Epsilon carbide: a low-temperature component of interplanetary dust particles

Transmission electron microscope study of a chondritic interplanetary dust particle has revealed the presence of epsilon iron-nickel carbide, a low- temperature carbide previously encountered only in metallurgical studies. In these studies in-carbide was synthesized by carburization of iron or nickel grains in a stream of carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide plus hydrogen. Similar carburization of an iron-nickel metal in situ may have produced in-carbide during particle heating on atmospheric entry or in solar orbit. Alternatively, the epsilon-carbide may be a by-product of Fischer-Tropsch reactions in the solar nebula. Such reactions have been proposed as the mechanism of hydrocarbon formation in the early solar system.     

Venus: microwave detection of carbon monoxide

The 115-gigahertz microwave line of carbon monoxide has been detected in the spectrum of Venus. The measurement proves that the carbon monoxide mixing ratio increases above an altitude of 85 kilometers in the Venus stratosphere and provides quantitative information on carbon monoxide in the altitude region from 80 to 110 kilometers. This altitude region is well above that which has been previously sensed.     

Mars: microwave detection of carbon monoxide

The 115-gigahertz microwave line of carbon monoxide has been detected in the spectrum of Mars. The measurement is sensitive to carbon monoxide between the surface and an altitude of approximately 50 kilometers in the martian atmosphere. This extends the altitude region to well above that previously sensed.     

New light on the heart of darkness of the solar chromosphere

Solar carbon monoxide spectra indicate the existence of a cool (less than 4000 kelvin) component to the solar chromosphere coexisting with the hot, bright gas at 6000 to 7000 kelvin. However, both the existence and the location of the cool component have been controversial. New high-resolution spectra show that carbon monoxide goes into emission just beyond the limb, allowing it to be probed without photospheric contamination. The cool component has temperatures as low as 3000 to 3500 kelvin and appears to cover 50 to 85 percent of the quiet solar surface. There is a steep temperature rise to normal chromospheric temperatures at a height of 900 to 1100 kilometers. Large horizontal velocities are seen, suggesting that the cool component is maintained by the supersonic adiabatic expansion of upwelling gas in overshooting granules.     

非散射红外法测定卷烟烟气气相中一氧化碳的测量不确定度评定

通过对非散射红外法测定卷烟烟气气相中一氧化碳含量的分析,从测量重复性、一氧化碳示值、抽吸口数、抽吸容量及大气压力和温度等方面计算测定过程的不确定度分量,并计算相对合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度,达到了对该方法测定一氧化碳的测量不确定度评定的目的,在一定程度上反映了实验室的检测水平。     

A new mechanism for the formation of meteoritic kerogen-like material

The carbon in ancient carbonaceous chondritic meteorites is mainly in a hydrocarbon composite similar to terrestrial kerogen, a cross-linked structure of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Until recently, the composite has been commonly thought to have been produced in the early solar nebula by a Fischer-Tropsch-type process, involving the catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen on grain surfaces. Instead, the aromatic hydrocarbons may form in gas-phase pyrolysis of simple aliphatics like acetylene and methane by a mechanism developed recently to explain formation of soot in combustion and of aromatic molecules in circumstellar envelopes. Nonequilibrium chemical kinetic calculations indicate that this mechanism can produce meteoritic aromatics if the initial concentration of simple hydrocarbons in the solar nebula was sufficiently but not unreasonably high.     

汕头南澳岛沿岸浮游植物对阳光紫外辐射响应的研究

为了阐明汕头南澳岛沿岸表层水体浮游植物群落对阳光紫外辐射(UVR,280～400nm)变化的响应,试验检测了浮游植物在全波段阳光和滤除UVR或UV-B条件下的光合固酸随光强的变化关系,同时还检测了浮游植物群落的紫外辐射作用光谱(BWF).结果表明,阳光UVR可以明显的抑制浮游植物的光合固碳,当滤除UVR后,光合固碳受到的抑制程度下降.在100％阳光辐射条件下,光合固碳受到的抑制程度最大.紫外辐射作用光谱显示,浮游植物对UV-B最敏感,其抑制程度显著大于UV-A波段.     

Venus upper atmosphere neutral gas composition: first observations of the diurnal variations

Measurements of the composition, temperature, and diurnal variations of the major neutral constituents in the thermosphere of Venus are being made with a quadrupole mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter. Concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, molecular nitrogen, atomic oxygen, and helium are presented, in addition to an empirical model of the data. The concentrations of the heavy gases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and molecular nitrogen, rapidly decrease from the evening terminator toward the nightside; the concentration of atomic oxygen remains nearly constant and the helium concentration increases, an indication of a nightside bulge. The kinetic temperature inferred from scale heights drops rapidly from 230 K at the terminator to 130 K at a solar zenith angle of 120 degrees , and to 112 K at the antisolar point.     

