维生素A对动物肌内脂肪的营养调控研究进展

肌内脂肪(Intramuscular fat, IMF)是指肌肉内沉积的脂肪,主要包括磷脂、甘油三酯和胆固醇,其含量是评价肉品质的重要指标。维生素A是基因表达的关键调节因子,通过转录因子、信号通路和表观遗传修饰等途径对肌内脂肪细胞进行调控,影响动物脂肪合成和脂类代谢。本文主要综述了维生素A调控脂肪分化的机理,为通过营养途径调控肌内脂肪提供参考。     

猪肌内脂肪调控研究进展

总结猪肌内脂肪检测方法的基础上,着重阐述了遗传因素和营养水平对猪肌内脂肪调控的研究进展,以期为利用遗传选育和营养水平调控猪肌内脂肪含量的研究提供参考。     

猪肌内脂肪调控研究进展

总结猪肌内脂肪检测方法的基础上,着重阐述了遗传因素和营养水平对猪肌内脂肪调控的研究进展,以期为利用遗传选育和营养水平调控猪肌内脂肪含量的研究提供参考。     

羊肌内脂肪调控研究进展

羊肌内脂肪的含量是影响羊肉品质的一个重要因素,其含量高低决定肉嫩度、多汁性和风味等肉质性状的优劣。羊肉肌内脂肪的调控机制非常复杂,主要受营养、环境和遗传等多方面的影响,其中基因调控是改善羊肌内脂肪沉积的根本途径之一。论文综述了羊肌内脂肪的作用与影响因素及其研究进展,为后续开展相关工作提供参考。     

猪肌内脂肪调控研究进展

猪肌内脂肪含量在很大程度上影响着猪肉的嫩度、多汁性和风味,本文在简述猪肌内脂肪含量测定技术的基础上,着重阐述了心型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因(H-FABP)和脂肪细胞定向和分化因子-1基因(ADD1)等肌内脂肪沉积主要候选基因以及micro RNAs对猪肌内脂肪沉积和代谢的调控作用,以期为利用基因调控改善猪的肌内脂肪含量提供参考。     

营养因素对牛肉肌间脂肪的调控研究

随着人们生活水平的提高,对瘦肉率、肉品的香味及感观满意程度也提出了很大的要求.而牛肉肌间脂肪含量的多少对牛肉品质的好坏有直接影响,当肌束和肌纤维间沉积一定脂肪时,牛肉的断面呈大理石纹状,大理石花纹等级越高,肉的品质就越好.牛肉肌间脂肪含量的多少受遗传力和营养这两个因素的控制,文章综述了营养因素对牛肉肌间脂肪的调控研究.     

猪的肌内脂肪生成及其调控

肌内脂肪含量是猪肉食用品质的主要决定因素,尤其对肉的嫩度、风味和多汁性有着重要的影响。肌内脂肪的生成主要受到营养和基因的调控。文中就猪的肌内脂肪的生成及其影响因素作一综述。     

肉牛肌内脂肪的沉积机制及其营养调控的研究进展

牛肉的肌内脂肪(IMF)含量与肉品质(嫩度、多汁性、风味)呈正相关,而大理石花纹丰富(富含IMF)的牛肉通常来源于饲喂高水平谷实饲料和育肥周期较长的肉牛(30月龄或以上),这种投入产出比较低的模式限制了我国肉牛产业生产高品质牛肉的可持续发展.此外,肉牛肌内脂肪沉积、合成代谢以及营养因素对IMF的影响尤为重要.因此,本文...     

猪肌内脂肪沉积的营养调控

随着生活水平的提高,人们对猪肉的消费,逐渐从对量的要求转变为对质的要求。很多研究者在致力于提高瘦肉率和生产性能,但却导致了猪肉肌内脂肪(IMF)含量大大降低,影响了猪肉品质。在不影响生产性能和增加背脂的前提下提高肌内脂肪,是改善肉品质的一个重要方面。营养调控肌内脂肪,时间短,效果明显,成为近年来的研究热点。综述营养物质对肌内脂肪含量的调控,为读者提供如何在保证瘦肉率的前提下提高猪肉肌内脂肪含量的思路。     

牛肉品质的营养调控研究进展

肉品的品质问题已经成为人们日益关注的问题。文章从营养调控的角度对牛肉品质的研究进展进行了综述,试图展示国内外牛肉品质的营养调控研究现状,提出今后值得关注的研究方向,以期对今后的研究有所帮助。     

Promotion of intramuscular fat accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation

Recently, pork with marbling has received attention as good quality pork and scientists are required to develop methods to produce pork with reasonable amounts of intramuscular fat (IMF). The aim of this review is to describe studies relevant to promotion of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation. The main focus is on effect of dietary lysine levels. First, we found dietary low lysine up‐regulated glucose transporter protein 4 messenger (m)RNA expression in Longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi) and Rhomboideus muscles. In addition, the proportion of oxidative fiber of both muscles was also enhanced by dietary low lysine. Because it has been observed that higher oxidative capacity is associated with higher IMF content, we hypothesized that dietary low lysine would promote IMF accumulation. Further, higher mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, a master regulator of adipogenesis, in both muscles induced by dietary low lysine, supported this hypothesis. Indeed, IMF content of L. dorsi muscle of finishing pigs given a low lysine diet for 2 months until reaching the market weight was twice that of pigs given a control diet. Possible underlying mechanisms of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle and future perspectives are also discussed in this review.     

