施氮对不同氮效率类型玉米自交系产量、干物质及氮素积累的影响

以前期筛选出的低氮高效型玉米自交系(PH6WC)和低氮低效型玉米自交系(ZY118)为试验材料,设置N0(0 kg/hm²)、N90(90 kg/hm²)、N180(180 kg/hm²)和N360(360 kg/hm²)4个氮处理,研究不同氮效率类型玉米自交系产量、干物质积累、氮素积累及氮素代谢相关酶活性对氮浓度的响应规律。结果表明,玉米自交系的群体产量、干物质积累、氮素积累随施氮水平的增加,呈先升高后降低的趋势,且高效型玉米自交系群体产量、干物质积累、氮素积累和氮素代谢相关酶(硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶及谷氨酸合成酶)活性及氮肥利用效率均显著高于低效型自交系,以产量为例,高效型自交系比低效型自交系从N0到N360分别高51.99%、46.27%、32.43%和19.86%;而干物质转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率和氮素转运量显著低于低效型自交系。相关分析结果表明,干物质、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性与产量、氮素积累量及氮肥利用效率呈极显著正相关,可作为玉米氮高效自交系的筛选指标。因此,高效型玉米自交系(PH6WC)在不同氮处理下具有较高的产量、干物质积累、氮素积累及氮素代谢相关酶活性,可以在低氮水平下达到稳产高产。     

不同供氮水平下玉米大豆间作体系干物质积累和氮素吸收动态模拟

玉米/大豆间作具有一定的养分利用优势,但是不同供氮水平对玉米/大豆间作体系干物质累积和氮素吸收的调控作用不同。本试验采用田间裂区设计,运用Logistic模型分析,模拟了4个氮水平下玉米/大豆间作作物干物质积累和氮素吸收的动态变化。结果表明,玉米、大豆干物质累积和氮素吸收动态符合Logistic模型,相关系数R²均在0.9以上。在N0（不施氮肥）、N1（180 kg·hm^-2）、N2（240 kg·hm^-2）和N3（300 kg·hm^-2）供氮水平时,间作玉米最大生长速率（I_max-B）分别比单作提高34.2%、46.7%、25.9%和25.1%,而相应的供氮水平下,大豆的I_max-B分别降低27.7%、30.3%、16.5%和23.7%,但整个间作系统的I_max-B平均增加32.1%;玉米和大豆干物质的其他模拟参数与I_max-B规律一致。氮素吸收动态与干物质积累表现出同步的变化特点,在N1水平下,单位面积间作玉米的氮素最大吸收量（K_-N）、最大吸收速率（I_max-N）和瞬时吸收速率（r-N）比相应单作分别提高18.4%、48.9%和25.8%,而间作大豆的K_-N、I_max-N和r-N值比单作处理分别降低15.9%、29.9%和16.69%,整个间作系统氮素分别提高0.4%、13.7%和7.8%;施氮水平对大豆r-N无显著性影响。间作显著地提高了氮素当量比（LER_N>1）,其中N0水平下LER_N值最高,随着施氮量的增加,LER_N有下降趋势。在本试验条件下,N2供氮水平下玉米/大豆间作体系干物质积累量和氮素吸收量最高,间作优势最明显。     

