根瘤菌存在下土壤胶体和矿物对镉的吸附

Experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of Cd on two soil collids(red soil and yellowbrown soil) and three variable-charge minerals (goethite,noncrystalline Fe oxide and kaolin) in the absence and presence of rhizobia.The tested strain Rhizobium fredii C6,tolerant to 0.8 mmol L^-1 Cd,was selected from 30 rhizobial strains.Results showed that the isotherms for the adsorption of Cd by examined soil colloids and minerals in the presence of rhizobia could be described by Langmuir equation.Within the range of the numbers of rhizobial cells studied,the amount of Cd adsorbed by each system increased with increasing rhizobial cells,Greater increases for the adsorption of Cd were found in red soil and kaolin systems.Rhizobia influence on the adsorption of Cd by examined soil colloids and minerals was different from that on the adsorption of Cu.The presence of rhizobia increased the adsorption affinity of soil colloids and minerals for Cd,particularly for the goethite and kaolin systems.The discrepancies in the influence of rhizobia on the adsorbability and affinity of selected soil colloids and minerals for Cd suggesed the different interactions of rhizobia with various soil components.It is assumed that bacterial biomass plays an important role in controlling the mobility and bioavailability of Cd in soils with kaolinite and goethite as the major colloidal compnents,such as in variable-charge soil.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

有机酸对高岭石, 针铁矿和水铝英石吸附镉的影响

Effects of organic acids （oxalic, acetic, and citric） on adsorption characteristics of Cadmium （Cd） on soil clay minerals （kaolinite, goethite, and bayerite） were studied under different concentrations and different pH values. Although the types of organic acids and minerals were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption of Cd on the minerals were similar, i.e., the amount of adsorbed Cd with an initial solution pH of 5.0 and initial Cd concentration of 35 mg L^-1 increased with increasing concentration of the organic acid in solution at lower concentrations, and decreased at higher concentrations. The percentage of Cd adsorbed on the minerals in the presence of the organic acids increased considerably with increasing pH of the solution. Meanwhile, different Cd adsorption in the presence of the organic acids, due to different properties on both organic acids and clay minerals, on kaolinite, goethite, or bayerite for different pHs or organic acid concentrations was found.     

Effects of Organic Anions on Phosphate Adsorption and Desorption from Variable—Charge Clay Minerals and Soil

Effects of citrate and tartrate on phosphate adsorption and desorption from kaolinite,goethite,amorphous Al-oxide and Ultisol were studied.P adsorption was significantly decreased as the concentration of the organic anions increased from 10^-5 to 10^-1 M.At 0.1 M and pH 7.0,tartrate decreased P adsorption by 27.6%-50.6% and citrate by 37.9-80.4%,depending on the kinds of adsorbent.Little Al and/or Fe were detected in the equilibrium solutions,even at the highest concentration of the organic anions.Effects of the organic anions on phosphate adsorption follow essentially the competitive adsorption mechanism.The selectivity coefficients for competitive adsorption can be used to compare the effectiveness of different organic anions in reducing P adsorption under given gonditions. Phosphate desorption was increased by 3 to 100 times in the presence of 0.001 M citrate or tartrate compared to that in 0.02 M KCl solution alone.However,for all the soil and clay minerals studied the amount of P desorbed by citrate or tartrate was generally lower than or close to that of isotopically exchangeable P.The effect of organic anions on phosphate desorption arises primarily from ligand exchange.     

磷的吸附和表面电荷特征及其与华南地区某些土壤矿物的关系

The phosphate adsorption and surface charge characteristics of the tropical and subtropical soils derived from different parent materials in China were determined, and their relations to soil mineralogy were analysed. The results showed that all soil phosphate adsorption curves were well fitted by Freundlich equation and Langmuir equation. The maximum buffering capacity of P ranged from 66 to 9 880 mg kg^-1, with an increasing order of purple soil, skeletal soil, red soil, lateritic red soil, yellow soil and latosol; and the highest value was 149 times the lowest value, which indicated great differences among these soils in phosphate adsorption and supplying characteristics. The pH₀ (zero point of charge) values obtained by salt titration-potential titration varied from 3.03 to 5.49, and the highest value was found in the latosol derived from basalt whereas the lowest value was found in the purple soil. The correlation analysis indicated that the main minerals responsible for phosphate adsorption in the soils were gibbsite, amorphous iron oxide and kaolinite; and the pH₀ was mainly controlled by kaolinite, gibbsite and oxides.     