Carbon isotope fractionation in the Fischer-tropsch synthesis and in meteorites

Carbon dioxide and organic compounds made by a Fischer-Tropsch reaction at 400 degrees K show a kinetic isotope fractionation of 50 to 100 per mil, similar to that observed in carbonaceous chondrites. This result supports the view that organic compounds in meteorites were produced by catalytic reactions between carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the solar nebula.     

Experimental test of self-shielding in vacuum ultraviolet photodissociation of CO

Self-shielding of carbon monoxide (CO) within the nebular disk has been proposed as the source of isotopically anomalous oxygen in the solar reservoir and the source of meteoritic oxygen isotopic compositions. A series of CO photodissociation experiments at the Advanced Light Source show that vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photodissociation of CO produces large wavelength-dependent isotopic fractionation. An anomalously enriched atomic oxygen reservoir can thus be generated through CO photodissociation without self-shielding. In the presence of optical self-shielding of VUV light, the fractionation associated with CO dissociation dominates over self-shielding. These results indicate the potential role of photochemistry in early solar system formation and may help in the understanding of oxygen isotopic variations in Genesis solar-wind samples.     

Surface ices and the atmospheric composition of pluto

Observations of the 1.4- to 2.4-micrometer spectrum of Pluto reveal absorptions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen ices and confirm the presence of solid methane. Frozen nitrogen is more abundant than the other two ices by a factor of about 50; gaseous nitrogen must therefore be the major atmospheric constituent. The absence of carbon dioxide absorptions is one of several differences between the spectra of Pluto and Triton in this region. Both worlds carry information about the composition of the solar nebula and the processes by which icy planetesimals formed.     

基于建筑热工原理的日光温室最佳朝向仿真计算

【目的】研究日光温室建造朝向直接影响日光温室截获太阳辐射的能力。【方法】以新疆乌鲁木齐地区为例,以日光温室前坡屋面截获太阳进光量最大为评价指标,结合太阳辐射随时间、日光温室所在地理位置动态变化规律,运用Energy Plus能耗模拟软件,研究该地区日光温室建造最佳朝向。【结果】乌鲁木齐地区冬季作物种植最不利生长期（11月1日至翌年2月28日）,日光温室最佳朝向为南偏西10°。【结论】提出了日光温室建造最佳朝向仿真计算的方法,并通过实测及模拟的方法进行验证,为我国日光温室科学建造提供理论参考依据。     

基太阳热辐射变化的绿地类型对降温影响分析(英文)

[目的]研究太阳热辐射变化下的绿地类型对降温的影响。[方法]对夏季居住区的5种不同绿地类型(大乔木、小乔木、灌木、草本和裸地)在同一太阳热辐射条件下产生的不同降温效果,及其随日进程过程中的变化规律进行研究。[结果]绿地中的温度变化主要随太阳热辐射强度的日变化而变化,但其中以大乔木为主的绿地,通过树冠层对太阳热辐射的吸收、转移和反射作用,较大缓解了下垫面的温度环境,其下垫面温度与太阳热辐射的相关性R=0.156,降温达1.9℃,而草坪下垫面温度与太阳热辐射的相关性高达R=0.820,仅降温0.6℃,两者的表层温度相比,草坪要比大乔木高2.9℃。[结论]该研究中绿地树冠表温与气温线性关系的建立有助于为今后对较大规模数量的绿地温度测量提供新的方法。     

Titan: discovery of carbon monoxide in its atmosphere

The 3-0 rotation-vibration band of carbon monoxide in the near-infrared spectrum of Titan has been identified, and a reflecting layer model mixing ratio of carbon monoxide to molecular nitrogen of 6 x 10(-5) has been determined. This result supports the probable detection of carbon dioxide by Samuelson and his co-workers and strengthens possible analogies between the atmosphere of Titan and conditions on primitive Earth.     