秸秆还田方式与施氮量对春玉米产量及干物质和氮素积累、转运的影响

【目的】 探讨秸秆还田方式与施氮量对东北春玉米产量、干物质和氮素积累、转运的影响,明确适宜的秸秆还田方式及施氮量。 【方法】 连续两年在辽宁铁岭市进行了田间试验。设置秸秆还田方式 (旋耕、翻耕) 与施氮量两因素田间定位试验,研究了春玉米产量及干物质和氮素积累、转运特性。 【结果】 秸秆旋耕和翻耕还田产量和籽粒氮素积累量差异并不显著,但前者显著增加了地上部干物质和氮素积累量,及花后氮素积累量、花后干物质积累对籽粒干物质积累贡献率、花后氮素积累对籽粒氮素积累贡献率,而后者则显著提高了花前营养器官干物质、氮素转运量和转运率,花前营养器官干物质和氮素转运对籽粒干物质和氮素积累贡献率分别达到了12.4%、44.1%。随着施氮量的增加,产量和籽粒氮素积累量,地上部干物质和氮素积累量呈逐渐增大的趋势。但施氮量超过262.5 kg/hm2后,产量和籽粒氮素积累量差异则不显著。施氮量262.5 kg/hm2时,花前营养器官干物质和氮素转运量和转运率最高,花前营养器官干物质和氮素转运对籽粒干物质和氮素积累贡献率分别达到了16.7%、45.2%。 【结论】 短期秸秆旋耕和翻耕还田,春玉米产量和籽粒氮素积累量差异不显著,然而秸秆旋耕还田作业成本较低,且配施262.5 kg/hm2氮产量较高,可作为秸秆还田初期推荐施氮量。      

侧深施氮对机械直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响

为探究侧深施肥对川西平原区机械直播水稻产量形成和氮素利用的影响,本研究以常规籼稻黄华占为试验材料,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,研究不施氮肥(N0)、尿素2次撒施(TF)、尿素1次撒施(UB)、尿素侧深施(UM)、尿素和缓释尿素混合侧深施(SRUM)对机械直播水稻干物质积累,氮素积累、转运、分配,产量形成及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,直播水稻干物质积累、氮素吸收总量、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率和产量均表现为SRUM>UM>TF>UB>N0。SRUM和UM茎叶氮素表观转移量、茎叶转移的氮对籽粒氮的贡献率均显著高于其他处理。SRUM茎叶干物质转运量显著高于UB和UM,增幅分别为28.97%和4.17%。SRUM和UM有效穗数显著高于其他处理,处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05),产量分别较UB增长8.00%和12.95%。与TF相比,UM、SRUM氮肥吸收利用率分别提高11.35%、46.94%,氮肥农学利用率分别提高7.22%、25.88%。相比其他施氮处理,SRUM能够显著提高直播水稻的有效穗数、干物质积累量、氮素吸收总量、茎叶氮素表观转移量和茎叶干物质转运量,同步提高产量和氮肥利用率。可见,SRUM既能减少机械直播水稻的施肥次数,又能增产增效,值得大面积推广应用。本研究为川西平原直播稻的轻简化生产提供了参考。     

膜下滴灌水氮耦合对棉花干物质积累和氮素吸收及水氮利用效率的影响

在膜下滴灌条件下,设3个氮素水平和2个水分水平,研究了水氮耦合对棉花干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量、水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,增加水分或氮素供应,花铃期根冠生物量和氮素吸收增加; 增加灌水量,吐絮期地上部干物质和氮素积累量增加,根干物质积累量在低氮或高氮下增加,中氮降低; 产量和氮素利用效率增加,水分利用效率下降。水分胁迫条件下,增加氮素的供应吐絮期地上部干物质、氮素积累量、产量差异不大,根干物质积累量以N276处理最高,氮素利用率下降,水分利用率增加。水分充分条件下,增加氮素的供应吐絮期根干物质下降,地上部干物质、氮素积累、产量和水氮利用效率以N276处理最高。水分不足或高氮限制了干物质在花铃期至吐絮期的积累、导致棉花提早衰退,引起产量下降。     

地表覆盖和施氮对冬小麦干物质和氮素积累与转移的影响

在黄土高原南部旱区,通过田间试验研究了地表覆盖在不同氮水平下对冬小麦生长和氮素累积及转移的影响。结果表明,覆膜显著增加冬小麦各生育期干物质的积累,提高干物质转移量或花后干物质累积量;覆草显著增加生长后期干物质累积量,随种植年限的增加,覆草能显著增加冬小麦生物产量和子粒产量,其增产作用与覆膜无显著差异。覆膜亦能显著增加冬小麦各生育期氮素的积累,提高氮素转移量;覆草显著增加了生长后期氮的累积,随种植年限的增加,覆草对地上部吸氮量和子粒吸氮量的影响与覆膜无显著差异。施用氮肥显著增加了各生育期干物质和氮素的累积,促进花后干物质的累积和花前累积氮的再转移,显著提高了冬小麦地上部和子粒吸氮量及生物产量和子粒产量。     

