低压条件下滴灌灌水均匀度试验研究

低压滴灌毛管进口工作压力、铺设长度、地面坡度及毛管管径是影响滴灌灌水均匀度的重要参数。试验研究结果表明,低压条件下毛管进口压力的变化对灌水均匀度的影响并不明显;灌水均匀度随着毛管铺设长度的增大呈降低趋势,管径越小,降低越显著,但在一定管长范围内,毛管铺设长度对灌水均匀度的影响并不明显;逆坡情况下,灌水均匀度随着坡度的增大而减小,顺坡情况下,灌水均匀度随着坡度的增大呈先增大而后减小的趋势,在2‰的坡度时达到峰值;灌水均匀度随着管径的增大而增大,当管径增大到一定程度后,灌水均匀度随管径增大的幅度减缓。     

微灌毛管环状和树状布置对灌水均匀性的影响

为了提高微灌灌水质量,通过试验分别研究了毛管进口压力、长度、管径和滴头流量对毛管环状管网和树状管网灌水均匀度及其流量偏差率的影响。结果表明:两种管网结构下灌水均匀度均随毛管进口压力和毛管管径的增大而增大,随毛管长度和滴头流量的增大而减小,且相同条件下环状管网的灌水均匀度比树状管网高1%～2%;本试验条件下环状管网流量偏差率基本保持在20%以内,而树状管网流量偏差率则大于20%;环状管网灌水均匀度、流量偏差率随各因素变化的幅度小于树状管网。通过方差分析可得,毛管管径对两种管网灌水均匀度、流量偏差率影响均显著,滴头流量仅对树状管网灌水均匀度影响显著。所以,在微灌工程设计中可考虑采用毛管管网环状布置形式。     

基于遗传算法的滴灌支管轮灌小区管网优化布置研究

田间灌水小区是滴灌系统的最小单元,该部分的设计是否合理,将直接影响到系统的工程投资、运行费和安全可靠性。【目的】优化滴灌支管轮灌小区管网布置。【方法】将田间支管轮灌小区作为一个整体,分别以单位面积投资最低和控制面积最大为目标建立数学模型,应用遗传算法对管网进行了优化计算。【结果】实例表明,双向毛管单位面积投资较单向毛管降低了4.31%,控制面积增加了28.41%;在水源供应允许的条件下,支管管径由32 mm增大到75 mm时,控制面积增加了393.78%,当支管管径由75 mm减小到32 mm时,最低投资降低了11.50%。【结论】在双向毛管布置方案控制面积和单位面积投资均优于单向毛管;增大支管管径有利于增加灌水小区控制面积,减小支管管径有利于降低单位面积投资。     

滴头制造偏差对灌水均匀度及毛管造价的影响

为了阐明滴头制造偏差系数、灌水均匀度、毛管直径及毛管造价的内在联系,降低滴灌系统造价、提高灌水均匀度,通过理论推导结合实证计算的方法,系统分析了不同均匀度条件下滴头制造偏差系数极限值,以及滴头制造偏差系数、毛管直径、允许均匀度等三者的关系,并推导出毛管造价计算公式.结果表明：对于长度为100 m的毛管,当Keller均匀系数（EEU）为0.80时,制造偏差系数从0.05增大到0.07和0.11时,毛管造价分别增大8.7%和37.1%;当滴头制造偏差系数为0.03,EEU由0.80增大到0.85,0.90和0.95时,毛管直径分别增大20%,23.5%和56.5%,毛管造价也相应增大20%,53.8%和207.7%;当滴头制造偏差系数为0.05,EEU由0.80增大到0.85和0.90时,毛管直径则分别增大19.3%和32.8%,毛管造价也分别增大17.1%和71.4%;对于EEU为0.95时,毛管允许最小流量大于平均流量,管径计算无解.在限定值范围内,滴头制造偏差系数和Keller均匀系数的微小增大将直接导致毛管直径和造价急剧增大;滴灌系统设计应选择制造偏差系数小的滴头及合理的灌水均匀度,以达到降低工程造价的目的.     

