化学调控剂对冬小麦干物质贮运和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为明确不同有效成分的化学调控剂对冬小麦生长和产量形成的调控作用,采用田间试验,比较了自主研发的微量元素拌种剂(WB)、黄酮类叶面喷施剂(Phu)、磷胺类叶面喷施剂(Pan)以及拌种组合喷施制剂(Whu和Wan)对冬小麦干物质积累与分配以及籽粒灌浆过程与产量的影响。结果表明,WB、Whu和Wan处理均能增加冬小麦穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,增产16.51%以上。与喷施自来水(CK)相比,WB、Whu和Wan处理对各生育期冬小麦不同器官干物质积累量均具有增加效应;所不同的是,WB处理对冬小麦的促进效应在拔节期和抽穗期凸显,而Whu和Wan处理对小麦开花后的促进作用更大;并且Whu处理的花前干物质转运率和花前干物质转运对籽粒的贡献率分别较CK提高了13.42%和17.96%(P0.05)。开花43 d内,各处理均能延长小麦的籽粒灌浆持续期,且Wan处理使灌浆持续期延长了3.82 d(P0.05),Phu处理使小麦的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率较CK分别提高了5.71%和5.76%(P0.05)。说明不同化学调控剂对小麦的增产作用与干物质积累和转运能力以及籽粒灌浆有关,并且拌种和叶面喷施组合具有协同效应。     

不同生育时期叶面喷施奇善宝对冬小麦产量及品质的效应

为了解海洋寡糖复合制剂奇善宝在小麦上的应用效果,2011-2013年以小麦品种中麦349为材料,研究了返青、拔节和孕穗期叶面喷施奇善宝对冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施奇善宝使冬小麦增产2.9%~11.3%,效果明显,增产的主因是显著增加了穗粒数和千粒重。喷施奇善宝对冬小麦部分品质性状影响显著,其中使籽粒容重、硬度、蛋白质含量和面粉湿面筋含量分别较对照提高0.1%~0.8%、1.0%~5.3%、0.3%~3.3%和0.4%~5.1%,使面团稳定时间和延展性分别下降3.5%~5.8%和2.3%~5.2%。增产效果以返青期和拔节期喷施最佳,返青期喷施对改善品质效果最佳。     

放线菌剂使用方法对晚播冬小麦生长及光合性状的影响

为探究放线菌剂使用方法对晚播冬小麦生长及光合性状的影响，以长6990为供试小麦品种、娄彻氏链霉菌（D74）为供试菌剂，在大田设置T1（种子包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施D74菌剂）、T2（种子包衣+拔节期喷施D74菌剂，灌浆期喷施清水）、T3（种子包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施清水）、T4（种子不包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施D74菌剂）和CK（种子不包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施清水）5个处理（包衣中含有菌剂D74），比较分析了不同处理间小麦产量及其构成要素、表型性状、光合特性及干物质积累的差异。结果表明，放线菌剂处理下晚播小麦的产量较CK均不同程度提高，增产幅度为7.35%~25.00%，且不同处理的产量表现为T4>T1>T2>T3>CK，其中T1、T4处理与CK差异显著(P＜0.05)；不同处理间株高无显著差异(P>0.05)， T1和T4处理的穗长、穗粒数和千粒重显著高于CK，T2处理穗粒数和千粒重也较高。在光合性状中，放线菌剂处理主要影响晚播小麦灌浆后期的光合效率。花后28~35 d，T1、T4处理的旗叶净光合速率，T1~T4处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）和氮含量，T1、T2和T4处理的叶面积指数均显著高于CK。放线菌剂使用后晚播小麦的花前干物质转运量及其对籽粒产量贡献率有所降低，但不同处理间差异不显著。T1、T2和T4处理的花后干物质的积累量较CK增加了37.93%、29.42%和50.92%；花后干物质积累对籽粒产量贡献率也有所提高，但不同处理间差异不显著。综合来看，放线菌剂能够有效增加晚播小麦的光合持续能力，延缓叶片衰老，促进花后干物质积累、穗部发育和籽粒灌浆，增加穗粒数和千粒重，进而提高产量，其中放线菌剂种子包衣效果不明显，叶面喷施放线菌剂效果较突出，拔节期和灌浆期叶面喷施放线菌剂的效果最佳。     