Adsorption Kinetics of Pb2+ and Cu2+ on Variable Charge Soils and Minerals: Ⅲ. Adsorption Kinetics of Pb2+ Within 30 Minutes

The adsorption kinetics of Pb2+ on different soils and minerals with variable charges was studied by the two ion-selective electrode technique at different pH and concentrations. The results showed that more than 95% of adsorption on all the samples occurred during the first 5 minutes. All adsorption time-dependent data could fit the surface second-order equation very well. The values of Xm were goethite > kaolinite, and latosol > red soil at the same initial reaction concentration. The values of k were kaolinite > > goethite, and latosol > red soil at the same reaction pH and initial concentration.     

Adsorption Kineties of Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) on Variable Charge Soils andMinerals V .Effects of Temperature and Ionic Strength

The study results of the effects of temperature and ionic strength on the adsorption kinetics of Pb2+ and Cu2+ by latosol, red soil and kaolinite coated with Mn oxide showed that Pbr" and Cur" adsorption by all samples, as a whole, increased with raising temperature. Temperature also increased both values of Xm (the amount of ion adsorbed at equilibrium) and k (kinetics constant) of Pb2+ and Cu2+ The activation energies of Pb2+ adsorption were kaolin-Mn>red soil>goethite and those of Cu2+ were latosol>red soil>kaolin-Mn>goethite. For a given single sample the activation energy of Cu2+ was greater than that of Pb2+. Raising ionic strength decreased the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ by latosol, red soil and kaolinite coated with Mn oxide but increased Pb2+ and Cu2+ adsorption by goethite. The contrary results could be explained by the different changes in ion forms of Pb2+ or Cu2+ and in surface charge characteristics of latosol, red soil, kaolin-Mn and goethite. Increasiclg supporting electrolyte concentration in-creased Xm and k in goethite systems but decreased and k in kaolin-Mn systems. All the timedependent data fitted the surface secondorder equation very well.]     

高岭石和氧化土悬液中铝的水解行为及有机酸对铝水解反应的影响

To evaluate the role of kaolinite and variable charge soils on the hydrolytic reaction of Al, the hydrolysis of Al ions in suspensions of a kaolinite and an Oxisol influenced by organic anions was investigated using changes of pH, Al adsorption, and desorption of pre-adsorbed Al. Kaolinite and the Oxisol promoted the hydrolytic reaction of Al above a certain initial Al concentration (0.1 mmol L^-1 for kaolinite and 0.3 mmol L^-1 for the Oxisol). The Al hydrolysis accelerated by kaolinite and the Oxisol increased with an increase in initial concentration of Al and was observed in the range of pH from 3.7 to 4.7 for kaolinite and 3.9 to 4.9 for the Oxisol. The acceleration of Al hydrolysis also increased with the increase of solution pH, reached a maximum value at pH 4.5, and then decreased sharply. Al hydrolysis was promoted mainly through selective adsorption for hydroxy-Al. Soil free iron oxides compensated a portion of the soil negative charge or masked some soil surface negative sites leading to a decrease in Al adsorption, which retarded acceleration to some extent. For the Oxisol organic anions increased the proportion of adsorbed Al³⁺ in total adsorbed Al with the increase in soil negative surface charge and eliminated or reduced the acceleration of Al hydrolysis. Different organic anions inhibited the hydrolysis of Al in the order: citrate > oxalate > acetate (under initial pH of 4.5). The formation of Al-organic complexes in solution also inhibited the hydrolysis of Al.     

黑土轻组分C与团聚体水稳性的关系

To evaluate the role of kaolinite and variable charge soils on the hydrolytic reaction of Al, the hydrolysis of Al ions in suspensions of a kaolinite and an Oxisol influenced by organic anions was investigated using changes of pH, Al adsorption, and desorption of pre-adsorbed Al. Kaolinite and the Oxisol promoted the hydrolytic reaction of Al above a certain initial Al concentration （0.1 mmol L^-1 for kaolinite and 0.3 mmol L^-1 for the Oxisol）. The Al hydrolysis accelerated by kaolinite and the Oxisol increased with an increase in initial concentration of Al and was observed in the range of pH from 3.7 to 4.7 for kaolinite and 3.9 to 4.9 for the Oxisol. The acceleration of Al hydrolysis also increased with the increase of solution pH, reached a maximum value at pH 4.5, and then decreased sharply. Al hydrolysis was promoted mainly through selective adsorption for hydroxy-Al. Soil free iron oxides compensated a portion of the soil negative charge or masked some soil surface negative sites leading to a decrease in Al adsorption, which retarded acceleration to some extent. For the Oxisol organic anions increased the proportion of adsorbed Al^3＋ in total adsorbed Al with the increase in soil negative surface charge and eliminated or reduced the acceleration of Al hydrolysis. Different organic anions inhibited the hydrolysis of Al in the order： citrate 〉 oxalate 〉 acetate （under initial pH of 4.5）. The formation of Al-organic complexes in solution also inhibited the hydrolysis of Al.     

