求解干旱地区土壤溶液Ca2+浓度和pH的逐步逼近算法

在土壤碳酸钙淋溶淀积过程的建模中,需要根据土壤碳酸钙化学热力学平衡原理求解土壤溶液中的Ca2 浓度和pH值,其中有些参数难以获得（如有关离子的活度系数）,不能直接求解,导致无法实现其过程的计算机模拟。本文针对这一难题,提出了一种逐步逼近算法,在已知土壤空气中的二氧化碳分压和土壤温度的情况下,可求得干旱地区土壤溶液中的Ca2 浓度和pH值,为土壤碳酸钙淋溶淀积过程的计算机模拟提供了重要的技术支持。本算法理论依据充分、结果稳定精度高、程序简便易实现,并在CAEDP模型中已得到了应用和验证。     

北京低山与山前地带土壤发生过程及不同分类系统的对比

本文论述了北京低山和山前地带７个土壤剖面的主要发生过程,即粘化过程和碳酸钙淋溶淀积过程。残积粒化过程不仅仅表现在土体中部,在各个层次均存在,是土壤中普遍存在的发生学过程。本文认为钙积层存在与否取决于母质类型。并对比了７个研究剖面在不同土壤分类系统中的地位。     

云雾山自然保护区土壤发生特性与系统分类研究

对黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏云雾山自然保护区不同演替阶段植被下土壤的发生特性及系统分类进行了研究。结果表明:保护区内土壤保持有完整的发生层次,有明显的A层、过渡层(AB)、淀积层(B)与母质层(C);土壤颜色、结构和养分在剖面层次上明显差异;土壤有机质含量较高,最高可达到31.5g kg-1;土壤碳酸钙有明显的淋溶淀积,在剖面中下部形成淀积层;颗粒组成以0.05-0.01mm粒级的细砂粒为主,其次为<0.002mm的粘粒;土体矿质全量中,S iO2占绝对优势,A l2O3次之,化学元素的含量顺序依次为S i A l>Ca>Fe>K≈Mg>Ti>Mn。土壤发育处于物理风化为主阶段,化学风化较为微弱,矿质元素的移动不明显。供试土壤共分属2个土纲,2个亚纲,3个土类和3个亚类,其中YW-2、4属于钙积暗厚干润均腐土,YW-3、5属于普通简育干润雏形土,YW-6属于钙积暗沃干润雏形土。     

长江三峡山地不同垂直带土壤入渗研究

山地土壤入渗性能研究是评价植被涵养水源和保持水土功能的基础。利用盘式张力入渗仪,通过设置3种负压(-0.49kPa,-0.69kPa和-0.98kPa),分析不同负压条件下三峡山地各垂直带土壤的入渗过程,比较不同类型山地土壤的入渗性能和常用入渗模型的适宜性。结果表明,不同垂直带间土壤腐殖质层与淋溶淀积层入渗性能的差异呈现不同规律。腐殖质层的入渗率表现为,亚高山温性阔叶林棕壤中山针阔混交林黄棕壤低山暖性针叶林黄壤,针叶林黄壤饱和导水率仅为3.84mm/min,不足阔叶林棕壤的8%。腐殖质层入渗主要受土壤结构的影响,疏松多孔的棕壤表层的入渗能力比风化率低、质地粗的黄壤表层更强。淋溶淀积层的入渗率相比较,中山黄棕壤饱和导水率最小,为1.21mm/min,亚高山棕壤和低山黄壤较大。同一类型土壤的不同发生层相比较,亚高山棕壤、中山黄棕壤和低山弃耕地的腐殖质层入渗率均大于淋溶淀积层,而低山黄壤则相反,淋溶淀积层饱和导水率是腐殖质层的5.82倍。林地腐殖质层和弃耕地耕作层的入渗率随时间下降明显,林地淋溶淀积层和弃耕地犁底层降低幅度较小,趋于稳定入渗的时间较短。入渗曲线拟合显示,方正三通用经验公式对4种山地土壤入渗过程的模拟效果较好,是描述三峡库区山地土壤入渗过程的适宜模型。     

根际中碳和氮的输入及转化

本文从植物－微生物－土壤生态系统的角度，概述了根际环境中Ｃ，Ｎ的淀积和生物化学周围。     

长白山北坡针叶林下土壤淋洗液及土壤性质的初步研究

为了研究长白山针叶林下土壤淋洗液及土壤性质，我们于1987年6-9月，在长白山北坡暗针叶林带各个标准地进行定位研究。在红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林标准地，收集了大气降水、林内降水及土壤的淋洗液，均进行化学分析。结果表明：（1）在红松云冷杉林标准地，其大气降水经过林冠后都稍有酸化作用；（2）在红松云冷杉和岳桦云冷杉标准地，其0层的淋洗液酸度大，有机酸含量高，Fe和A1均从A1层淋洗下来，并在其下的淀积层（B）淀积，0 A1层养分淋失量（公斤/公倾/年）为：钾1.2-1.6,钙2.2-4.6，镁0.5-0.9，有机碳35.4-43.9，全氮0.6-0.7；（3）土壤分析结果表明：长白山北坡暗针叶林带土壤，具有不同程度的灰化过程，其中杜香落叶松林下土壤具有明显的灰化淀积层，在分类上可属灰土。     

