头塘小流域水文特征及不同植被的水文效益分析

根据头塘小流域连续8年(2000～2007)的水文监测数据,分析小流域降雨、径流特性;分析了乔、灌、草结合的生态林地植被恢复模式在2002～2005年的径流系数、泥沙消减率趋势,以经济林地和未退耕林地为对照,比较了三者之间在径流系数与泥沙含量方面的关系.结果表明:小流域径流量与降雨量的变化趋势基本一致,洪枯比连年呈下降趋势;与2002年相比,生态林地径流系数、泥沙含量均有所减少,泥沙消减率比较显著;三者之间径流系数与泥沙含量关系为:生态林地＜经济林地＜未退耕地,表明以生态林地为主的恢复模式在涵养水源、保持水土方面的作用显著.     

黄土高原子午岭森林破碎化对流域水文过程的影响

以子午岭南部的三水河流域为例,选择年径流深度、最大月径流量、侵蚀模数和河流平均含沙量等作为水文过程参数,基于流域降水和各水文参量的变化趋势分析降水变化和森林破碎化对水文过程的影响.利用1976年以来的4期土地利用变化数据,分析林地面积与水文过程各参量之间的关系,建立基于降水和林地面积两种因素的水文过程统计模拟模型.结果表明:1976年以来,由于森林破碎化,尤其是上游连片分布的森林景观斑块化,使流域年径流深度增加了62.85%,侵蚀模数增加了90.76%,最大月径流量和河流平均泥沙含量分别增大了58.36%和63.21%,其中林地面积的减少对年径流深度的贡献率为72.35%,对最大月径流量的贡献率为45.18%,对侵蚀模数和河流泥沙平均含量的贡献率分别为86.73%和79.61%.     

北方土石山区不同木本植物的径流小区水土流失规律研究

通过对北方土石山区不同木本植物的径流小区进行土壤物理性状的测定和径流量、侵蚀量的观测,分别在汛期降雨量、不同降雨强度和前期降雨条件下,揭示不同木本植物径流小区所产生的径流量和侵蚀量的变化规律,为临朐县乃至相同类型地区的坡面综合治理提供理论依据和实践指导。结果表明:土壤物理性状、土壤含水量、土壤饱和贮水量及土壤渗透速度以葛藤林地为最好,其次是桑树、胡枝子、花椒、李树林地,种植花生小区为最差。分析降雨量、降雨强度、前期降雨对灌木径流小区径流量和侵蚀量的影响,表明不同灌木林的蓄水、保土效益皆以葛藤林地为最好,其次为桑树、胡枝子、花椒、李树林地,种植花生水土流失最严重。     

南方低山丘陵区油茶林地表径流特征研究

油茶是我国重要的木本油料植物,其生长需要从土壤中吸收水分和各种养分,土壤含水量影响油茶的挂果率、出油率,同时油茶的种植改变降水时空分配格局,对减少丘陵山区地表径流量、保持水土和涵养水源起到了一定的作用。本研究以湖南省7年生不同油茶林为研究对象,对不同林地的地表径流进行分析,结果表明:油茶林坡面径流量与降雨量变化一致,并且显著低于无林地坡面径流量,地表径流量表现为无林地2号油茶林1号油茶林。无林地坡面径流在150-43 000 ml之间,油茶林坡面径流量在150-7 700 ml之间,油茶的种植能够减少坡面径流量,对水源涵养功能起到一定贡献作用;1号油茶林坡面径流量小于2号油茶林的坡面径流量;油茶林坡面径流减少量占无林地径流量的60%~90%;油茶林水源涵养贡献率在0.02%~0.08%之间,并随降雨量的增加而增加。本研究可为当地的油茶种植及水源涵养林的营造提供一定的理论基础。     

生态经济林模式水土流失模型探讨

对三峡库区坡耕地生态经济林模式下各经济林模式类型水土流失模型进行了探讨,即对其泥沙流失量、径流量与次降雨侵蚀力、次降雨量的模型进行了初步研究.同时,对水土保持林模式以及生物篙模式和裸地进行了研究对比.研究结果表明,仅茶叶模式泥沙流失量、径流量分别与次降雨侵蚀力和次降雨量均呈现为指数函数,其它生态经济林模式、水土保持林模式以及生物篱等模式类型和裸地水土流失函数关系表现各异.     

