黑翅土白蚁和黑胸散白蚁乙酰胆碱酯酶对6种杀虫剂敏感性比较研究

黑翅土白蚁和黑胸散白蚁是2种重要的害虫。为了明确这2种白蚁对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类药剂敏感性差异的机理,本文利用分光光度法对比了6种药剂对这2种白蚁乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)不同时间的抑制作用,结果表明在药剂浓度为1×10-6mol/L时,灭多威、马拉硫磷和氧化乐果3种药剂对黑胸散白蚁ACh E的抑制作用高于黑翅土白蚁,丙溴磷对黑翅土白蚁ACh E的抑制作用高于黑胸散白蚁。此研究明确了黑翅土白蚁和黑胸散白蚁对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类药剂敏感性存在差异的机理,为2种白蚁的防治提供了理论依据。     

白蚁挖窝防治方法

白蚁是森林害虫之一.危害森林的有黑翅土白蚁、黄翅大白蚁、黑胸散白蚁、曲腭白蚁4种.     

杉木根精油得油率和柏木醇含量比较分析

为筛选得油率和柏木醇含量高的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)种质,对25年生杉木不同部位和不同单株根精油进行提取,采用GC和GC-MS法对提取的精油进行定性和定量分析.结果表明,杉木不同部位根精油的得油率和柏木醇含量差异较大,精油几乎全部集中在心材部位,在以含油量为目标进行品种选育时,应采用心材得...     

湖南十种散白蚁分飞规律观察

散白蚁的种类较多,我省已发现14种,其中观察到有翅成虫分飞的有10种:黄胸散白蚁 Reticulitermes(Fron-termes)speratus(Kolbe)黄肢散白蚁 R.(F.) flaviceps(Oshima)肖若散白蚁 R.(F.)affinis Hsia etFan大头散白蚁 R.(F.)grandis Hsia etFan宜章散白蚁 R.(F.)yizhaagensisHuang et Tong黑胸散白蚁 Reticulitermes(Plani-frontotermes)chinensis snyder(=R.lbralis Hsia et Fan 1965)海南散白蚁 R.(P.)hainanensis     

蒲螨对黑胸散白蚁控制能力测定及野外防治试验

开展了蒲螨对黑胸散白蚁的室内侵染及野外防治试验,观察了蒲螨的寄生能力以及湿度等环境因子对蒲螨活动、寄生能力的影响。结果表明,在不同的湿度条件下蒲螨对寄主的搜寻能力存在差异,湿度对蒲螨活动及寄生能力影响较大,水膜的形成是限制蒲螨活动的重要因子;室内条件下平均1只蒲螨即可使3～5只白蚁进入持续麻痹状态,进而丧失继续危害的能力,至少1只白蚁被寄生致死,可见蒲螨对黑胸散白蚁具有较强的寄生能力。在室内外防治试验中黑胸散白蚁可被蒲螨寄生,并在蚁巢内发现有存活的蒲螨以及在白蚁个体上产生的膨腹体螨,因此,在适宜的条件下蒲螨对黑胸散白蚁种群的控制是有效的。     

台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁对不同糖的趋性研究

在室内采用常规生物测定方法比较了5种糖不同浓度水溶液处理的松木块对台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁的引诱力.结果显示:处理松木块对台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁的引诱力与糖的种类和浓度有关.其中20%葡萄糖溶液、30%麦芽糖溶液、50%蔗糖溶液、10%红糖溶液和30%蜂蜜溶液处理的松木对台湾乳白蚁的引诱力最强;15%葡萄糖溶液、30%麦芽糖溶液、50%蔗糖溶液和50%蜂蜜溶液处理可提高松木块对黄胸散白蚁的引诱力.上述糖溶液中,对台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁引诱力最强的分别是50%蔗糖溶液和50%蜂蜜溶液.建议生产上使用该两种溶液处理松木块,以提高松木块对白蚁的引诱力.     

杉木浸提物对木材天然耐腐、抗蚁性的影响

杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.]有浓郁香气,能耐菌腐、抗蚁蛀。作者继杉木精油化学组分及性质的研究之后,对杉木心材浸提物进行耐腐,抗蚁定性和定量试验。结果表明杉木精油有耐腐、抗蚁性,尤其是精油的主要成分柏木脑(旧称杉木脑),起主要作用。     

城市公园树木白蚁危害及防治

温州市区9个公园的树木受白蚁危害比率为0~56.2%,其中翠微山公园和华盖山公园的树木受害最重。危害树木的白蚁共有2科4属5种,分别为黑翅土白蚁Odontoterms formosanus、黄翅大白蚁Macrotermtes barneyi、台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus、黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps和黑胸散白蚁R.chinensis。在调查的9个公园内共有29科37属41种树木受到白蚁危害,其中香樟、枫杨、构树、大叶桉、女贞等树木受害最为严重。采用草堆诱杀法及诱饵包诱杀法防治园林树木白蚁效果明显,在华益山公园,树木受害率从防治前的42.3%下降到5%左右。     

白蚁对林业的危害与防治

白蚁对林业的危害与防治省生研所副研究员张树棠白蚁，群众俗称白蚂蚁，在动物分类上属昆虫纲，等翅目，是一种比较原始而对人类危害极大有社会性昆虫。迄今为止，我省已发现两种白蚁：一种为鼻白蚁科，散白蚁属的黑胸散白蚁（介休市下李候村），另一种为白蚁科、土白蚁属...     