红芪氮素吸收和多糖积累规律及施肥响应

田间试验研究了红芪氮素吸收分配动态和多糖含量的变化规律, 以及增施3 种水平坡缕石(P1, 750kg·hm^-2; P2, 1 500 kg·hm^-2; P3, 2 250 kg·hm^-2)对红芪吸氮和多糖积累的影响。结果表明: 6 月下旬至7 月下旬是红芪茎叶对氮的营养临界期, 而红芪根在8 月下旬以后对氮的需求量增大, 9 月下旬至10 月下旬为氮素从茎叶向根系转移的时期, 6 月下旬至8 月下旬是红芪多糖含量的快速积累期。在红芪收获期, NPK+P3、NPK+P2 和NPK+P1 处理的全株氮素积累量分别比NPK 对照提高45.22%、29.45%和20.06%, NPK+P3 处理的茎叶氮素积累量比NPK 对照提高71.99%, NPK+P3、NPK+P2 处理的根氮素积累量分别比NPK 对照提高38.72%和26.07%;NPK+P1、NPK+P2 和NPK+P3 处理的多糖含量分别较NPK 对照提高50.74%、62.95% 和 40.63%。坡缕石配施用量对红芪吸氮的促进效果综合表现为高用量>中用量>低用量, 但其配施用量与多糖产量的关系还需进一步研究确定。     

灌溉方式和施氮量对直播稻氮素和水分利用的影响

为研究不同灌溉方式和施氮量对直播稻的光合生产、干物质积累、氮素利用、水分利用和稻谷产量的影响,采用裂区试验设计,主区因素为品种:‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’,副区因素为3种灌溉方式:浅水灌溉、轻干湿交替灌溉和重干湿交替灌溉,副副区因素为4个施氮量:0 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、120 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、240kg(N)·hm~(-2),分析测定直播稻的干物质积累量、氮素积累量和利用率、水分利用率和产量等指标。结果表明:灌溉方式和施氮量对直播稻氮素利用和产量形成的影响存在显著的互作效应。与浅水灌溉相比,轻干湿交替灌溉处理下‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’抽穗期剑叶净光合速率、拔节—抽穗期干物质积累量、结实期茎叶氮素转运量、成熟期籽粒中氮素积累量、氮素农艺效率和氮肥回收效率显著增加;抽穗期叶面积指数、拔节前干物质积累量、成熟期茎叶氮素积累量显著降低。施氮量对‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’氮素积累量、氮素利用效率、产量的影响存在差异。浅水灌溉处理中,与无氮相比,‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’施氮后产量分别提高31.79%~48.77%和29.72%~45.36%;施氮量超过180 kg·hm~(-2)后,‘德香4103’的产量显著下降,而‘金农丝苗’相应指标却无显著变化。轻干湿交替灌溉处理中,与无氮相比,‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’施氮后产量分别提高32.58%~61.10%和36.49%~48.45%;施氮量超过180 kg·hm~(-2)后‘德香4103’的产量无显著变化,氮肥回收效率、氮素农艺效率均显著下降,‘金农丝苗’的产量和干物质积累量无显著变化,成熟期氮素积累量显著提高。重干湿交替灌溉处理中,与无氮相比,‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’施氮后产量分别提高37.01%~42.88%和30.11%~42.63%;施氮量超过180 kg·hm~(-2)后,‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’的产量无显著变化;但‘德香4103’成熟期氮素积累量显著增加,‘金农丝苗’氮素积累量却无显著增加,两个品种氮素农艺效率均显著降低。综上所述,轻干湿交替灌溉更适合于直播稻高产、节水、高效栽培,其中‘德香4103’产量在轻干湿交替灌溉下施纯氮240 kg·hm~(-2)处理最高,‘金农丝苗’产量在轻干湿交替灌溉下施纯氮180 kg·hm~(-2)处理最高。     