Selection against abdominal fat percentage may increase intramuscular fat content in broilers

Excessive abdominal fat content (AFC) has negative impacts on feed efficiency and carcass quality. Unlike AFC, intramuscular fat content (IMFC) could be a favourable trait, which has a positive impact on meat quality. To meet consumers' needs, a long‐term goal of broiler breeders is to decrease AFC and improve the IMFC simultaneously. The current study was designed to investigate the relationship between AFC and IMFC and to compare IMFC, including the pectoral major muscle fat content (PIMFC) and intramuscular fat content of leg muscle (LIMFC), between two broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat percentage over 17 generations. The results showed that there was a significant difference in PIMFC and LIMFC between the two lines in all five generation populations used. The birds in the lean line had significantly lower AFC but higher PIMFC and LIMFC than the birds in the fat line. We also detected differences in the liver fat content (LFC) between the two lines and the results showed that birds in the fat line had significant higher LFC than birds in the lean line. Our results indicated that a desirable broiler line with higher IMFC but lower AFC could be obtained by genetic selection.     

Relationships between muscle growth potential,intramuscular fat content and different indicators of muscle fibre types in young Charolais bulls

Genetic selection in favor of muscle growth at the expense of fat should affect characteristics of muscles, and therefore beef quality. This study was conducted with two extreme groups of six animals selected among 64 Charolais young bulls ranked according to their genetic potential for muscle growth. Muscle characteristics were assessed in Rectus abdominis (RA, slow oxidative) and Semitendinosus (ST, fast glycolytic) muscles. Intramuscular fat content and proportions of myosin heavy chains I (slow) and IIA (fast oxido‐glycolytic) and certain indicators of oxidative metabolism (activities of citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase and cytochrome‐c oxidase (COX); expression of H‐fatty acid binding protein (FABP)) were higher in RA than in ST muscle. Genetic selection for muscle growth reduced intramuscular fat content and the activities of some oxidative metabolism indicators (namely CS, COX only). The positive correlation between muscle triacylglycerol content and A‐FABP messenger RNA level (a marker of adipocyte differentiation) (r = 0.53, P < 0.05) suggests that A‐FABP may be a good marker of the ability of bovines to deposit intramuscular fat. In conclusion, the metabolic muscle characteristics which respond to the selection process in favor of muscle growth clearly differ from the muscle characteristics which allow muscle types to be differentiated.     

Effects of dietary lysine levels and lighting conditions on intramuscular fat accumulation in growing pigs

This study was conducted to test our hypothesis that intramuscular fat (IMF) accumulation increases in pigs fed on a low lysine diet during the dark period than those fed on the same diet during the light period. Using barrows aged 6 weeks, we monitored whether serum glucose and insulin levels were affected by light conditions. Two diets with different levels of lysine, 0.78% (LL diet) and 1.37% (control diet) were prepared. Eight pigs were fed on the diet during the light period, while the remaining pigs were fed during the dark period. The pigs were fed either the LL diet or the control diet. Although IMF contents of Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were higher in the pigs fed on a LL diet (p < .05), the light conditions had no effect. Low dietary lysine caused reduction in serum glucose levels (p < .05) and serum insulin levels (p = .0613). However, they were also unaffected by the lighting conditions. To gain further insights, we determined the messenger RNA levels of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase in LD and Rhomboideus muscles and in the liver.     

Reduced intake of dietary lysine promotes accumulation of intramuscular fat in the Longissimus dorsi muscles of finishing gilts

The present study was conducted to elucidate the effect of dietary lysine levels on the intramuscular fat (IMF) content in the Longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi) muscles of finishing gilts. Eleven gilts in total from two litters of pigs aged 110 days were used. The average initial bodyweight of the pigs was 61.7 kg. Six pigs were assigned to the low lysine (LL) diet group (lysine content: 0.43 or 0.40%) and five pigs were assigned to the control group (lysine content: 0.65 or 0.68%). The diets were iso‐energetic and iso‐protein, and contained all essential amino acids (apart from lysine) in the recommended amounts. The pigs were fed these diets until their live weights reached 110 kg. Live weight gain and feed efficiency tended to be lower in the LL group (P = 0.118 and P = 0.052, respectively). Pigs from the LL group took 5 days longer to reach 110 kg (P < 0.01). The IMF content in the L. dorsi of the LL group was twice as high as that of the control group (6.7 vs 3.5%; P < 0.01). The percentage of oleic acid in the L. dorsi of the LL group tended to be higher than that of the control group (P = 0.052), whereas the percentage of linoleic acid and the total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the L. dorsi were lower (P < 0.05) in the LL group. Free L‐carnitine content in the L. dorsi was lower (P < 0.05) in the LL group. The average abundance of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma mRNA in the L. dorsi of the LL group was threefold higher than that of the control group. The leptin mRNA abundance in the L. dorsi of the LL group was 3.3‐fold higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that a higher activity of adipogenesis may have been involved in the promoted accumulation of IMF in the L. dorsi muscles of pigs, induced by a dietary LL level.     