大气辐射在臭氧反演中的应用

阐述了大气臭氧含量的量度方法,然后在综合分析国内外大量相关文献的基础上,总结归纳了利用太阳透射辐射、太阳紫外散射、红外辐射及微波辐射等大气辐射进行大气臭氧反演的方法、特点及应用,最后总结了利用大气辐射进行臭氧反演的现状及在臭氧探测中应该注意的问题。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林辐射垂直分布特征

于西双版纳热带季节雨林观测了林内不同高度和全光照条件下不同波长太阳辐射. 通过比较分析,探讨了热带季节雨林垂直方向上不同波长辐射的时空分布特征. 雾凉季时昼间各辐射要素值均随高度的下降而递减,而干热季和雨季时,受光斑的影响,个别时刻出现了较低观测点的辐射值高于较高观测点的现象;各季节不同高度各测点的总辐射、红外辐射和可见光日总量值及其与全光照条件下的比值均随高度的降低而减小,且各测点比值均呈现红外辐射总辐射可见光的趋势;各测点的辐射值、辐射日总量值、日总量与全光照条件下的比值,以及红外辐射和可见光在总辐射中所占份额均随季节的变化而不同,且这些值在各季节间的大小顺序随测点高度的不同而变化. 受林冠对可见光吸收作用的影响,各测点的红外辐射在总辐射中所占份额在各季节均较全光照条件下高,而可见光比值却总低于全光照条件,但无论是在同一季节的不同测点之间,还是同一测点在不同季节之间的红外辐射和可见光所占份额的比较结果均呈现出复杂多变的状况. 研究结果充分显示了热带季节雨林垂直方向上不同波长辐射的时空异质性,这势必对植物的生长、更新、演替、群落结构的形成以及森林与大气间物质和能量的交换等诸多方面都起到重要的作用.      

Gas-rich galaxy pair unveiled in the lensed quasar 0957+561

Molecular gas in the host galaxy of the lensed quasar 0957+561 (QSO 0957+561) at the redshift of 1.41 has been detected in the carbon monoxide (CO) line. This detection shows the extended nature of the molecular gas distribution in the host galaxy and the pronounced lensing effects due to the differentially magnified CO luminosity at different velocities. The estimated mass of molecular gas is about 4 x 10(9) solar masses, a molecular gas mass typical of a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way. A second, weaker component of CO is interpreted as arising from a close companion galaxy that is rich in molecular gas and has remained undetected so far. Its estimated molecular gas mass is 1.4 x 10(9) solar masses, and its velocity relative to the main galaxy is 660 kilometers per second. The ability to probe the molecular gas distribution and kinematics of galaxies associated with high-redshift lensed quasars can be used to improve the determination of the Hubble constant H(0).     

Origin and evolution of outer solar system atmospheres

The atmospheres of bodies in the outer solar system are distinct in composition from those of the inner planets and provide a complementary set of clues to the origin of the solar system. This article reviews current understanding of the origin and evolution of these atmospheres on the basis of abundances of key molecular species. The systematic enrichment of methane and deuterated species from Jupiter to Neptune is consistent with formation models in which significant infall of icy and rocky planetesimals accompanies the formation of giant planets. The atmosphere of the Saturnian satellite Titan has been strongly modified by photochemistry and interaction with the surface over 4.5 billion years; the combined knowledge of this moon's bulk density and estimates of the composition of the surface and atmosphere provide some constraints on this body's formation. Neptune's satellite Triton is a poorly known object for which it is hoped that substantial information will be gleaned from the Voyager 2 encounter in August 1989. The mean density of the Pluto-Charon system is well known and suggests an origin in the rather water-poor solar nebula. The recent occultation of a star by Pluto provides evidence that carbon monoxide, in addition to methane, may be present in its atmosphere.     

基于太阳热辐射变化的绿地类型对降温影响分析

[目的]研究太阳热辐射变化下的绿地类型对降温的影响。[方法]对夏季居住区的5种不同绿地类型(大乔木、小乔木、灌木、草本和裸地)在同一太阳热辐射条件下产生的不同降温效果,及其随日进程过程中的变化规律进行研究。[结果]绿地中的温度变化主要随太阳热辐射强度的日变化而变化,但其中以大乔木为主的绿地,通过树冠层对太阳热辐射的吸收、转移和反射作用,较大缓解了下垫面的温度环境,其下垫面温度与太阳热辐射的相关性R=0.156,降温达1.9℃,而草坪下垫面温度与太阳热辐射的相关性高达R=0.820,降温仅0.6℃,两者的表层温度相比,草坪要比大乔木高2.9℃。[结论]该研究中绿地树冠表温与气温线性关系的建立有助于为今后对较大规模数量的绿地温度测量提供新的方法。     

Soil as a sink for atmospheric carbon monoxide

The rate of carbon monoxide oxidation by soil increased with increasing carbon monoxide concentration in the gas phase, in line with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Rates of carbon monoxide oxidation were determined for 20 soils at 0 degrees , 10 degrees , 20 degrees , and 30 degrees C. The observed oxidation rates were used to calculate a global soil uptake rate of atmospheric carbon monoxide of 4.1 x 10(14) grams per year, which is slightly less than the amount of carbon monoxide believed to be produced annually as a result of fossil fuel combustion.