白蚁对枯木与活树的取食选择研究

为明确白蚁取食枯木和活树的差异及优势种白蚁对绿化树种的取食选择规律,2010—2020年对成都等16个市(州)城市区域的公园、行道以及住宅小区内枯木和活树白蚁种类进行调查,分析比较白蚁取食活树、枯木的差异,采用DPS数据处理系统对优势种白蚁取食的绿化树种进行聚类分析.结果表明:黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes c...     

Inhibition activity of essential oils obtained from Japanese trees against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Skeletonema costatum</Emphasis>

The growth inhibition activities of essential oils obtained from Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Pinus thunbergii were examined against the bacillariophyceae Skeletonema costatum, also known as red tide plankton. The essential oils were extracted from the heartwood, leaves, and bark of these typical indigenous Japanese conifers. The essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood possessed strong growth inhibition activity. The chemical compositions of these essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). α-Terpineol and longifolene were the main components of the essential oil from P. thunbergii heartwood. The C. japonica bark essential oil was mainly composed of α-terpineol, δ-cadinene, isophyllocladene, and ferruginol. Ferruginol and longifolene showed more potent growth inhibition against S. costatum than hinokitiol (β-thujaplicine), which is known to be a strong antifungal compound among wood components. Ferruginol and longifolene were important factors for the growth inhibition activity of the essential oils from C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood, respectively. These results suggest the possibility of using C. japonica bark and P. thunbergii heartwood for the control of red tide plankton.     

Chemical composition and bioactivities of three Chrysanthemum essential oils against Tribolium confusum (du Val) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Essential oils from three species of Chrysanthemum growing in Tunisia (C. coronarium, C. fuscatum, and C. grandiflorum) were first analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) and then evaluated for toxicity and antifeeding action against Tribolium confusum. The essential oils obtained from leaves and flowers shared a similar qualitative composition, but the relative proportions of the constituents were quite different. The essential oil of C. grandiflorum was rich in sesquiterpenoids, while those of C. fuscatum and C. coronarium were rich in monoterpenoids. The main common constituents of all the essential oils were ??-pinene, myrcene, ??-humulene, ??-caryophylene, spathulenol, and caryophyllene oxide. The most effective essential oil was obtained from the leaves of C. grandiflorum, that inhibited the relative growth rate (?0.03?mg/mg/d), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (?50.69%), relative consumption rate, caused an antifeeding effect (66.43%) and a high mortality (80%) of T. confusum larvae. Topical application C. grandiflorum essential oil caused a significant insect mortality that attends 27% after 7?days of treatment. While essential oil from C. coronarium flowers has contact and fumigant toxicity with a mortality of 9 and 13%, respectively. Results analysis highlights a relationship between essential oils composition and insecticidal activity against T. confusum. The study showed that each essential oil has specific chemical composition and act differently according to the nature of attributed test. The use of essential oils from different Chrysanthemum species with different methods helps poor farmers who store small amounts of grains to preserve it against pest infestation.     

滇产5种植物精油的抑菌性能及其成分分析

为寻找新型、有效的抗霉菌天然产物,以滇产冬青、蓝桉、互叶白千层、迷迭香和香叶天竺葵的叶片为材料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取5种植物精油,用滤纸片法和琼脂扩散法测试其对绿木霉、黑曲霉和桔青霉的抑菌活性和最小抑菌浓度,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析5种植物精油的主要化学成分.结果表明:冬青油和香叶天竺葵油能有效抑制绿木霉、黑曲霉和...     

Fumigant toxicity of Carum copticum and Vitex pseudo-negundo essential oils against eggs, larvae and adults of Callosobruchus maculatus

Fumigant activity of essential oil vapors distilled from Carum copticum C. B. Clarke and Vitex pseudo-negundo Hand I. MZT. was tested against eggs, larvae and adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Fumigant toxicity was assessed at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH, in dark condition. The influence of different concentrations of the essential oil vapors on egg hatchability, larval and adult mortality was significant. Data probit analysis showed that lethal concentration of the essential oil to kill 50% of the population (LC₅₀) for egg, larvae and adult were found to be 1.01, 2.50 and 0.90 μl/l air of C. copticum oil, followed by 2.20, 8.42 and 9.39 μl/l air essential oil of V. pseudo-negundo, respectively. Between these essential oils, C. copticum was almost more toxic than V. pseudo-negundo on all growth stages of C. maculatus. The present study suggests that essential oils from these medicinal plants may be potential grain protectants as botanical alternative fumigants and could be used in the management of various life stages of C. maculatus.     