牛乳脂共轭亚油酸的合成及其营养调控

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是存在于动物脂肪和乳脂中的天然活性成分。本文综述了牛乳脂CLA的来源、合成机制及其营养调控。     

Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes related to triglyceride metabolism between intramuscular fat and abdominal fat in broilers

ABSTRACT

1. Lipid metabolism is an indispensable process in an organism, though little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of fat deposition in different types of adipose tissues.

2. The differentially expressed genes related to triglyceride (TG) metabolism between abdominal and intramuscular fat (IMF) of Beijing-You chickens were investigated in this study.

3. TG content in abdominal fat (AF) (349.7 mg/g) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the breast and thigh (12.3 mg/g and 24.8 mg/g, respectively).

4. Using Agilent chicken gene-expression profiling in adipose tissues between AF and muscle (breast and thigh), certain representative genes related to fatty acid metabolism, lipoprotein catabolism and esterification reactions were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

5. Genes involved in fatty acid oxidation or carbohydrate utilisation were significantly up- or downregulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), including those involved with highly enriched pathways of lipid metabolism (PPAR, Wnt pathway and inositol phosphate metabolism), cell junctions (focal adhesion and regulation of actin cytoskeleton) and muscle contraction.

6. Overall, higher TG levels were observed in AF tissue than in adipose tissues of breast and thigh, which could be regulated through gene expression of pathways related to lipid metabolism (PPAR, Wnt pathway and inositol phosphate metabolism), cell junctions (focal adhesion and regulation of actin cytoskeleton) and muscle contraction. These results provide clues to understanding the molecular mechanisms of TG metabolism between abdominal and IMF.     

Effects of intramuscular fat deposition on the beef traits of Japanese Black steers (Wagyu)

Effects of intramuscular fat deposition on the chemical composition, tenderness, and free amino acids (FAA) concentration of beef were studied using various classified carcasses of 21 Japanese Black (Wagyu) steers. The Beef Marbling Standard (BMS) No., judged on the market in 1998, and fat content, ranged from 2 to 10 and 4.8 to 39.0% in the M. longissimus thoracis, respectively. Moisture content was negatively correlated with the fat content (r =?0.98, P < 0.01). In contrast, protein content was relatively constant up to approximately 23% fat, corresponding to BMS No.4, and decreased as the fat content increased. Cooking loss was also constant up to approximately 28% fat, corresponding to BMS No.4, and markedly decreased with fat content increase. The beef in these cases were, however, classified into BMS No. around 9 and 11, respectively, according to the BMS model in 1988. A negative correlation was found between the shear‐force value and the fat content (r =?0.83, P < 0.05). Most FAA concentrations on the wet weight of meat were correlated negatively with the fat content, except glutamine, and this negative relationship was still observed when the concentrations were recalculated on the basis of protein. These results indicate that higher marbling Wagyu beef (above approx. 23% fat) would have an extremely lower content of protein, which would partly explain the lower cooking loss and FAA with fat increase. In addition, some other reasons not relating to protein content (e.g. high fat content preventing the breakdown of protein to FAA) seem to explain the negative correlation between fat and FAA.     

Dietary conjugated linoleic acids increase intramuscular fat deposition and decrease subcutaneous fat deposition in Yellow Breed × Simmental cattle

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on intramuscular and subcutaneous fat deposition in Yellow Breed × Simmental cattle. The experiment was conducted for 60 days. The results showed that the average backfat thickness, (testicles + kidney + pelvic) fat percentage and subcutaneous fat percentage in dietary CLA were significantly lower than in the control group, while intramuscular the fat percentage was significantly higher. Compared to the control group, the Longissimus muscle enzyme activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) in dietary CLA and the subcutaneous fat enzyme activities of LPL, hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐1) were significantly increased. Similarly, compared to the control group, the Longissimus muscle sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1), FAS, stearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), ACC, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), heart fatty‐acid binding protein (H‐FABP) and LPL gene expression in dietary CLA were significant increased, as were the subcutaneous fat of PPARγ, H‐FABP, LPL, CPT‐1 and HSL in dietary CLA. These results indicated that dietary CLA increases IMF deposition mainly by the up‐regulation of lipogenic gene expression, while decreasing subcutaneous fat deposition mainly by the up‐regulation of lipolytic gene expression.