我国北亚热带白浆化土壤粘化过程的主组元分析

运用主组元分析方法，研究了白浆化土壤的粘化过程，认为粘粒的化学组成与粘粒的矿物组成相一致；在淋溶过程中，矿物分解可形成蒙脱石和高岭石粘淀层是土体脱硅脱硅富铁铝化过程的粘粒形成，淋溶，淀积的结果。     

定边县板凳滩移民区土壤发生特性与系统分类研究

通过对陕西省定边县板凳滩移民区2 500hm2未利用地的调查及不同深度剖面土样的分析,研究了不同地形和不同植被下土壤的发生特性及系统分类。项目区内土壤没有完整的发生层次;土壤颜色、结构和养分在剖面层次上无明显差异;土壤有机质含量较低,最高1.7871g/kg,最小0.201 7g/kg;土壤碳酸钙无明显的淋溶淀积,剖面中无淀积层;颗粒组成以2～0.02mm粒级的砂粒为主;土壤CEC集中分布在2.5～5cmol/kg,保肥性能差。通过诊断层和诊断特征分析,研究区土壤共分属1个土纲,1个亚纲,2个土类和4个亚类,其中剖面Ⅱ1属于弱盐潮湿砂质新成土,剖面Ⅱ5属于钠质潮湿砂质新成土,剖面Ⅲ4属于石灰潮湿砂质新成土,剖面Ⅵ4属于石灰干润砂质新成土。研究结果可为移民区的土壤资源综合评价、土壤适宜性评价及农、林、牧业合理布局提供依据。     

北京地区不同土纲典型剖面的土壤微形态特征

以北京地区不同土纲典型剖面为例,通过观察土壤薄片,利用ENVI图像统计分析功能,从土壤微结构、粗骨颗粒、土壤形成物与孔隙几个方面研究其微形态特征。结果表明:北京地区不同土纲典型剖面土壤之间微形态差异明显。淋溶土典型剖面土壤发育完全,Bt层常见到黏粒淀积胶膜;雏形土与新成土土壤微结构发育程度较低,没有淀积黏粒存在,但雏形土形成了B层,存在孔洞状结构,钙积现象明显,土壤发育较新成土成熟。人为土明显表现出大量人类活动的痕迹,侵入物、动植物遗迹多见,土壤发育最为成熟。     

花岗岩风化土不同土层抗蚀性差异分析

土壤的抗蚀性即土壤抵抗外力对其破坏和搬运的能力,土壤抗蚀性越强,受到的侵蚀破坏就越少。本文通过对通城崩岗区花岗岩发育的淋溶层、淀积层、母质层进行多次人工模拟降雨试验,在一定雨强、坡度的条件下,收集径流、泥沙来研究崩岗区花岗岩发育的不同土层的抗蚀性。结果表明:崩岗区花岗岩发育的淋溶层、淀积层、母质层的抗蚀性有显著差异,各土层的入渗率呈现稳定差异,淀积层的稳定入渗率是淋溶层的1.25倍,母质层的2.27倍;且输沙率差异明显,母质层的平均输沙率是淀积层的1.79倍,淋溶层的3.11倍。结合3层土理化性质和土壤粒径分析可知,母质层的抗蚀性最弱,淀积层次之,淋溶层最强,其中决定3层土抗蚀性大小的主要因素是土层中小颗粒含量和颗粒间的粘结能力。     

陕西扶风新集黄土剖面中的稀土元素

本工作用仪器中子活化法(INAA)测定了陕西新集近40米厚的黄土剖面中5个埋藏古土壤层的10个稀土元素。结果表明,其20个不同层次的土样中稀土总含量在157—231.68ppm之间,平均为199ppm,接近北美页岩。各层土壤稀土含量有差别,可能是碳酸钙在各层中起着稀释剂作用的缘故。消除它的影响后,各层稀土含量很接近。黄土系陆相沉积类型,富含Ce族元素,各层甲稀土元素的配分模式很相似,没有显著的分馏异常现象,反映了黄土在来源区和堆积区的漫长岁月里处于相似的弱碱性界质和较干燥通气良好的条件下,淋溶不太强烈。     