施氮水平对烤烟根冠平衡及氮素积累与分配的影响

在盆栽条件下,设不施氮（CK）,每株施N 5.45g（N1）和8.18g（N2）3个施氮水平,运用15N示踪技术,研究了不同施氮量条件下烤烟根冠平衡及氮素在不同器官间的积累与分配。结果表明,移栽至打顶期烤烟地上部干物质累积量随施氮量增加而增加,根系干物质积累量以N1处理最高;打顶至成熟期地上部干物质累积量N1处理最高,根系干物质积累量随施氮量增加而增加。打顶期根冠比随施氮量增加而降低,成熟期根冠比随施氮量增加而提高。打顶至成熟期烟株氮素积累量以N1处理最高;期间N1处理各器官均有一定氮素积累,而 N2处理和CK下部叶及中部叶有一定量的氮素输出。打顶期氮素在根系中的分配比例随施氮量增加而降低。随施氮量增加,烤烟积累的氮素中来自肥料氮的比例增加;积累的肥料氮中来自基肥氮的量增加。在本试验条件下,施氮（N）5.45 g/plant可促进根冠平衡,使烟株稳健生长。     

淹水条件下硝态氮和铵态氮配施对水稻生长与土壤养分影响

为系统研究硝态氮、铵态氮及二者不同配施比例对土壤养分供应与水稻生长情况的影响，通过田间小区试验，在相同施氮量条件下，研究了单施硝态氮(N)，单施铵态氮(A)，硝态氮、铵态氮按1:3(N1A3)、2:2(N2A2)、3:1(N3A1)比例配施对水稻产量、田间养分和氮素利用率的影响，并与农民习惯性施肥方式(U)作比较。研究结果表明：整个生育期内铵态氮对水稻的生长都起着主要作用，铵态氮通过提高水稻氮素利用率和促进水稻有效分蘖的方式提高了水稻产量。随着铵态氮的配施比例由25% 提高到75%，水稻的产量提高了35.18%、氮素利用率提高了46.67%，每公顷产生的经济收益增加了6 820.15元。A处理土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和碱解氮的含量较N处理显著增加36.41%、30.30% 和8.42%，水稻产量提高了60.11%，氮素利用率提高了171.31%，有效穗数增加了52.31%，相较农民习惯性施肥，单施铵态氮处理每公顷还能增收522.91元。在0 ~ 180 kg/hm²的施氮量范围内，水稻产量(y)与铵态氮施用量(x₂)呈显著正相关，二者之间关系为y = 18.044x₂ + 4943.4(R² = 0.975 3)。     

Competition for Nitrogen Between Thorn Apple and Tomato and Pepper

The effect of emergence time of the weed Datura stramonium (thorn apple) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. The closer emergence of the weed was to that of the crops, the greater was the weed's growth, seed production, and nitrogen (N) uptake. As a result, growth, fruit yield, and N uptake of the crops was reduced. Shoot N content was reduced in tomato, as was fruit N content in pepper. There was competition by the weed with the crops for N, even when weed emergence was as late as the beginning of flowering. This competition, and the damage it caused, was always more severe with respect to pepper than tomato, irrespective of weed emergence time. The earlier the emergence of Datura stramonium, the fewer were the number of fruits produced by either crop. Average fresh fruit weight in tomato was also reduced. In pepper, the average fruit weight was reduced only when the weed emerged up to the four-leaf stage of the crop. The drop in pepper fruit yield caused by weed emergence up to the four-leaf stage of the crop could be due to competition for light by the weed, in addition to competition for N. Tomato competed better against the weed than did pepper.     