滴头制造偏差对灌水均匀度及毛管造价的影响

为了阐明滴头制造偏差系数、灌水均匀度、毛管直径及毛管造价的内在联系,降低滴灌系统造价、提高灌水均匀度,通过理论推导结合实证计算的方法,系统分析了不同均匀度条件下滴头制造偏差系数极限值,以及滴头制造偏差系数、毛管直径、允许均匀度等三者的关系,并推导出毛管造价计算公式.结果表明:对于长度为100 m的毛管,当Keller均匀系数( EEU)为0.80时,制造偏差系数从0.05增大到0.07和0.11时,毛管造价分别增大8.7％和37.1％;当滴头制造偏差系数为0.03, EEU由0.80增大到0.85,0.90和0.95时,毛管直径分别增大20％,23.5％和56.5％,毛管造价也相应增大20％,53.8％和207.7％;当滴头制造偏差系数为0.05, EEU由0.80增大到0.85和0.90时,毛管直径则分别增大19.3％和32.8％,毛管造价也分别增大17.1％和71.4％;对于 EEU为0.95时,毛管允许最小流量大于平均流量,管径计算无解.在限定值范围内,滴头制造偏差系数和Keller均匀系数的微小增大将直接导致毛管直径和造价急剧增大;滴灌系统设计应选择制造偏差系数小的滴头及合理的灌水均匀度,以达到降低工程造价的目的.     

微灌系统有限元法水力解析和设计(二)

2．3均匀坡度上毛管的设计2．3．1单向毛管的设计伊塔耶和阮科（YitayewandWaxrick,1988）及哈索特等人（Hathootet,1993）提出了一个用于设计毛管的设计方法,在一条单向毛管的内径和长度中的一个参数、用户要求的平均灌水器流量和灌水均匀度给定的条件下,另外一个未知参数和所需要的毛管操作压力就可以准确地设计出来,这个方法的设计步骤为：第一步给设计参数选定由小到大的一组值;第二步对每一个选定的值,找出其能产生用户要求的平均灌水器流量qreq的毛管操作压,并评价出灌水均匀度;第三步画出灌水均匀度与设计参数及毛管操作…     

地下滴灌中毛管水力计算的数学模型与试验

为了研究地下滴灌毛管水力特性与水力计算方法,用较短毛管并通过毛管末端泄流的方式,在室内利用地下滴灌毛管水力要素试验测试系统,分别测试了2种滴灌管在轻黏土中毛管上每个滴头的流量和毛管首末两端的压力水头．结果表明：在灌水持续2min之后,地下滴灌毛管上各滴头流量均趋于恒定值;在稳定的压力水头差下,滴头流量沿程依次减少．根据毛管沿程压力变化规律,结合考虑土壤质地、土壤体积质量和初始含水率的地下滴灌滴头流量计算公式,提出了毛管水力计算数学模型．利用该模型计算的滴头流量值与其实测值之间的相对误差在1．0％左右;并计算出考虑毛管局部水头损失的加大系数约为1．20．将该模型推广应用于一般情况下的地下滴灌毛管水力计算,可求解均匀坡、均质土、均匀管径与滴头等间距时的地下滴灌毛管水力特征值．     

低压滴灌灌水均匀性研究

灌水均匀度是衡量滴灌系统灌水质量和水力设计的重要指标,为探究低压条件下提高灌水均匀度的方法,试验以压力补偿内镶式滴灌带和压力补偿圆柱式滴灌管为材料,测定不同毛管入口压力、敷设长度、灌水器间距的滴头流量分布及灌水均匀度。结果表明,在低压条件下,滴灌灌水均匀度随毛管入口压力的增大及敷设长度的减小而提高,随灌水器间距的增大而缓慢降低,其中毛管敷设长度影响最大,毛管类型次之,灌水器间距最小,当两种滴灌毛管入口压力在2~5 m时,灌水均匀度均高于85%,且随入口压力的减小而缓慢降低,入口压力在0.5~2 m时,灌水均匀度显著降低,压力补偿内镶式滴灌带灌水均匀度低于80%,但压力补偿圆柱式滴灌管灌水均匀度仍高于80%;当两种滴灌毛管敷设长度在40~70 m时,灌水均匀度均高于85%,且随敷设长度的增大而缓慢降低,敷设长度在70~90 m时,灌水均匀度显著降低,当压力补偿内镶式滴灌带和压力补偿圆柱式滴灌管的敷设长度分别大于75、85 m时,灌水均匀度均低于80%。因此,为满足工程设计对滴灌灌水均匀度不低于80%的要求,压力补偿内镶式滴灌带入口压力不低于2 m、敷设长度控制在75 m以内,压力补偿圆柱式滴灌管入口压力不低于0.5 m、敷设长度控制在85 m以内;为有效降低工程投资,工程设计可适当增大滴灌毛管灌水器间距。     