“金太龙”叶面肥对冬小麦产量及干热风抗性的影响

为探究"金太龙"叶面肥对冬小麦产量及干热风抗性的调节作用,通过两因素随机区组试验,对不同水、肥喷施量下冬小麦产量及干热风抗逆指数进行了分析。结果表明,干热风胁迫下,冬小麦的产量、干热风抗性与叶面肥用量和喷施水量均密切相关。孕穗期喷施"金太龙"叶面肥的增产作用主要归因于穗粒数、千粒重增加,尤其是千粒重。喷施水量较低时,提高叶面肥用量不利于增加粒重,低叶面肥用量则可保证冬小麦高产和提高抗干热风的能力;喷施水量较高时,提高叶面肥用量有助于延长旗叶功能期,有利于增加粒重。综合来看,孕穗期"金太龙"叶面肥用量为3kg·hm~(-2)、喷施水量225kg·hm~(-2)时,冬小麦产量最高,对干热风的抗性最好。     

化学调控剂对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为给化学调控剂在高产栽培中的应用提供依据,采用裂区试验设计,以小麦品种(系)西农39、普冰143和普冰476为材料,以清水为对照(CK),在拔节期和孕穗期分别喷施250mg.L-1多效唑(MET)和150mg.L-1水杨酸(SA),分析了化学调控剂处理后冬小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的变化。结果表明,喷施MET显著提高了西农39和普冰143的旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量,并显著提高了三个品种的产量、穗数和穗粒数;喷施SA显著提高了普冰476的光合速率和叶绿素含量,也显著提高了普冰143的光合速率,且SA处理均显著增加了三个品种(系)的产量、穗数和千粒重,对穗粒数无显著影响。喷施MET和SA对冬小麦功能叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度也有影响,且提高了冬小麦的抗旱能力,其中喷施SA的效果较为显著。     

生长调节物质对深播和渍水小麦幼苗生长和籽粒产量的影响

为探究可促进冬小麦弱苗转壮、实现稳产的化控途径,在深播和深播+渍水两种条件下研究了喷施生长素（IAA）、玉米素（ZT）、6-苄氨基嘌呤（6-BA）、赤霉素（GA）、2,4-表油菜素内酯（EBR）、亚精胺（SP）、碧护（BH）和去离子水（CW）对小麦幼苗生长、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,深播和深播+渍水易形成弱苗,降低植株糖、氮积累量,抑制分蘖发生,造成光合面积和干物质积累量的下降,最终导致减产。深播和深播+渍水下喷施生长调节物质可分别提高籽粒产量1.23%~37.56%和4.69%~59.27%。深播下喷施ZT和EBR对幼苗质量和籽粒产量提升效果最佳,使籽粒产量可达适宜播深+自然生长（CK）水平。喷施ZT可提升碳、氮代谢水平,喷施EBR可维持高水平氮代谢,促进深播小麦的分蘖发生,增加光合面积和光合产物积累量。喷施ZT可提高深播小麦的单株穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,喷施EBR可提升单株穗数和千粒重。深播+渍水条件下喷施EBR虽然可增加分蘖数,促进碳氮物质积累,提高单株穗数和千粒重,但产量难以恢复到CK水平。综上所述,ZT或EBR可推荐用于深播小麦改善苗质、提升产量;喷施EBR可改善深播且苗期渍水小麦幼苗生长质量,促进产量形成。     

早春低温之前喷施外源调控物质对冬小麦的干物质转运、产量和品质的影响

为明确外源调控物质对冬小麦早春低温抵御能力的调控效应,以济麦22为试验材料,在拔节期倒春寒来临前以喷施清水为对照（CK）,设喷施氨基酸水溶肥（200倍液,T1）、蔗糖（500倍液,T2）、0.004%芸苔素内酯（800倍液,T3）及其等倍混合液（200倍液氨基酸水溶肥+500倍液蔗糖+800倍液芸苔素内酯,T4）4个调控处理,分析了拔节期发生倒春寒条件下不同调控处理间冬小麦干物质积累、转运、分配、产量及其构成和籽粒品质的差异。结果表明,T4处理下冬小麦开花期、成熟期干物质积累量较CK显著增加,且成熟期籽粒、穗轴及颖壳、茎鞘及叶的干物质积累量均高于其他处理;T2、T3、T4处理使小麦结实率均显著提高;T4处理在不降低穗粒数和穗数的前提下,显著提高千粒重和籽粒产量;T1处理有利于提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量。由此得出,在冬小麦拔节期倒春寒来临前,喷施氨基酸水溶肥+蔗糖+0.004%芸苔素内酯混合液有助于提高小麦抵御低温逆境的能力,实现抗逆稳产。     

