辽东地区日本落叶松人工林土壤持水性能及其涵养水源功能研究

对辽东地区日本落叶松人工林林地土壤的持水性能进行了实测研究。结果表明:按不同林龄和不同坡向划分的林型,其土壤的物理性质、持水性能及其涵养水源方面都存在着显著差异。7种林型土壤容重排序为:荒地>幼龄林阳坡>幼龄林半阴坡>中龄林阳坡>中龄林阴坡>近熟林阳坡>近熟林阴坡。土壤孔隙度排序则表现为与容重相反。不同林型表层土壤的物理性质与林地凋落物之间存在着显著相关关系。林地土壤在持水性能和涵养水源方面表现为:近熟林阴坡>近熟林阳坡>中龄林阴坡>中龄林阳坡>幼龄林半阴坡>幼龄林阳坡>荒地。与无林荒地相比,可以看出日本落叶松人工林具有明显的涵养水源功能。     

地形因子对半干旱地区土壤有机碳含量的影响

以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,以实地调查数据为基础,综合考虑研究区海拔、坡度和坡向因素,根据全旗182个土壤采样剖面数据,分析0~100cm深度各土层有机碳含量的垂直分布特征及地形因素对有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度的增加而显著降低。海拔对土壤有机碳含量的影响表现为,0~60cm土壤深度有机碳含量呈现出随着海拔的升高而逐级上升的趋势;而60cm土壤深度以下土壤有机碳含量与海拔的变化并未表现出显著的相关关系。坡度对土壤有机碳含量的影响表现为,随着坡度的增加各深度土壤有机碳含量均表现为先升高后降低的分布特征。不同坡向上各层土壤有机碳的平均含量由高到低表现为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡,其中阴坡与半阴坡上土壤有机碳含量显著高于阳坡与半阳坡。当土壤深度达到40cm以下时,坡度和坡向对土壤有机碳含量的影响并未表现出显著的差异性。     

冀北山地果树提高栽植成活率关键技术

<正>冀北山地土壤瘠薄、年降雨量少,大多数果树都生长在山地,60%的果园无灌溉条件。因此,提高果树栽植成活率是山地建园的重要环节,也是早果、早丰的关键。1园地选择要选择土层深厚、肥沃的阳坡、半阳坡建园。干旱严重的瘠薄山地,也可选择在阴坡或半阴坡上栽培,一般要求土壤含水量相对充足,植被覆盖率高,土壤有机质含量高。土质坚硬、土层太薄、含水量少的坡地应先改土后建园。2高标准整地1)春季栽植,整地时间提前到头一年雨季或头年     

蓝莓根际土壤物理性状研究

以5年生长势强和弱的蓝莓植株根际土壤为研究对象,采用环刀联合法、干筛法、湿筛法,研究了蓝莓植株根际土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度和土壤结构对蓝莓植株长势的影响。结果表明:蓝莓长势与土壤总孔隙度呈正相关,而与土壤容重呈负相关;长势强的蓝莓根际土壤0.25mm团粒所占比重大于长势弱的蓝莓根际土壤,结构保持率也明显大于长势弱的蓝莓根际土壤;长势强与长势弱蓝莓根际土壤容重、总孔隙度、土壤结构分析各指标在0.05和0.01水平存在显著和极显著差异。     

岩石坡面植被群落演替与物种多样性动态研究——以舟山市长岗山森林公园采石宕口为例

选取4个典型样地对舟山市长岗山森林公园采石宕口植被演替与恢复进行动态监测,结合丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数法研究物种多样性在坡面植被群落演替过程中的变化。研究表明:经过3年的演替时间,人工建植的草本植物已逐渐被乡土植物替代,在其他条件相同时,阴坡物种数要高于阳坡,缓坡物种数高于陡坡;随着演替的进行,边坡植物物种渐趋于多样化,物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou指数)均表现为指数函数变化规律。从整个演替过程来看,3类指数均表现为阴坡高于阳坡、缓坡高于陡坡。     