Response of bell pepper grown inside plastic houses to nitrogen fertigation

Abstract

Two field experiments were conducted for two consecutive seasons inside plastic houses to evaluate bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) response to nitrogen fertigation. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied through irrigation water at rates of zero, 150, 250, and 350 N kg ha^‐1. The crops were irrigated in weekly bases with the amount of water equivalent to 80% of the E Pan reading. All treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Five plants were sampled from each experimental unit at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days after planting. Growth rate, nutrient uptake and yield were determined. The results indicate that the yield and marketable number of fruits in both seasons increased with the addition of nitrogen. The highest yield was obtained with the addition of 150 kg N ha^‐1. The maximum growth rate and the maximum rate of accumulation of dry matter in the fruits occurred during the period of 90 to 150 days after planting. This may indicate that the peak of the pepper N requirement and utilization would be during the same period of the maximum growth rate. Increasing the rates of nitrogen applied increased the uptake of nitrogen by the plants and at the same time stimulated the uptake of potassium and phosphorus through the synergistic effect of nitrogen on both nutrients.     

控释氮肥对辣椒的生理效应及利用率研究

利用盆栽试验和田间生物试验,研究了控释N肥脲醛类肥料品种脲甲醛(UF)与速效N肥不同品种对辣椒生长、形态指标、产量及利用率的影响;并采用覆膜和露地2种大田栽培法探讨了不同控释肥用量对辣椒产量和品质的肥料效应。结果表明,辣椒对控释N肥中N的吸收利用率最高,达44.4%,较其它N肥品种提高17.46%～46.05%,其产量为CK的1.88倍。N肥品种的增产效应顺序为UFCO(NH2)2NH4NO3NH4HCO3;UF处理,辣椒的果长、果宽、单果重及座果率等指标明显高于其它速效N肥品种。控释N肥用量试验表明,产量与用量密切相关,以600kg/hm2投入可取得较高的产量和经济效益,过量施用,效益显著下降。控释肥相同用量,覆膜栽培较露地栽培增产15.16%～16.45%;辣椒总糖、维生素C含量有随施用量增加而增加的趋势,但对干物质量及总酸度的影响较小。     

氮素营养对甜椒果实生长发育的影响

采用营养液培养试验,研究了氮素营养对甜椒果实生长发育的影响。结果表明,氮素营养过高,门椒难以座果,首次商品果实的上市时间推迟7d以上。氮素营养对甜椒前期商品果产量及产量性状的综合影响看出,中氮营养处理可获得最高的商品果产量,主要是各层位果实的高收果数,而与单果鲜重差异不明显;氮素营养过高或过低均导致商品果产量降低,因单株平均收果数降低,且单果重下降。高氮营养有利于提高后期幼果座果率。试验还发现,甜椒的结果习性在很大程度上取决于其植物学特性,氮素营养对果实发育进程的促进或延缓作用在某种程度上可能大于对结果数量的影响。中氮营养条件下,二分侧枝整枝方式对甜椒的结果数量和产量的影响符合等比数列Y=2(n-1)的理论模型。     

绿肥配施氮肥对双季稻产量和养分吸收的影响

基于2016年的田间定位试验，在冬闲(F)和冬种绿肥(G)2种模式下，探究不同施氮量(N0:不施氮；N50:减氮50%;N100:常规氮；N150:增施氮50%)对双季稻产量、养分吸收特征及氮素利用率的影响，以期为南方稻区绿肥利用和氮肥施用提供科学理论依据。结果表明，与冬闲模式相比，冬种绿肥模式提高4种不同氮水平下的早晚稻产量，其中早、晚稻稻谷产量平均增产8.0%,5.7%。2种模式下的早稻产量随施氮量增加均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势，而晚稻则呈现上升的趋势。冬种绿肥模式同样提高植株地上部氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)素积累量和氮肥偏生产力。随施氮量的增加，这2种模式的早晚稻养分收获指数和氮肥利用率大多呈下降趋势，高量氮肥处理(N150)降低早稻地上部K素的积累量。早晚稻稻谷产量与水稻N、P和K素积累量存在显著正相关，2种模式下的高氮处理(N150)K素吸收的降低与其早稻产量下降相关联。结合稻谷产量与施氮量拟合分析、养分吸收利用等多方面效应，综合考量，冬闲模式下，早稻季氮肥适宜施用范围为150.0～170.3 kg/hm²,冬种绿肥模式下，早稻季氮肥适宜施用范围为75...     