叶面喷施氮肥对小麦SPAD值及产量的影响

为了解叶面施氮效应,在大田条件下,以农大1108和普冰79为材料,研究了在小麦抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期喷施浓度为1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%和3.0%的氮肥(尿素)对小麦旗叶SPAD值和籽粒灌浆动态及产量的影响。结果表明,与喷施等量清水的对照(CK)相比,喷施不同浓度氮肥后,两个小麦品种灌浆期旗叶的SPAD值均变化显著:在喷施氮肥浓度为1.0%(H1)、1.5%(H2)和2.0%(H3)时明显增加,在喷施氮肥浓度为2.5%(H4)和3.0%(H5)时明显下降,且H2和H3处理的小麦SPAD值在生育后期能保持一段时间的相对稳定状态,而CK呈下降趋势。两个小麦品种在喷施氮肥以后,H1、H2和H3处理的籽粒灌浆最大速率(Vmax)、籽粒灌浆平均速率(V)以及快增期籽粒灌浆平均速率(Vs)均明显提高,而H4和H5处理的Vmax、V和Vs明显下降。两个小麦品种的5个处理同CK相比,出现最大灌浆速率的时间(Tv)均有所提前,而且快增期持续时间(Tk)也明显缩短。两个小麦品种的产量、穗粒数和千粒重均表现为H3H2H1CKH4H5,且喷施氮肥处理均与CK差异显著。综合来看,叶面喷施浓度为2.0%的氮肥对小麦的增产效果最好。     

外源激素与蔗糖对冬小麦穗粒数和粒重的调控效应

为阐明外源激素和蔗糖调控冬小麦穗粒数和粒重的机理,以冬小麦农大211为材料,设置不同浓度蔗糖和激素,通过离体穗培养及盆栽不同水分条件下喷施激素处理,考察了冬小麦穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重以及穗部糖含量对外源蔗糖和激素的响应。离体穗培养试验表明,蔗糖浓度为40 g·L^-1,IAA、GA、6-BA和ABA浓度分别为10^-4 mol·L^-1、10^-5 mol·L^-1、10^-5 mol·L^-1和10^-6 mol·L^-1时取得了较高的穗粒数,且穗粒数以穗上部强势粒数与穗中部弱势粒数增幅较大;适当增加培养基GA和ABA浓度也能提高粒重,从而提升穗粒重。盆栽试验表明,与水分适宜处理相比,干旱使成熟期穗粒数、穗粒重和单株生物量显著下降,千粒重无显著变化,干旱处理的幼穗中CTK和ABA含量显著增加。干旱条件下,喷施IAA较其对照显著增加了穗粒重和单株生物量以及幼穗中可溶性糖和IAA含量,显著降低了幼穗ABA含量;喷施GA较其对照显著增加了单株生物量和幼穗GA含量,显著降低了幼穗ABA含量;喷施6-BA较其对照显著增加了单株生物量和幼穗CTK含量,显著降低了幼穗可溶性糖和ABA含量;喷施ABA较其对照显著增加了穗粒重和单株生物量,显著降低了幼穗蔗糖和可溶性糖含量。水分适宜条件下,喷施IAA较其对照显著降低了穗粒数、穗粒重和单株生物量,但显著增加了千粒重和幼穗可溶性糖、CTK和ABA含量;喷施GA较其对照显著增加了幼穗可溶性糖、GA、CTK和ABA含量,但显著降低了幼穗蔗糖含量;喷施6-BA较其对照显著增加了幼穗可溶性糖、CTK和ABA含量;喷施ABA较其对照显著降低了穗粒数,显著增加了幼穗可溶性糖、IAA、CTK和ABA含量。总之,外源蔗糖与激素对冬小麦穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重都有显著影响,适宜蔗糖和激素处理提高穗粒数,主要由于增加了穗上部强势粒和穗中部弱势粒数。外源喷施激素可缓解干旱胁迫对冬小麦穗粒数和穗粒重的影响,以喷施IAA效果最好,主要通过调控幼穗糖含量和激素含量来调控穗粒数和粒重。     

小麦叶面喷施BN调节剂的效应研究

为了明确BN调节荆的效果和最佳使用时期．选用BN-1和BN-2调节荆连续两年在小麦不同生育时期进行叶面喷施，研究了其对小麦营养生长和生殖生长的影响。试验结果表明，BN-1和BN-2可以显著调节小麦生殖生长和营养生长，拔节期和孕穗期喷施，株高明显增加，功能叶面积比CK提高18．9％～43．6％，绿叶、茎、穗和叶鞘物质积累量显著增加，黄叶重量明显减少，穗粒数比CK增加0．6～3．1粒，千粒重比CK增加2．5～3．7g，促粒增重效果显著，增产作用明显，增产幅度3．8％～17．7％。不同时期比较，拨节期和孕穗期叶面喷施增产效果比开花期叶面喷施效果明显。两种调节荆比较，BN-1对产量效应比BN-2明显。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.