Effect of temperature and rhizosphere processes on pedogenic carbonate recrystallization: Relevance for paleoenvironmental applications

In soils of arid and semiarid climates, dissolution of primary (lithogenic) carbonate and recrystallization with CO₂ from soil air leads to precipitation of pedogenic carbonates and formation of calcic horizons. Thus, their carbon isotope composition represents the conditions prevailing during their formation. However, the widespread use of the isotopic signature (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, Δ¹⁴C) of pedogenic carbonates for reconstruction of local paleovegetation, paleoprecipitation and other environmental conditions lacks knowledge of the time frame of pedogenic carbonate formation, which depends on climatic factors. We hypothesized that temperature-dependent biotic processes like plant growth and root and rhizomicrobial respiration have stronger influence on soil CaCO₃ recrystallization than abiotic temperature-dependent solubility of CO₂ and CaCO₃.To assess the effect of temperature on initial CaCO₃ recrystallization rates, loess with primary CaCO₃ was exposed to ¹⁴CO₂ from root and rhizomicrobial respiration of plants labeled in ¹⁴CO₂ atmosphere at 10, 20 or 30 °C. ¹⁴C recovered in recrystallized CaCO₃ was quantified to calculate amounts of secondary CaCO₃ and corresponding recrystallization rates, which were in the range of 10⁻⁶-10⁻⁴ day⁻¹, meaning that 10⁻⁴-10⁻²% of total loess CaCO₃ were recrystallized per day. Increasing rates with increasing temperature showed the major role of biological activities like enhanced water uptake by roots and respiration. The abiotic effect of lower solubility of CO₂ in water by increasing temperature was completely overcompensated by biotic processes. Based on initial recrystallization rates, periods necessary for complete recrystallization were estimated for different temperatures, presuming that CaCO₃ recrystallization in soil takes place mainly during the growing season. Taking into account the shortening effect of increasing temperature on the length of growing season, the contrast between low and high temperature was diminished, yielding recrystallization periods of 5740 years, 4330 years and 1060 years at 10, 20 and 30 °C, respectively. In summary, increasing CaCO₃ recrystallization rates with increasing temperature demonstrated the important role of vegetation for pedogenic CaCO₃ formation and the predominantly biotic effects of growing season temperature.Considering the long periods of pedogenic carbonate formation lasting to some millennia, we conclude that methodological resolution of paleoenvironmental studies based on isotope composition of pedogenic carbonates is limited not by instrumental precision but by the time frame of pedogenic carbonate formation and hence cannot be better than thousands of years.     

Gypsic pedofeatures and elementary pedogenetic processes of their formation

Elementary pedogenetic processes forming gypsic pedofeatures in gypsiferous soils are discussed. Several groups of such processes are distinguished: (1) weathering of gypsum-bearing rocks; (2) gypsum formation associated with weathering of sulfuric (pyritic) rocks; (3) precipitation of gypsum owing to the inflow of soil solutions saturated with Ca and SO₄ and their evaporative concentration; (4) gypsum formation owing to exchange reactions in soils between calcium in the exchange complex and sodium sulfate solutions; (5) gypsum formation upon interaction of calcium carbonates with sodium sulfate water resulting in the loss of CaCO₃ and gypsum accumulation (decalcification process); (6) colluvial and alluvial redeposition of gypsum in the landscape with its accumulation in the subordinate positions, where gypsiferous soils are formed; and (7) eolian deposition of gypsum on the soil surface with the formation of gypsum-bearing horizons. The micromorphological specificity of the gypsic pedofeatures reflects the processes of their destruction and/or accumulation in the soil profiles. It is shown that gypsum accumulation in soils is a pedogeochemical process that manifests itself in different natural zones upon the presence of gypsum sources.     

河南石灰性土壤特征及其在中国土壤系统分类中的修订研究

Calcareous soils are those soils containing layers of carbonate accumulation formed by either secondary accumulation or inheritance of CaCO3 from calcareous parent materials.These soils are widely distributed in arid,semi-arid and even some humid climate environments.However,in the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST,3rd version),the soils that contain large amounts of CaCO3 but do not meet requirements of Aridosols are classified as Hapli-Ustic Cambosols.This group also includes many non-calcareous soils and those soils strongly affected by secondary carbonate accumulation together with quite dissimilar soils in terms of their morphology and properties.This study was conducted to determine calcification patterns and calcic processes occurring in representative pedons of calcareous soils in northwestern Henan Province,China and to classify these soils in CST.A Calcic subgroup was proposed to add within the Hapli-Ustic Cambosols.A diagnostic key was also provided to separate this subgroup from the Typic subgroup.In this way the different calcification degrees of soils were better reflected in the classification,which should lead to more uniform interpretive groups for better soil management.     