北方土石山区小流域不同时段治理效果的流域输沙量变化规律研究

对北方土石山区临朐县辛庄小流域不同时段治理效果的流域径流量和流域输沙量的观测,分别在不同时段治理效果条件下分析小流域的年降雨量、年径流量和输沙量的变化规律。结果表明：降雨量与输沙量的增减变化趋势基本一致,随着流域综合治理程度的提高输沙量呈下降趋势;径流量和输沙量总体上呈下降趋势,依据降雨量的大小变化,径流量和输沙量也有小幅度的起伏变化;在流域不同综合治理效果下,降雨量和径流量与输沙量呈极显著性相关,年降雨量和径流量与输沙量呈良好的Y=a＋bX1＋cX2线性关系。     

坡地雷竹林不同垦复方式地表径流和氮素养分流失特征研究

运用定位监测研究了雷竹林不同垦复方式(块状垦复、沿等高线带状垦复和全垦)下地表径流量和氮素养分流失状况。结果表明:垦复措施在一定程度上减少了地表径流,与未垦复林地相比,块状垦复减少幅度最大,平均减少23.49%;带状垦复次之,减少18.93%;全垦减少幅度7.52%。就土壤中全氮养分的维持而言,块垦效果优于带垦,带垦好于全垦;不同垦复方式对土壤中铵态氮含量的维持有一定差异,但差异未达到显著水平。不同垦复方式径流中的泥沙量由大到小的顺序为:全垦 > 未垦复(对照) > 带垦 > 块垦;块垦和带垦分别较全垦减少泥沙流失10.60%和8.02%,林地的水土保持效益十分明显。     

坡面尺度不同雨型条件下地表径流产流过程分析

以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域刺槐林、油松林、荒草地为研究对象,对短时局地雷暴雨、锋面性雷暴雨和长历时锋面降雨3种降雨条件下不同地类地表径流产流过程进行分析。结果表明:在短时局地雷暴雨过程中,产流的关键条件是降雨强度需要达到一定水平。锋面性雷暴雨过程中,降雨强度和降雨量均对产流有影响,但是降雨量的作用比降雨强度大。而在长历时锋面降雨过程中,产流的关键条件是启动前降雨累积量需要达到一定水平。在不同雨型条件下,荒草地的径流量、径流深和径流系数均大于刺槐林地和油松林地,油松林地大于刺槐林地。在立地条件相同的情况下,造成不同地类地表径流差异的因素主要有林分结构、地表覆被物等。     

杉木、马尾松人工林径流特征的研究

为探讨亚热带人工林的水文效应,1984～1990年,在江西省分宜县山下林场22年生杉木和马尾松林中,对降雨、径流等进行定点测定,结果表明:试验区林地的年平均径流量为15.648～31.148 mm,年平均径流系数为1.245％～2.537％。降雨量与径流量的较佳回归模型为y=ab。     

芦花冲小流域多功能防护林水土保持效益监测

采用坡面径流场和三角形-梯形复合测流堰方法,观测了芦花冲小流域多功能防护林林地的径流、泥沙及土壤物理性质变化。结果表明多功能防护林体系的水土保持效果明显,不同造林模式林地同对照比较,坡面径流量减少17.75%~77.41%,泥沙流失量减少55.24%~89.83%,土壤容重减少3.00%~30.30%,土壤总孔隙度增加12.67%~75.55%。应用世行多功能防护林造林模式营造林3~4a后,林地的水土流失可以得到基本控制。     

Effects of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment transport of watershed in Loess area, west China

