蝴蝶饲养与产业的发展

蝴蝶资源的可持续性利用,可以通过人工饲养的途径来实现。人工饲养分全虫态饲养和非全虫态饲养。依据蝴蝶的生物学特性,满足饲养蝶种对生态环境的要求,是人工饲养获得成功的关键。蝴蝶的成功饲养、产业的持续发展和开拓创新,都离不开高素质人材。因此,应把人力资源建设放在蝴蝶饲养与产业发展的第一位。生态蝴蝶园建设,则列为蝴蝶资源多种利用的首选项目。     

探索促进寄生蜂生殖力的蜜源植物共性特征

通过布局合适的蜜源植物,以提高农田生态系统的害虫防控服务,已成为一种常用的生境管理技术。然而,如何筛选理想的蜜源植物是保护生物防治中迫切需要解决的现实问题。本研究通过室内试验构建蜜源植物对寄生蜂寄生能力影响的数据库,分析了不同蜜源植物的效应值与寄生蜂和蜜源植物关键生态特征的相关性。结果表明,花序类型是筛选蜜源植物的最重要特征,其中复伞形花序植物的花对寄生蜂寄生能力的促进作用最显著,而花单生、头状花序和穗状花序植物的对寄生蜂寄生能力的促进作用不明显。赤眼蜂等微小型寄生蜂的生殖潜力的高低对其取食蜜源植物后的寄生能力影响不显著。寄生蜂的寄主类型、种群类型等不会影响蜜源植物对赤眼蜂的寄生能力。     

单种或多种寄主植物混合共存对B型烟粉虱成虫的影响

为探究B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)成虫对寄主植物多样性的适应性,采用生态测定和生化方法,比较了油菜、棉花、番茄、黄瓜4种寄主植物同时存在与单种寄主植物存在时对B型烟粉虱存活率、产卵量、总蛋白、海藻糖、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutases, SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)、海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶等指标的影响.同时,利用“Y”型嗅觉仪,测定了B型烟粉虱雌成虫对4种寄主混合共存和单独存在时的行为反应.结果表明,与单种寄主植物相比,4种寄主植物混合共存时,烟粉虱9 d时存活率显著降低,为(64.0±3.8)%,总产卵量为907±52.5粒,大于棉花,小于油菜、黄瓜,与番茄无显著差异;海藻糖含量及SOD、AKP、海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶活性相对增大;行为研究表明4种寄主植物混合共存与单种植物存在时相比,除油菜外,B型烟粉虱雌虫对单种植物选择趋性较强.     

苜蓿盲蝽在豫东棉区的寄主选择及其转移规律

采用扫网、目测、盘拍和室内饲养方法,调查研究了河南东部棉区苜蓿盲蝽的野生寄主和栽培寄主植物种类,已发现161种,其中野生寄主植物137种,分属32个科,栽培寄主20种。研究了苜蓿盲蝽在这些寄主植物间的转移规律,表明该棉区以田菁、草木樨、野苜蓿为主的豆科植物及小白酒草为主的菊科等植物和小麦、棉花一起,构成了有利于苜蓿盲蝽发生的生态环境。抽穗期的小麦为越冬代成虫向棉田过渡的主要桥梁寄主,棉花仅仅是第1至第3代苜蓿盲蝽的侨居寄主,田菁、草木樨、小白酒草等豆科和菊科杂草丛生的地方是其第4代、第5代生存和越冬的主要场所。     

江西凤蝶科名蝶

位于亚热带的江西,森林覆盖率高达60.05%,拥有丰富的生物多样性,昆虫有6000多种,蝴蝶有416种其中珍稀名蝶有42种之多,占10%,蝴蝶又是环境优佳的指示物种,这是过去人们所不熟悉认知的。为此,本文就江西珍稀名蝶的名称、习性、人与蝶的关系等作一简述,以飨读者。     

广西蝴蝶种类多样性及其区系分析(一)

蝴蝶是对自然环境变化最敏感的物种之一,是环境变化的重要指示生物。弄清广西境内蝴蝶的种类、寄主、分布及其区系,对开展其资源保护与利用等方面具有重要意义。鉴于此,笔者基于文献分析法,统计了1983—2018年发表的以广西境内蝴蝶为研究对象的文献资料,发现广西境内分布的蝴蝶种类数达11科232属608种,其中弄蝶科的属数最多,达59属,占总属数的25.43%。而蛱蝶科的种类数最多,达150种,占总种类数的24.67%。广西境内分布的蝴蝶以东洋种占比最高,达72.37%,其次为广布种,占15.13%。建议下一步应加强蝴蝶多样性保护和利用、蝴蝶与气候/环境变化的关系和蝴蝶生态保护区建设方面的研究。     

广西蝴蝶种类多样性及其区系分析(三)