杉木精油化学成分的GC—MS分析

采用GC—MS法对杉木精油进行了定性定量分析,共分离出68个色谱峰,鉴定出50种化合物,占精油总量的97.77%。该精油中含有28.99%柏木醇、21.83%α—柏木烯、9.52%β—柏木烯、3.49%α—松油醇、3.33%香叶烯、2.33%β—榄香烯、2.19%α—花柏烯、2.01%罗汉柏烯等。     

Heartwood,its function and formation

Summary Some of the changes which occur in wood during the transition from sapwood to heartwood have been reviewed. The nature of these changes suggest that heartwood formation is a regulatory process serving to keep the amount of sapwood at an optimum level. The pattern formed by the transition of cells from sapwood to heartwood suggests that heartwood development is controlled by a centripetally-translocated growth-active substance. The nature of the heartwood transformation is indicative of a developmental process rather than a deterioration of cell function with age so that death of the parenchyma cells is the result and not the cause of heartwood formation.The assistance of Jeanette Gregory, transmission electron microscopy; Dianne Higginbotham, scanning electron microscopy; N. Omar, statistical analysis; C. Taylor, photography; F. R. Humphreys, D. Edwards, D. Adamson, R. C. Foster, and F. V. Mercer, critical comments, is acknowledged. The scanning electron microscopy was undertaken at the Electron Microscopy Unit, Sydney University with the kind co-operation of C. Nockolds. The permission of Marcia Lambert to use unpublished data in Table 2 is also acknowledged.     

星天牛对光皮桦人工林危害的调查及防治

通过两处不同营林抚育措施下星天牛(Anoplophora chinensi)对光皮桦(Betula luminifera)人工林分的危害调查,结果发现:造林前不炼山造林后不修枝、连续进行割草3年的营林抚育措施在一定程度上可以抑制星天牛对光皮桦幼树的危害。光皮桦纯林、光皮桦杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)混交林均易遭受星天牛的危害,且以冲沟地段受害较为严重;光皮桦幼树被星天牛危害后枯死率极高,2年生幼树受害后枯死率达100%,3年生幼树受害后枯死率达的达75%。     

杉木冷冻干燥材和气干材液体浸注性的比较研究

A comparative study was conducted on liquid penetration of the freeze-drying and air-drying sapwood and heartwood lumber of plantation Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata）. The maximum amount of dyeing solution uptake by the capillary rise method was used to evaluate the liquid penetration properties of the treated wood. The pit aspiration ratio was determined by semithin section method. Changes in wood microstructure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that compared with air drying, the freeze drying had a significant effect on liquid penetration of sapwood and heartwood of Chinese fir. The liquid penetration of sapwood is significantly higher than that of the heartwood for both drying treatments. Low pit aspiration ratio and cracks of pits membrane of some bordered pits are the main reasons for increasing liquid penetration after freeze drying treatment.     

粤北车八岭杉木人工林物种多样性及优势植物种群结构

基于1hm2的固定样地数据,对广东车八岭国家级自然保护区人工杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林的物种多样性及优势阔叶植物种群的年龄结构和高度结构等特征进行了分析,以探讨群落的自然演替进程.结果表明:样地中胸径≥1.0 cm的植物共62种,个体总数3740株,其中杉木占57.03%,重要值为50.51;其他7种优势阔叶植物的重要值之和为29.72;杉木林乔木层的Gleason指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为6.732、0.655、1.884和0.456;优势阔叶植物种群中,赤杨叶(Alniphyllum fortunei)是典型的衰老种群;枫香(Liquidambar formosana)为稳定至衰老种群;檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、油茶(Camellia oleifera)、野柿树(Diospyros kaki var.silvestris)为基本稳定种群;木荷(Schima superba)和华润楠(Machilus chinensis)为增长种群;各植物种群高度结构特征表现不同,只有杉木种群在10.0 m及以上的高度结构与整个群落相似.经过30 a的自然演替,杉木的重要值仍大于50,群落的针叶林性质未变,属于向地带性植被常绿阔叶林过渡的早期阶段;虽然出现了赤杨叶、枫香、檵木等优势阔叶树种,但它们在群落中未达到杉木的建群种地位.     

Radial patterns of carbon isotopes in the xylem extractives and cellulose of Douglas-fir

Heartwood extractives (nonstructural wood components) are believed to be formed from a combination of compounds present in the adjacent sapwood and materials imported from the phloem. The roles of local compounds and imported material in heartwood formation could have important implications for the wood quality of species having naturally durable wood. Stable isotope composition (delta(13)C) was analyzed to assess radial variation in sapwood extractives, and to estimate the relative importance of adjacent sapwood extractives and imported photosynthate in the formation of heartwood extractives. Cellulose and extractives from the outer 39 annual rings of six Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees were isolated and their delta(13)C composition determined. Although the extractives and the cellulose showed different absolute delta(13)C values, the patterns of change over time (as represented by the annual rings) were similar in most cases. Within an annual ring, carbon isotope ratios of extractives were correlated with the cellulose isotope ratio (R2 = 0.33 in sapwood, R2 = 0.34 in heartwood for aqueous acetone-soluble extractives; R2 = 0.41 in sapwood for hot-water-soluble extractives). These data suggest that some sapwood extractives are formed when the wood ring forms, and remain in place until they are converted to heartwood extractives many years later. Sapwood extractives appear to be important sources of materials for the biosynthesis of heartwood extractives in Douglas-fir.