This paper aims to study the effects of vegetation on runoff and sediment transport at the watershed scale, and to provide a theoretical basis for afforestation in the Loess area, in the nested Caijiachuan watershed, Jixian County, Shanxi Province of west China. Forest watersheds and farmland watersheds with similar terrain features were selected through cluster analysis to study their runoff and sediment transport characteristics. Results showed that compared with farmland watersheds, runoff generation time in forest watersheds was delayed remarkably, and peak flow was reduced greatly, which indicates that vegetation played an important role in holding and absorbing rainfall. Besides, with the increase of forest coverage, the runoff amount, runoff depth and runoff coefficient decreased during the rainy seasons. The runoff depth and runoff coefficient of farmland watersheds in the rainy season were 5–20-fold as much as that of forest watersheds, and runoff and sediment yield of watersheds with low forest coverage were 2.7–2.9-fold and 3–6-fold as great as those with high coverage during rainstorms, and low forest coverage had larger variation in sediment hydrograph. For the complexity and scale dependence of the influence of forest vegetation on runoff, forest hydrological functions based on regional scale or watershed scale were worthy of further studies. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(3): 48–53 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

松华坝水源区迤者小流域径流和泥沙变化特征

通过实地观测、实验分析及数据处理,对松花坝水源区迤者小流域的径流和泥沙进行了初步研究,通过探究径流和泥沙变化特征来揭示该区水土流失的原因,以采用合理的方法治理该区水体流失。结果表明：松花坝水源区迤者小流域5～10月的降雨量最大,降雨是产生径流和泥沙的主要因素,但不是唯一因素,降雨、径流、泥沙之间存在着正相关的关系,如8月4日降雨深度达到39．4mm,径流总量达到88．12m^3,产沙量达到150．68kg。又如9月19日降雨深度只有0．2mm,径流总量只有0．22m^3,产沙量也只有0．01kg。降雨具有周期性和随机性,而径流和泥沙的日变化规律和降雨历时、采样时间及土地利用类型有很大的关系。我们只能分析径流和泥沙的大致变化趋势,而无具体的变化规律。     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

尖山河流域不同植被类型坡面产流产沙量研究

对云南省玉溪市小尖山流域径流小区进行定位观测试验,对珠江石灰岩溶地区的不同植被类型坡面产流产沙量进行分析,结果表明：①该小流域降雨量年内分配不均,雨季（6—9月）占全年降雨量的83．2％,当降雨量大于5mm或10min雨强大于9mm／h时都会使该流域坡耕地发生产流．②灌草丛和次生林比坡耕地减少产流54．29％和92．06％,比人工林减少产流52．78％和87．13％．4个径流小区的产流大小顺序为：坡耕地〉人工林〉退耕地-灌草丛〉次生林．③土壤侵蚀量随着径流量的增加而增加,灌草丛和天然次生林分别比坡耕地减少土壤侵蚀量95．96％和99．02％,比人工林减少土壤侵蚀量64．60％和91．40％,其大小顺序与产流量一致．坡耕地、人工林、灌草丛的侵蚀量主要是由几次单次侵蚀贡献的,而次生林则是平均贡献．因此次生林防止水土流失的效果最好,在建立人工林时,应该考虑合适的复层结构,乔灌结合才能达到水土保持的最佳效果．     

Effect of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of Loess area

According to fixed-position data for 1985–2003 from nine runoff plots of Caijiachuan watershed which lies in Jixian County of Shanxi Province in Loess area, this paper studied the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sediment production in sloping lands in detail, which helps to provide scientific basis for vegetation re-construction and studies on environmental transformation of water and sediment in watersheds of Loess area. Although, many study results testify that forest vegetation has an important function in soil and water conservation and cutting runoff, the effect of vegetation on runoff and sediment transmission is complicated, and this needs to be studied in depth. The results of the paper showed the following. Firstly, the natural secondary forest performs better function of soil and water conservation than artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and runoff and sediment produced in the former in individual rainfall were 65%–82% and 23%–92% of those produced in the latter. At the same time, better correlative relationship between runoff and sediment production and rainfall and rainfall intensity were testified by multiple regression, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density of forest. Secondly, the difference of runoff and sediment production in several land use types was very distinct, and the amount of runoff and sediment produced from Ostryopsis davidiana forest and natural secondary forest were the least, and runoff and sediment produced from in artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest were 5-fold as much as those from O. davidiana forest. Besides, runoff and sediment produced in mixed planting of apple trees and crops were 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold than those of O. davidiana forest, respectively, but the amount decreased obviously after high-standard soil preparation in the case of the former. Thirdly, based on gray cognate analyses of factors affecting runoff and sediment production in sloping land, the factors of stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass were the most significant ones, whose gray incidence degree exceeded 0.6. Therefore, mixed forest with multi-layer stand structure and shrub forest should be developed in vegetation re-construction of Loess area, which will help to increase coverage and litter thickness in order to cut down the runoff and sediment dramatically in sloping land. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617]     