蝴蝶是对自然环境变化最敏感的物种之一,是环境变化的重要指示生物。弄清广西境内蝴蝶的种类、寄主、分布及其区系,对开展其资源保护与利用等方面具有重要意义。鉴于此,笔者基于文献分析法,统计了1983—2018年发表的以广西境内蝴蝶为研究对象的文献资料,发现广西境内分布的蝴蝶种类数达11科232属608种,其中弄蝶科的属数最多,达59属,占总属数的25.43%。而蛱蝶科的种类数最多,达150种,占总种类数的24.67%。广西境内分布的蝴蝶以东洋种占比最高,达72.37%,其次为广布种,占15.13%。建议下一步应加强蝴蝶多样性保护和利用、蝴蝶与气候/环境变化间的关系和蝴蝶生态保护区建设方面的研究。     

广西蝴蝶种类多样性及其区系分析(二)

蝴蝶是对自然环境变化最敏感的物种之一,是环境变化的重要指示生物。弄清广西境内蝴蝶的种类、寄主、分布及其区系,对开展其资源保护与利用等方面具有重要意义。鉴于此,笔者基于文献分析法,统计了1983—2018年发表的以广西境内蝴蝶为研究对象的文献资料,发现广西境内分布的蝴蝶种类数达11科232属608种,其中弄蝶科的属数最多,达59属,占总属数的25.43%。而蛱蝶科的种类数最多,达150种,占总种类数的24.67%。广西境内分布的蝴蝶以东洋种占比最高,达72.37%,其次为广布种,占15.13%。建议下一步应加强蝴蝶多样性保护和利用、蝴蝶与气候、环境变化间的关系及蝴蝶生态保护区建设方面的研究。     

话说蝴蝶

蝴蝶美丽的斑纹色彩 ,优美的舞姿 ,被称为大自然中会飞的花朵 ,博得了人们的喜爱 ;它们取食花蜜而起到传花授粉的作用 ,使我们生存的环境繁花似锦 ,果实累累 ;在维护我们环境的良性循环中 ,起到重要作用。世界上的蝴蝶有 16 0 0 0多种 ,其中半数以上分布在新大陆 ,尤其南美洲亚马逊河流域蝴蝶最多 ,东南亚蝴蝶也多。我国是产蝶较多的国家 ,有 16 0 0多种蝴蝶 ,主要分布在南方各省。云南、海南、台湾和四川都有丰富的蝴蝶资源 ,是我国的 4大产蝶区。许多蝴蝶喜欢生活在山区和林区 ,有的蝴蝶只生活在海拔高的高山地带 ,耐寒力极强。1　蝴蝶的…     

几种植物对入侵害虫悬铃木方翅网蝽的适合性评价

实验条件下用二球悬铃木、构树、板栗、杜鹃等4种植物的幼嫩叶片饲养悬铃木方翅网蝽2龄若虫4、龄若虫和成虫,观察该虫发育、存活、寿命和产卵量,结果表明,在悬铃木叶片上悬铃木方翅网蝽能取食、发育或产卵,在其他3种植物叶片上存活时间仅2～7d左右,不能取食、发育或产卵。证实构树、板栗和杜鹃不是悬铃木方翅网蝽的寄主植物。     

不同生态茶园昆虫群落多样性研究

对4种不同类型生态茶园中昆虫群落进行调查,共发现茶树害虫50种,天敌45种;生态茶园与纯茶园相比,其昆虫群落丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数较高,而优势度指数较低;昆虫群落多样性为梨茶间作>林窗式茶园>杉茶间作>纯茶园。茶园物种的多样性与它的稳定性紧密相关,多样性越强,其稳定性越好,害虫大发生的几率较小。     

Outbreaks of Lymantria dispar in Russian forests during the 1990s

Lymantria dispar is one of the most widespread defoliators of deciduous and larch forests in Russia. Its outbreaks regularly occur in different regions of the country and cover huge areas from oak forests of the northern Caucasus and birch forests of the southern taiga of European Russia to larch forests of Siberia and broad-leaved forests of the southern Far East of Russia. Preferred host plants, flying capacity of females and neonate caterpillars, preferred places for egg laying, major factors of mortality and other characteristics vary considerably between different populations of the pest, and four geographical populations can be distinguished. The population dynamics of the pest in the 1990s and the increase in its area of distribution are analysed on the basis of survey data.     

Do the introductions by botanical gardens facilitate the invasion of Solidago canadensis (Asterceae) in China?