滴灌毛管泥沙分布与灌水器堵塞试验研究

为探明滴灌毛管泥沙分布及灌水器堵塞规律,通过对8种粒径的泥沙进行短周期浑水试验和堵塞试验,研究了泥沙在不同毛管分布和灌水器堵塞规律。结果表明:泥沙在不同毛管中淤积量的不均匀程度可以通过毛管淤积分布系数来衡量;泥沙在支管中的运动状态对进入毛管中的泥沙量影响很大,通过计算支管泥沙悬浮指数,可确定泥沙在不同毛管中的淤积状况,悬浮指数越大,泥沙在各毛管淤积量越不均匀,突变发生在悬浮指数等于0.325处;大颗粒泥沙在毛管底部以推移质形式运动,是造成灌水器突然堵塞的直接原因,且主要出现在第1、2条毛管中,而细小颗粒的絮凝作用是造成灌水器逐渐堵塞的主要原因。     

蓄流灌水器灌水均匀度试验分析

蓄流灌水器水头压力、管径、灌水器长度、孔径、孔数是影响滴灌灌水均匀度的重要参数。室内试验研究结果表明,低压条件下压力水头的变化对灌水均匀度的影响并不明显,只要管径选择适宜,降低压力并不会对灌水均匀度产生很大影响;灌水器管径的变化对灌水均匀度的影响较为明显,灌水均匀度随着管径的增大而增大,但当管径增大到一定程度后,灌水均匀度随管径增大反而呈现减小趋势;灌水均匀度随着灌水器长度的增大呈降低趋势;灌水器孔径越大,灌水均匀度越好;灌水均匀度随着灌水器孔数的增加反而减小。     

微灌毛管水力解析及优化设计的遗传算法研究

根据微灌毛管水力学特性,应用遗传算法理论和方法,提出微灌毛管水力解析及设计的新方法,建立了两种典型毛管水力解析和设计的遗传算法模型及求解方法,该方法可适用于非均匀坡度、不等间距及不等流量灌水器的毛管解析和设计。模拟计算结果表明,该方法具有较高的求解效率和计算精度。     

基于二分法的微灌毛管水力设计

根据微灌毛管水力学特性,采用二分法搜索原理,并与逆递推法相结合,提出微灌毛管水力解析与设计方法。利用计算机编程从毛管末端向毛管进口逆序递推,可以快速、方便地求解出毛管各个孔口的压力和流量,设计毛管运行的水力参数,校核平均流量、流量偏差率等设计控制指标。实例验证结果表明,该设计方法具有直观、简便和快捷的特点,易为非专业人员理解与应用,具有较高的求解效率和计算精度。     

Design of microirrigation laterals at minimum cost

Based on the design methods of finite elements and golden-section searches, a method was developed for designing microirrigation laterals at minimum cost. Characteristics of water application uniformity as affected by lateral diameters and lengths were analyzed. When the required average emitter discharge is known, the relationships of water application uniformity, best submain position (paired laterals), and operating pressure head as a function of the lateral diameter and length can be accurately determined using a personal computer. The lateral diameter and length can then be determined from a contour map representing water application uniformity as a function of the lateral diameter and length (computer calculation). The best submain position and operating pressure head for this lateral diameter and length is then determined by computer calculation. This method is suitable for designing microirrigation laterals on both uniformly and nonuniformly sloping fields. Received: 30 May 1997     

坡地上灌水器流量均等微灌双向毛管设计方法

根据最佳支管位置位于左右两侧毛管最小压力水头相等处的定义,结合能量廓线法推导出确定最佳支管位置的简易计算方法,并提出一种满足允许的最大压力水头和最小压力水头的微灌系统双向毛管设计方法.通过对多种存在条件的模拟计算,确定了最佳支管位置计算公式的最终形式、适用条件及其优化试算方式.利用该方法,能简便快速地设计各种坡地条件下微灌系统(灌水器流量均等)双向毛管.     