磷的吸附对老成土和淋溶土中Cu、Zn离子吸附-解吸及其有效性的影响

Surface charge,secondary adsorption-desorption and form distribution of Cu^2 and Zn^2 in Ultisols and Alfisols having adsorbed phosphate were studied by potentiometric titration,adsorption equilibrium and sequential extraction method,respectively,The soil surface negative charges increased whereas the amount sequential extraction method,respectively.The soil surface ngative charges increased whereas the amount of positive charges decreased with increase of P adsorbed,The soil secondary adsorption capacity for Cu^2 and Zn^2 was positively significantly correlated with the amount of P adsorbed by the soils,which could be described by the Langmuir equation.The amounts of Cu^2 and Zn^2 desorption from soils were decreased after P adsorption by the soils and the relationship between them was linear,After the soils adsorbed P,form distribution of Cu^2 and Zn^2 in soils changed remarkably.     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

Impact of quality and quantity of biochar and hydrochar on soil Collembola and growth of spring wheat

The effects of biochar (maize biochar – MBC, wood biochar – WBC) and unfermented or fermented hydrochar (HTC) on the euedaphic Collembola Protaphorura fimata and on spring wheat were investigated in greenhouse experiments. The impact of char type, amount of fermented HTC, and MBC-Collembola interactions were assessed. Generally, shoot and root biomass as well as abundance of P. fimata were not affected by the different chars. However, with increasing amounts of fermented HTC the abundance of P. fimata declined, whereas shoot biomass of wheat increased. Moreover, MBC altered root morphology and resulted in thicker roots with higher volume. The latter was not apparent when Collembola were present.     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

中国水土保持生态环境建设现状与社会经济可持续发展对策

水土流失是中国头号生态环境问题,已成为社会经济可持续发展的制约因素。从防灾减灾的角度出发,分析了中国水土流失的现状、存在问题,总结了中国水土保持工作的成绩、经验,提出了新形势下进一步加强水土保持生态环境建设的对策。     

剑麻生物制浆脱胶菌株的筛选与鉴定及初步应用

为实现剑麻的生物法制浆或脱胶,本研究以剑麻生长的土壤与沤麻废水为筛选来源,以对剑麻是否具有脱胶效果作为筛选指标,筛选出脱胶菌株B2.对菌株B2进行形态、生理生化和16s rDNA序列分析,分类鉴定其为枯草芽孢杆菌.利用该菌株对剑麻进行脱胶实验,结果表明,菌株B2对剑麻具有较好的脱胶效果,3 d可以完成脱胶,剑麻的失重率为36%,利用扫描电子显微镜观察其脱胶效果,发现包裹着剑麻纤维的胶质基本被去除,纤维基本分离.     

大豆植株性状相关性与产量回归分析

本文利用3个大豆品种、4种施肥模式条件下,植株产生的17个形态指标及产量差异,进行相关性分析与产量回归分析。结果表明,株高x1、分枝数x5、1粒荚数x9、2粒荚数x10、3粒荚数x11、4粒荚数x12、百粒重x15、经济系数x16等8个大豆植株性状因子对产量有显著性影响;由标准化回归系数得知,对产量作用的大小顺序为:x11>x12>x9>x10>x16>x15>x1>x5。说明提高大豆产量首先要考虑增加有效荚数,其次是提高经济系数,而增加百粒重和株高对于增产的效应较小。育种上需加强生物量大、3粒荚和4粒荚数多、结荚节位低的性状选择;栽培上需注重促进生物量生长、降低结荚节位的促控措施。     

三氯生与镉单一及复合污染对土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响

为了解典型药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)——三氯生与镉复合污染的生态效应,采用室内培养实验和联合毒性预测模型,首次评价了三氯生与镉单一及复合污染对土壤呼吸及参与土壤碳氮循环的相关酶活性的生态毒性。结果表明:三氯生与镉单一及复合污染对土壤呼吸呈现激活—抑制—激活的生态效应;刺激了蛋白酶活性,激活率先降低后升高,56 d时达到最大。整个实验期间均抑制了蔗糖酶活性,镉(10.0 mg kg-1)单一污染培养14 d抑制率达到最大值(81%),三氯生单一胁迫呈现负的剂量效应关系,两者复合污染无显著的剂量效应关系。联合效应评价模型预测表明,相比三氯生或镉单一污染,两者的复合胁迫对土壤呼吸呈现随时间变化的拮抗—协同—加和效应,对土壤蛋白酶呈现协同—加和—协同的联合效应,而对土壤蔗糖酶活性则主要为协同效应。