Many invasive plants have long been suspected of firstly being introduced and cultivated by a local botanical garden or nursery and then escaping into the field after adapting to the novel environment. The role of botanical gardens in the spread of invasive plants has not yet been explored experimentally. In this article, we studied the possible roles of two botanical gardens in the spread of invasive Solidago canadensis (Asterceae) in China by analysing genetic relationships of invasive and native (United States) populations with intersimple sequence repeats markers. Our results showed a high genetic variation (mean He = 0.292) and a large proportion of genetic variation (85.6%) residing within populations. Solidago canadensis was possibly introduced firstly into eastern China. The plants from Lushan Botanical Garden showed distant genetic distance from all of the other populations, suggesting that this botanical garden had little effect on the invasion of S. canadensis. Populations from Wuhan Botanical Garden in central China, however, showed close genetic relationships with local populations and populations in west and south‐west China, suggesting gene exchange between these populations. Thus, risk assessment is critical for plant introduction and conservation, as introductions of alien plants by botanical gardens may facilitate plant invasions, while plants conserved in botanical gardens may be at risk by surrounding plant invasions.     

SSR assessment of Phytophthora infestans populations on tomato and potato in British gardens demonstrates high diversity but no evidence for host specialization

Phytophthora infestans populations can differ in composition as a result of host specialization on tomato and potato hosts. In Great Britain many amateur gardeners grow outdoor tomatoes but there is little or no commercial tomato production outdoors. This study analysed isolates of P. infestans from British gardens with 12 multiplexed simple sequence repeat markers that are used to monitor the disease on commercial potato crops. Samples of P. infestans from tomato hosts were collected in 3 years and from potato in 1 year from across Great Britain. Seven previously unreported clonal lineages were detected in garden populations and higher frequencies of unique clonal lineages (28–40%) were present compared with populations from British commercial potato crops reported elsewhere. Garden populations had a lower proportion (11–48% less) of the most common lineages (13_A2 and 6_A1) that together made up at least 86% of the commercial potato populations during the sampling period. Host species accounted for only 2·0% of molecular variance detected between garden potato‐ and tomato‐hosted samples. No significant difference in clonal lineage composition was found between host species in Great Britain and this could be due to the whole P. infestans population overwintering on potato. British garden populations on both hosts were much more diverse than those on commercial potato crops; this finding may be influenced by less frequent fungicide use by gardeners and a higher diversity of unsprayed susceptible potato cultivars, enabling metalaxyl‐sensitive and less aggressive genotypes to survive in gardens.     

扎龙自然保护区蝶类资源调查及多样性分析

[目的]通过掌握扎龙国家级自然保护区蝶类多样性情况,对保护区的蝶类保护具有重要意义.[方法]采用网捕法、观察法等方法对保护区内的蝶类进行采集与观察.[结果]通过调查共观察到蝶类5科48种,698头,蛱蝶科种类最多.对不同生境内蝶类进行数据分析,杂草甸样地内蝶类多样性指数、均匀度指数均为最高,苔草沼泽样地与杂草甸样地内蝶...     

Plant growers' environmental consciousness may not be enough to mitigate pollinator declines: a questionnaire-based case study in Hungary

BACKGROUND

Pesticides are one of the most important anthropogenic-related stressors. In times of global pollinator decline, the role of integrated farming and urban gardens in supporting wild pollinators is becoming increasingly important. We circulated an online questionnaire to survey plant protection practices among Hungarian farmers and garden owners with a particular emphasis on pollinator protection.

RESULTS

We found that plant growers rely heavily on pesticide use, and pesticides are used widely in otherwise pollinator-friendly gardens. Whether pesticide use practices were driven by expert opinion and respondent gender were the best predictors of pesticide use. Although most respondents supported pollinators, pesticides are also used widely among home garden owners, which can pose a non-evident ecological trap for pollinator populations in the gardens.

CONCLUSION

Special attention should be paid to implementing measures to reduce pesticide use not only in farmland, but also in home gardens. Environmental education and financial support through agroecological schemes could efficiently promote the transition away from pesticide use. However, whereas farmers can be encouraged to reduce pesticide use mostly by expert advice, garden owners are likely to rely on more conventional information channels. The attitudes of Hungarian plant growers can provide an insight into pesticide use practices of Central and Eastern European countries, but similar surveys are needed across Europe for a complete understanding of broad-scale processes. This work lays the foundations for similar studies that can inform and facilitate the transformation to pesticide-free farming and gardening. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Species composition and abundance of aphids in Australian hop gardens and their impact on spatiotemporal patterns of Carlavirus epidemics