Design of microirrigation laterals on nonuniform slopes

A method for designing microirrigation laterals on nonuniform slopes was developed using the finite element method. Six representative nonuniform slope patterns were discussed in detail. The design principle was implemented based on the results of computer simulations. It was found that a single lateral is suitable for Pattern I while paired laterals are better for Patterns II ∼ VI in most cases. The diameter of a single lateral or paired laterals may have two solutions for a required uniformity of water application and the length may have multiple solutions. When the required average emitter discharge, required uniformity of water application, and one parameter (either length or diameter) of a single lateral or paired laterals are given, the unknown parameter, best submain position (paired laterals) and operating pressure head can be accurately designed using personal computers. The design procedures are described. Received: 2 November 1995     

An approach for simulating the hydraulic performance of irrigation laterals

A new method for simulating lateral hydraulics in laminar or turbulent flow has been developed. The outflow is considered as a discrete variable and the friction head losses are calculated using the Darcy–Weisbach equation with an equivalent friction factor. Local head losses are also computed by applying equivalent coefficients that can be dependent on Reynolds number. Considering these premises, a compact expression that is valid for any type of regime has been deduced for calculating global head losses along any lateral stretch. The proposed method is useful to workout the hydraulic computation of laterals with the inlet segment at full or fractional outlet spacing, and complex laterals when a different pipeline diameter, slope, flow regime or emitter gap have to be considered.     

不同微灌灌水技术下成龄核桃耗水规律的研究

采用水量平衡原理,通过大田小区试验与理论分析,对10年生核桃耗水规律进行了研究。得出了不同生育期不同灌水技术下成龄核桃全生育期的耗水规律,从耗水角度研究发现,微灌条件下成龄核桃全生育期日均耗水量的变化与地面灌的单峰曲线不同,呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在6月10日及8月20日左右;微灌各处理的累积耗水量在585.6~840.3 mm间变化,较地面灌处理核桃的累积耗水量993.3 mm减少15.4%~41.0%;微灌各处理核桃产量在4 204.5~5 743.5 kg/hm2间变化,地面灌的产量为5 550 kg/hm2;水分生产效率微灌较地面灌高3.5%~28.6%,建议核桃微灌采用环灌和3管布置。     

An improved method for designing microirrigation submain units

A method was developed for designing microirrigation submain units using the lateral flow rate equation, finite element method, and golden section search. Characteristics of water application uniformity affected by lateral parameters (length and diameter) and submain parameters (length and diameter) were analyzed using computer simulations. The design principle was then implemented based on the simulation results. When the required average emitter discharge, the required water application uniformity, one lateral parameter (length or diameter), and one submain parameter (length or diameter) are given, the optimal values of another lateral parameter, another submain parameter, best submain position (paired laterals), and operating pressure head can be accurately designed using a personal computer. A submain unit designed using this method has a minimal initial cost. This method is suitable for both submain units with uniform lateral lengths (in regular fields) and nonuniform lateral lengths (in irregular fields). Received: 28 May 1996     

自适应遗传算法在环状管网水力计算中的优化设计

介绍了如何应用双重编码的自适应遗传算法对依靠重力供水的环状管网进行水力计算的优化设计。用遗传算法随机生成水头标高和管径,再由随机生成的水头标高和管径求出非线性的流量分配方案和管径组合方案,然后通过自适应遗传算法的交叉和变异操作,使不适应的个体通过交叉和变异成为满足的约束条件的个体,从而达到优化的目的。结果表明,遗传算法在水力计算中有着独特的优势,它能使管网的流量分配和管径选择同时完成。     

Irrigation with saline water: benefits and environmental impact

The shortage of water resources of good quality is becoming an important issue in the arid and semi-arid zones. For this reason the availability of water resources of marginal quality such as drainage water, saline groundwater and treated wastewater has become an important consideration. Nevertheless, the use of these waters in irrigated lands requires the control of soil salinity by means of leaching and drainage of excess water and salt. However, the leaching of salts, soil microelements and agro-chemicals can lower the quality of the drainage water in the irrigation scheme. The irrigation return flows with water or poor quality are a source of pollution of the surface water bodies situated downstream of the drainage outlet. Deep percolation could also contaminate the groundwater. Therefore, irrigation with saline water requires a comprehensive analysis even beyond the area where water is applied. The problem should be treated beyond the scope of the irrigation scheme, taking into consideration the groundwater and downstream surface water resources of the river basin. Consequently, the sustainable use of saline water in irrigated agriculture requires the control of soil salinity at the field level, a decrease in the amount of drainage water, and the disposal of the irrigation return flows in such a way that minimizes the side effects on the quality of downstream water resources. This paper describes the guidelines for a preliminary evaluation of the suitability of water for irrigation and the key factors for salinity control in lands irrigated with saline water. Options to improve the quality of the drainage water, strategies for the reuse of this water and alternatives for disposal of the outflow are also analysed. The final goal is to obtain sustainable agriculture and maintain the quality of the water resources in the river basin.