Influence of biomineralization on the physico-mechanical profile of a tropical soil affected by erosive processes

Most of the soils of tropical countries are affected by erosion processes. As a result, much attention has been dedicated to the use of microorganisms to improve the geotechnical properties and stability of soils in the context of “bioengineering”. This work was carried out to analyze the effects of the use of a CaCO₃ precipitating nutrient on native microbiota with the aim of mitigating the erosion processes in a tropical soil profile. We observed that the use of nutrient B4 enabled native bacteria present in the soil to precipitate calcium carbonate, resulting in improvements in the physical, chemical, mineralogical and mechanical properties of the soil, which allowed the mitigation of the erosion processes that characterize the soil profile studied.     

外加碳酸盐增加石灰性土壤密闭培养过程中CO2的释放量

The closed-jar incubation method is widely used to estimate the mineralization of soil organic C. There are two C pools (i.e., organic and inorganic C) in calcareous soil. To evaluate the effect of additional carbonates on CO2 emission from calcareous soil during closed-jar incubation, three incubation experiments were conducted by adding different types (CaCO3 and MgCO3 ) and amounts of carbonate to the soil. The addition of carbonates significantly increased CO2 emission from the soil; the increase ranged from 12.0% in the CaCO3 amended soil to 460% in the MgCO3 amended soil during a 100-d incubation. Cumulative CO2 production at the end of the incubation was three times greater in the MgCO3 amended soil compared to the CaCO3 amended one. The CO2 emission increased with the amount of CaCO3 added to the soil. In contrast, CO2 emission decreased as the amount of MgCO3 added to the soil increased. Our results confirmed that the closed-jar incubation method could lead to an overestimate of organic C mineralization in calcareous soils. Because of its effect on soil pH and the dissolution of carbonates, HgCl2 should not be used to sterilize calcareous soil if the experiment includes the measurement of soil CO2 production.     

Validation of water sorption‐based clay prediction models for calcareous soils

Soil particle size distribution (PSD), particularly the active clay fraction, mediates soil engineering, agronomic and environmental functions. The tedious and costly nature of traditional methods of determining PSD prompted the development of water sorption‐based models for determining the clay fraction. The applicability of such models to semi‐arid soils with significant amounts of calcium carbonate and/or gypsum is unknown. The objective of this study was to validate three water sorption‐based clay prediction models for 30 calcareous soils from Iran and identify the effect of CaCO₃ on prediction accuracy. The soils had clay content ranging from 9 to 61% and CaCO₃ from 24 to 97%. The three water sorption models considered showed a reasonably fair prediction of the clay content from water sorption at 28% relative humidity (RMSE and ME values ranging from 10.6 to 12.1 and −8.1 to −4.2, respectively). The model that considers hysteresis had better prediction accuracy than the other two that do not. Moreover, the prediction errors of all three models arose from under‐prediction of the clay content. The amount of hygroscopic water scaled by clay content decreased with increasing CaCO₃ content. The low organic carbon content of the soils and the low fraction of low‐activity clay minerals like kaolinite suggested that the clay content under‐predictions were due to large CaCO₃ contents. Thus, for such water‐sorption based models to work accurately for calcareous soils, a correction factor that considers the reduction of water content due to large CaCO₃ content should be included.     

High-resolution studies of the oldest cultivated soils in the southern Loess Plateau of China

The Holocene loess–soil sequence on the Chinese Loess Plateau constitutes an excellent record of evolution of soil formation, monsoonal climate, eolian dust accumulation and influences of arable farming of over 8000 years. A high-resolution soil profile on the Zhouyuan loess tableland to the west of Xi'an was studied using particle-size analysis, measurement of magnetic susceptibility, total Fe, TOC and CaCO₃. The results provide new insights into the roles of eolian dust deposition and human impact of cultivation on soil development in this environmentally sensitive zone. Several loess layers are found interbedded with cinnamon soils in the profile. This has been caused by changes in rainfall and intensity of dust deposition that is forced by changes in balance between the northwest continental monsoon and southeast maritime monsoon of East Asia during the Holocene. The processes of soil formation were interrupted several times by intensified dust-fall and climatic aridity in the last 11,500 years. The initial clearance of forest for arable farming occurred at ca. 7500 years BP on the loess tableland. It was contemporaneous with the arrival of the wetter and warmer climate of the Holocene Megathermal (8500–3100 years BP). Thereafter, arable farming has been maintained during both the time of soil formation and that of intensified dust accumulation, though there could be temporary cessation or reduced intensity of cultivation in the drier intervals because of lack of rainfall and soil moisture. Increased intensity of dust accumulation has been ongoing since ca. 3100 years BP in the Loess Plateau. A loess deposit of 40–80 cm has overlaid the Multiple or single-welded cinnamon soils on the flat land over the plateau.