Effects of forest harvesting on runoff and sediment characteristics in the Hyrcanian forests,northern Iran

Loss of canopy cover by forest harvesting generally increases the average surface runoff volume and sediment. Selective cutting (single and group selection method) is the most usual forest harvesting method in the Hyrcanian forests in the north of Iran. The purpose of this study is to find the effect of selective logging technique on the hydrological behavior of runoff and sediment in the Kheyrud forests located in northern Iran over 1 year. Four treatments were implemented: natural forest without harvesting (C), forest with selective harvesting (H) and area without canopy cover (WC) and skid trail (S). Three types of data were measured in each plot including soil chemical and physical properties, runoff and sediment load after each rainfall. The results indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in runoff generation and sediment production with respect to the treatments cover. The runoff in all treatments showed relatively similar response to rainfall, while the highest runoff and sediment were observed in skid trails, and the area without canopy cover (1.13 and 0.62 mm, and 1.2 and 0.51 g m^?2), averagely. In contrast, the natural forest without harvesting and the forest with selective harvesting treatments exhibited the lowest amounts of runoff (0.2 and 0.44 mm) and sediment (0.1 and 0.17 g m^?2), averagely. Implementation of low logging technique was useful to control the effects of logging on the runoff and sediment yield.     

红壤坡地泡桐林地表径流和养分流失研究

在红壤坡地泡桐林地设置3个不同处理研究施肥对地表径流和养分流失的影响.试验结果表明:林下植被覆盖能有效的降低红壤坡地产流、产沙量以及氮、磷流失量;氮的流失主要以径流水溶性氮为主.磷的流失则是以泥沙携带为主;林地施肥增加了径流水溶性总氮、总磷浓度,而对泥沙结合态氮、磷浓度影响不大;氮素的流失浓度和流失量都比磷素高;在降雨...     

红壤区典型茶园模式对侵蚀性降雨的减流减沙效应

基于福建安溪官桥生态茶园2017年度自然降雨数据及园区5种铁观音茶树水土流失治理模式的坡面产流、产沙情况的观测数据,系统研究了不同治理模式下铁观音茶树坡面水土流失对引起侵蚀的降雨的响应机制。结果表明:(1)降雨集中于4~8月份,引起侵蚀频次最多的是5~6月份;(2)根据降雨量与最大30 min降雨强度I 30,可以将侵蚀性降雨分为Ⅰ~Ⅴ种类型,其中,Ⅰ雨型的降雨是当地发生频率最多的侵蚀性降雨,雨量最大的Ⅴ雨型平均产流量最大,雨强最大的Ⅳ雨型平均产沙量最大,发生频率较高的Ⅲ雨型产流总量最大,Ⅱ雨型产沙总量最大。(3)5种铁观音茶树水土流失治理模式在不同降雨类型下的水土保持效应不同,其中采取“梯田+自然留草”的治理模式在各雨型条件下的减流率和减沙率均优于其他模式。研究结果对山区茶园水土保持及提升茶产量有重要的参考价值。     

三峡库区典型森林植被类型对坡面产流影响

在一定地形地貌基础上,植被与降水是决定坡面产流、产沙量的主要因素.2005～2006年对重庆缙云山4个天然林地径流场和农地径流场进行定位观测,结果表明:①森林植被在一定范围内对坡面径流量有削减作用,前期降雨对坡面径流有影响;②坡面径流峰值与暴雨峰值呈一一对应关系,马尾松和常绿阔叶林的变化幅度较小,楠竹林和常绿阔叶灌丛变化较大;③地下径流深与降雨量呈一一对应关系,地下径流深与降雨量关系反映出前期降雨对地下径流量的影响;④马尾松阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林和常绿阔叶冠丛地下径流峰值的总体趋势是随降雨强度的增加而增加;楠竹林和农地随降雨强度的增加而呈下降趋势.