The species composition and abundance of aphids in commercial cv. Agate and cv. Super Pride hop gardens in Tasmania, Australia, were characterized over three seasons (1999–2001). Gunns Plains recorded 14 aphid species and Bushy Park 11 species, with nine of these common to both sites. The majority of aphids were trapped in the first 2 months (October and November) of active hop growth in all three seasons. Cultivar and geographical location had significant effects on the abundance of total aphids (species pooled) trapped and several individual aphid species in the three seasons. In general, significantly more aphids (total and individual species) were trapped in cv. Agate than cv. Super Pride gardens, and higher numbers were trapped at Bushy Park than at Gunns Plains. This coincided with a higher incidence of plants infected by carlaviruses in cv. Agate gardens at both locations. Differences in the spatiotemporal dynamics of Carlavirus epidemics were described by fitting a stochastic model to the data, with parameters for local spread within the garden (contagion) and background infection (disease increase unrelated to infected plants within the gardens). Local spread of Hop latent virus (HpLV) and Hop mosaic virus (HpMV) was indicated within all gardens. For HpMV in cv. Agate at Gunns Plains, however, infections caused by immigrant viruliferous aphids were also apparent. Using join-count statistics, spatial aggregation of both virus diseases was found for all years, except for the initial year (1999) when incidence was low. Clusters of diseased plants extended to greater distances for HpLV than for HpMV. Based on spatial and spatiotemporal analyses, local spread (mechanical transmission and/or aphid movement within the garden) appears to be the dominant factor in the epidemics of HpLV. Aphid immigration from outside the crop over time may play a more significant role for HpMV epidemics, at least for one location.     

Phytophthora ramorum: the situation in Scotland1

In Scotland inspections for Phytophthora ramorum on plants in the horticulture nursery trade started in July 2001 and are currently carried out four times per year. In addition, approximately 130 established gardens have been inspected for the disease during the years 2003 and 2004. Phytophthora ramorum has been found on Rhododendron, Viburnum, and lilac (Syringa vulgaris); the most important host plant is Viburnum tinus. The pathogen is confined to nurseries and garden centres with the exception of one private garden. The first finding was in April 2002 with 17 more outbreaks the same year. Since then the number of outbreaks per year has declined dramatically to 6 in 2003, 5 in 2004 and 3 until November 2005. Altogether, there have been 21 different outbreaks sites since the first finding, some with repeated occurrences of the disease.     

Sporenverteilung des Echten Mehltaus im Hopfen ausgehend von Infektionsherden und Abhängigkeit vom Vegetationsstadium

In order to assess the potential of infection of hop powdery mildew it is important to know the spore dissemination coming from different sources. Overwintering via cleitothecia is not provable in experiments. So wild hops, not correctly cleared cultural hops and non-cultivation hops are potential carriers of powdery mildew which is overwintering via mycel. In 2007 we found a source which has infected an area of about 30?ha cultural hops. By the observation of infections in these hop gardens we found that half of the amount of conidia is in a distance of 9,55?m away from the source. In a smaller dimension we counted the amount of conidia around one single plant in a commercial hop garden by a special spore trap. In the single plant the amount of spores is lower than outside, while it is decreasing in a higher distance from the single plant. Analysing the micro spore dissemination in a single plant there was a big diversity of the amount of spores because of the complex architecture of the hop plants. Further studies showed that the susceptibility of hop is much higher in May than later in the year. Thus, statistically a lower amount of conidia is needed for one complete infection. However, a lower amount of conidia can easily be transported for long distances by wind. As a result a source of powdery mildew in a long distance from the cultural hops is a serious danger for the commercial hop gardens early in the year. Later each source of conidia looses its influence nearly completely.     

Ecosystem service values of gardens in the Yellow River Basin,China

Studies on the ecosystem service value(ESV)of gardens are critical for informing evidence-based land management practices based on an understanding of the local ecosystem.By analyzing equivalent value factors(EVFs),this paper evaluated the values of 11 ecosystem services of gardens in the Yellow River Basin of China in 2019.High-precision land use survey data were used to improve the accuracy of the land use classification,garden areas,and spatial distribution of the ESVs of gardens.The results showed that garden ecosystem generally had high ESVs,especially in terms of the ESV of food production,which is worthy of further research and application to the practice of land use planning and management.Specifically,the value of one standard EVF of ecosystem services in 2019 was 3587.04 CNY/(hm²·a),and the ESV of food production of gardens was much higher than that of croplands.Garden ecosystem provided an ESV of 1348.66×10⁸CNY/a in the Yellow River Basin.The areas with the most concentrated ESVs of gardens were located in four regions:downstream in the Shandong-Henan zone along the Yellow River,mid-stream in the Shanxi-Shaanxi zone along the Yellow River,the Weihe River Basin,and upstream in the Qinghai-Gansu-Ningxia-Inner Mongolia zone along the Yellow River.The spatial correlation of the ESVs in the basin was significant(global spatial autocorrelation index Moran's I=0.464),which implied that the characteristics of high ESVs adjacent to high ESVs and low ESVs adjacent to low ESVs are prominent.In the Yellow River Basin,the contribution of the ESVs of gardens to the local environment and economy varied across regions.We also put forward some suggestions for promoting the construction of ecological civilization in the Yellow River Basin.The findings of this study provide important contributions to the research of ecosystem service evaluation in the Yellow River Basin.