不同农业土地利用方式对土壤重金属含量影响及生态风险评价

以撂荒地、水稻田和旱田为研究对象,分别测定其土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb含量变化特征,结合单项污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,对研究区土壤进行生态风险评价,了解不同农业土地利用方式对土壤重金属污染状况及其生态风险,以期为农用地土地利用方式的选择提供参考依据.结果 表明:0～50 cm土层中,土壤As含量平均值表现为旱田(26.96士11.52)mg·kg-1＞水稻田(11.05±3.72)mg·kg-1＞撂荒地(9.04±6.87)mg·kg-1;土壤Cd含量平均值表现为旱田(0.64±0.03)mg·kg-1＞水稻田(0.44±0.18)mg·kg-1＞撂荒地(0.25±0.11)mg· kg-1;土壤Cu含量平均值表现为旱田(34.11土14.83)mg·kg-1＞水稻田(20.44土6.62)mg·kg-1＞撂荒地(13.90土6.64)mg·kg-1;土壤Pb含量平均值表现为水稻田(39.26±9.85)mg· kg-1＞旱田(38.87土7.10)mg·kg-1＞撂荒地(21.94土9.68)mg· kg-1.单项污染指数分析结果表明,4种重金属在水稻田和撂荒地中均无污染,而在旱田中As和Cd为轻度污染.潜在生态风险指数分析结果表明,4种重金属单因子潜在风险指数均属于轻微生态危害,Er值为Cd＞As＞Cu＞Pb,综合潜在生态风险指数RI均小于150,为轻微生态危害,其中以旱田土壤RI值最大,土壤重金属以Cd的贡献率最大.可见不同农业土地利用方式下,旱田对重金属的积累能力最强,水稻田次之,撂荒地最弱.农业活动虽一定程度上起到降低土壤pH的作用,但促进了土壤对重金属的积累.     

冀西北不同林分类型土壤贮水与入渗特征

为改善冀西北森林水土保持和水源涵养的能力,在河北省张家口市涿鹿县林场选择油松、华北落叶松、山杨、白桦4种林分类型,以撂荒地作为对照,进行了土壤入渗和贮水特征的研究。结果表明,土壤饱和贮水量排序为：白桦林(373.24 mm)>油松林(352.72 mm)>山杨林(325.20 mm)>华北落叶松林(306.28 mm)>撂荒地(286.30 mm)。土壤容重均值排序为：白桦林(0.90 g/cm³)<油松林(0.95 g/cm³)<山杨林(0.99 g/cm³)<华北落叶松林(1.00 g/cm³)<撂荒地(1.27 g/cm³)。土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈现明显幂函数关系,林分的土壤渗透性能均高于撂荒地,其中白桦林稳渗速率最大(5.21 mm/min),水土保持能力最好。土壤容重与土壤孔隙度、贮水量呈负相关关系。森林对非毛管孔隙(滞留贮水)的改善作用要大于毛管孔隙(吸持贮水)的改善作用。     

冀北山地山楂栽培技术

<正>1园地选择山楂树适应性很强,既喜光,又耐阴,既喜肥又耐瘠薄但在充足的光照与肥水条件下能使树体生长良好,并获得高产。因此应首选土层深厚、肥沃的阳坡建山楂园。干旱严重的冀北瘠薄山地也可选择在阴坡或半阴坡上栽培,一般土壤含水量相对充足,植被覆盖率高,土壤有机质含量高。如土质坚硬、土层太薄、含水量少的坡地,应先改土后建园。     

土壤疏松剂对黄秋葵生长和土壤性状的影响

以黄秋葵为试材,采用大田随机区组试验,研究了土壤疏松剂对黄秋葵生长、产量和土壤性状的影响,以期为黄秋葵的高产优质栽培提供理论参考。结果表明:随着土壤疏松剂施入量的增加,黄秋葵的株高、果实长度呈上升趋势,茎粗、鲜根质量、果实的粗度、产量、商品率呈先升高后降低的趋势,侧枝结果率先下降后上升,在土壤疏松剂施入量为1.8~2.0g·m-2时,黄秋葵生长健壮、产量和商品率都达到最大值;随着土壤疏松剂施入量的增加,土壤容重、铵态氮含量下降,有机质、速效磷、速效钾及土壤含水量提高,土壤pH上升,土壤疏松剂显著改善了0~30cm土层土壤的理化性状。因此,大田种植黄秋葵时,土壤疏松剂最佳施用量范围为1.8~2.0g·m-2。     

不同粒径砂砾石覆盖对砂田西瓜土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

为分析不同粒径砂砾石覆盖对砂田西瓜土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响,2010年在位于黄土丘陵半干旱区的甘肃省庄浪县万泉镇境内进行了不同粒径砂砾石覆盖土壤特性研究.研究结果表明,与露地对照相比,砂砾石覆盖明显改善土壤中的根际微生物区系,显著提高各类微生物数量,增强酶活性;各粒径砂砾石覆盖下的土壤微生物数均为细菌＞放线菌＞真菌...     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

遮阴及地膜覆盖对黄皮果实表面温湿度变化及果实品质的影响

以金鸡心黄皮为试材,研究了遮阴及地膜覆盖处理对黄皮果实品质与果实表面温湿度变化的影响。结果表明：阴雨天气下,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖处理的果实表面日平均湿度低;晴天天气下,地膜覆盖处理及对照果实表面的日平均温度高,昼夜温差大,阴雨及晴天天气下温度变化、湿度变化趋势基本一致;地膜覆盖提高了果实品质,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖降低了果实好果率。     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。