomelos) and one species of warbler (Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita). All birds that tested positive were sampled in late autumn and winter (October–February), when long‐distance movements (over 100 km) would have stopped. The low incidence of P. ramorum found using PCR suggests that the incidence of inoculum, whether viable or not, on birds was low. The apparently low incidence of inoculum on birds suggests migratory passerine birds can carry P. ramorum inoculum on their feathers and “feet,” albeit at low frequency. The dates of positive samples indicate that birds would not have been moving long distances at the time but further work is needed to estimate the extent of their contribution to the spread of P. ramorum in Britain.     

山西省蟒河自然保护区雀鹰的繁殖

1996年－1998年的3月－9月，在蟒河自然保护区对雀鹰的繁殖习性进行了观察。结果表明该鸟在本区繁殖前后的种群密度分别为0．08只/km^2和0．10只／km^2，营巢期为10d-13d，窝孵数3枚－4枚，孵卵期23d-25d，孵化率88．89％，育雏期21d-24d。其食物组成：鸟类占43．33％，鼠类占17．77％，蛙类占14．44％，昆虫占15．56％，其他占8．89％。     

Inhibition by pulp juice and enhancement by ingestion on germination of bird-dispersedPrunus seeds

To evaluate what prevents seed germination and why ingestion by birds enhances germination, we carried out germination experiments using bird-dispersed seeds of twoPrunus species (Prunus sargentii andP. ssiori) in the laboratory. Germination of seeds with following four treatments was compared: “Ingested seeds” excreted after feeding of fruits to birds; “Extracted seeds” deliberately extracted from the fruit pulp; “Juiced seeds” which were supplemented with the juice of the pulp after seeds had been deliberately extracted from the pulp; and “Intact seeds” in untreated whole fruits. Many ingested (27%, 23% inP. sargentii, 18% inP. ssiori) and extracted seeds (24% inP. sargentii, 17% inP. ssiori) germinated, and difference in germination percentages between ingested and extracted seeds were not significant, for eitherPrunus species. The Juiced seeds rarely germinated (2% inP. sargentii, 6% inP. ssiori), and seeds within intact fruits did not germinate. These results suggest that the fruit pulp and the juice of the pulp inhibit germination and the seeds could germinate without ingestion by birds once they had been manually extracted from pulp. Therefore, it is considered that bird ingestion enahnces germination by removing pulp, especially juice of the pulp, in these twoPrunus species.