Concomitant biocontrol of pepper Phytophthora blight by soil indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi via upfront film-mulching with reductive fertilizer and tobacco waste

Purpose

Both reductive disinfestation and germicide can suppress Phytophthora blight, while soil arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi also have biocontrol effects on soilborne diseases. However, the combined effects of reductive disinfestation and botanical germicide [e.g., tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) waste] on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Phytophthora blight and soil AM fungi are at present unclear. The purposes of this work were to develop application strategy for dealing with pepper Phytophthora blight, and to explore the concomitant contribution from soil indigenous AM fungi.

Materials and methods

A field experiment with four treatments was carried out in a pepper continuous planting field, including normal film-mulching with common fertilizer (control), normal film-mulching with reductive fertilizer (RF), upfront film-mulching with reductive fertilizer (UM+RF), and upfront film-mulching with reductive fertilizer and tobacco waste (UM+RF+TW). Phytophthora blight severity index, root mycorrhizal colonization rate, and the biomass and nutrient (N, P, and K) concentrations of shoots, roots, and fruits of pepper were measured. Soil pH, organic C, mineral N, available P, available K, acid phosphatase activity, and AM fungal abundance were also tested. The Pearson correlation analysis was carried out among plant and soil parameters.

Results and discussion

RF tended to increase pepper fruit yield compared with control, and UM+RF tended to decrease Phytophthora blight severity in relative to RF, while UM+RF+TW tended to decrease blight severity and increase fruit yield compared with UM+RF, and had a significantly (P?<?0.05) lower blight severity and a significantly higher fruit yield in comparison with control. UM+RF+TW also significantly decreased soil pH, and significantly increased AM fungal population and colonization, as well as soil acid phosphatase activity and available P concentration. In addition, UM+RF+TW had a significantly higher fruit K accumulation ratio, which negatively correlated with blight severity and positively correlated with fruit yield. However, fruit K accumulation ratio positively correlated with fruit P accumulation ratio, which was greatly elevated by the enhanced mycorrhizal colonization.

Conclusions

The coalition of reductive disinfestation (upfront film-mulching with reductive fertilizer) and tobacco waste had the greatest suppression of pepper Phytophthora blight, and the highest fruit yield and AM fungal population. It suggests that combined application of reductive disinfestation and botanical germicide has superposition in inhibiting Phytophthora blight and increasing fruit yield, and there seems to be a concomitant biocontrol by soil indigenous AM fungi which could enhance P and K transfer from plant to fruit.

     

Calcium uptake and concentration in bell pepper plants as influenced by nitrogen form and stages of development

Calcium uptake by bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘California Wonder') varied by stage of plant development and N form supplied (NO₃ ^‐NH₄ ⁺ ratios: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) in a hydroponic study. Uptake of Ca⁺⁺ was highest at bloom and during fruit expansion, making the fruit development stage the highest demand period. Calcium uptake declined with each increasing increment of NH₄ ⁺ relative to NO₃ ^‐ supplied, although fruit yield was not significantly reduced until the ratio of NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^‐ exceeded 50%. Tissue Ca⁺⁺ levels in the blossom‐end of the fruit were reduced whenever NH₄ ⁺ was included with N supplied. Vegetative yield of plants followed the same trend as that observed for total fruit dry weights. Our results indicate that pepper yields are higher when NO₃ ^‐ is the predominant form of N. Also, these results strongly suggest that Ca⁺⁺ fertilizer applications should precede the bloom period and continue during fruit development to ensure adequate Ca⁺⁺ availability for fruit development.     

Nitrogen uptake and utilisation by bell pepper in subtropical australia 1 ∗

Concern over the pollution potential of nitrogen (N) fertilisers has prompted studies of the utilisation efficiency of applied N by crops. This study was conducted to determine the efficiency of N usage by bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown with plastic mulch and trickle irrigation, and to define a rate of applied N which is equal to uptake by the crop. The relationships between applied N (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg/ha), nutrient uptake, and yield for spring and autumn bell pepper crops grown on a major soil type (Tropeptic Eutrustox) in the Bundaberg region of subtropical Australia were investigated. Maximum dry weight yield of fruit, leaves, roots, and stems corresponded with N210 to N280 for both spring and autumn crops. In addition, maximum fresh weight of marketable fruit corresponded with N210 to N280 for both seasons. Nitrogen uptake was equal to the applied rate at N140. Plant uptake of elements increased with applied N and, at N280, were ranked as follows: K> N> Ca> Mg > S > P. Fruit accumulated the greatest proportion of K, N, and P (40 to 64%, 40 to 64%, 49 to 76%, respectively), and only a comparatively small amount of Ca (6 to 7%). The efficiency of fruit production from absorbed applied N declined with increasing N rate. District standard rates of P, N, K, and S application exceeded uptake by plants grown at an equivalent N rate (differences of 68 and 65 kg P, 57 and 52 kg N, 32 and 24 kg K, and 19 and 24 kg S for spring and autumn, respectively). Because of the importance of pepper yield as a determinant in economic outcome and the relatively low cost of fertiliser N, application rates in excess of N140 are likely to continue by district growers in an attempt to maximise yield.     

不同基因型糯玉米氮素吸收利用效率的研究 II.氮素积累动态的基因型差异

为了解糯玉米氮素积累进程的变化规律,阐明不同生育时期氮素积累的基因型差异及其对产量形成的作用,分析了31个糯玉米品种在同一施氮水平下四叶期、拔节期、大口期(12叶期)、开花(吐丝)期、鲜穗采收期和成熟期的植株氮素积累量。结果表明,植株氮素含量随生育进程逐渐下降,植株氮素积累量随生育进程的增加呈不对称的S型曲线变化,可用Richards方程拟合。不同品种各生育时期的氮素含量和积累量均存在显著差异。鲜穗高产品种主要在大口至开花阶段增加了吸氮量;而鲜子粒及成熟子粒高产品种主要在大口至开花,其次在开花至鲜穗采收阶段增加了吸氮量。通径分析表明,氮素积累过程主要影响氮素积累总量的高低,而对氮素利用效率影响较小。氮素积累过程S型曲线的Richards方程特征参数品种间差异显著。最大积累速率大、活跃积累期长、快增期的积累速率大和持续时间长对提高品种的氮素吸收总量有利。属于高产、氮素吸收量大、氮素利用效率高的基因型有6个品种,其大口至开花及开花至鲜穗采收阶段的吸氮量平均值分别为1.136和0.554.g/plant,比其它品种分别高24.3%和37.8%;最大积累速率和快增期的积累速率分别为0.068和0.059.g/(d.plant),比其它品种分别高15.8%和15.9%。活跃积累期和快增期的持续时间平均值分别为63.4和29.5.d,比其它品种分别延长了1.9和0.9d。     

Plant growth and fruit quality of two pepper cultivars under different potassium levels of nutrient solutions

Potassium (K) is a major nutrient element that has effects on growth, yield, and quality production of agricultural crops. In the present study, the effects of various K concentrations in a nutrient solution including 150, 235, 300, 400, or 500 mg K L^?1 were evaluated on two pepper cultivars; chili pepper (Capsicum annuum Avicolare) and bell pepper (California Wonder) under greenhouse conditions. Hoagland's formula was used for preparation of nutrient solutions. The vegetative growth parameters including plant height, leaf area, SPAD value, and shoot fresh weight were significantly increased by 300 mg L^?1 K in both cultivars. The highest yield and fruit quality parameters including fruit length/diameter ratio, fruit dry matter percentage, fruit vitamin C, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity in chili pepper and bell pepper were obtained under application of 300 and 400 mg K L^?1 in nutrient solution, respectively. In either cultivar there was increase in leaf K, nitrogen, and zinc concentrations, while in bell pepper calcium was reduced by higher K levels in the nutrient solution. The results indicate that for better growth and quality production of pepper, higher levels of K in nutrient solutions can be beneficial.