紫色壤地区化肥配施牛粪对菊苣产量和品质的影响

菊苣为菊科菊苣属多年生草本植物，作为牧草种植，具有产草量高、营养价值优良、适口性好和再生能力强的特点，是一种很有开发潜力的高产优质饲草。本试验通过化肥与牛粪配施，探索高产栽培菊苣，为菊苣在重庆紫色土壤地区大面积推广栽培，养牛与种植业的结合提供参考和依据。     

有机肥配施土壤调理剂和菌肥对苹果园土壤肥力及蜜脆苹果果实品质的影响

以2年生蜜脆苹果为材料（基砧为八棱海棠，中间砧为M26），研究了有机肥配施土壤调理剂黄腐酸、硅肥和菌肥并减施化肥对土壤性状和苹果果实品质的影响。结果表明，与单施化肥相比，有机肥与黄腐酸、硅肥、菌肥配施并且化肥量减半降低了土壤p H值，增加了土壤有机质含量及速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量，以“草炭+黄腐酸+硅肥+菌肥+1/2化肥”处理提升土壤肥力的综合效果最好。同时，有机肥配施使蜜脆果实增大，可溶性固形物含量、钙含量、镁含量增加，可滴定酸含量降低，使固酸比增加，以“商品有机肥+黄腐酸+硅肥+1/2化肥”处理增进果实品质的综合效果最好。     

不同氮肥处理对日光温室生菜产量、品质及土壤环境的影响

以生菜为试材,研究不同氮肥对日光温室生菜产量、品质及土壤环境的影响。结果表明:施肥显著提高生菜产量,以有机肥化肥配施增产效果最好。施肥降低生菜可溶性糖含量、提高可溶性蛋白质含量,均以单独施用化肥变幅最大;施肥显著提高生菜维生素C含量,以单独施用有机肥最高,有机肥化肥配施次之;施肥显著提高生菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量,单独施用化肥增幅最大,有机肥化肥配施次之,单独施用有机肥最小。单独施用化肥显著提高了土壤电导率、pH值及可溶性盐含量、碱解氮含量,有机质、速效P和速效K含量略有降低;单独施用有机肥、有机肥化肥配施则显著降低了土壤pH值,显著提高了土壤有机质和碱解氮含量,土壤可溶性盐、速效P、速效K含量及电导率值略有提高。在日光温室生产中,有机肥化肥配施利于协调产量、品质、土壤环境关系,实现可持续发展。     

化肥减量配施有机肥和菌剂对辣椒产量、品质和养分累积的影响

以"羊角红1号"辣椒为试材,采用田间小区试验,探究肥料的减肥增效潜力,在保证产量以及品质的前提下实现科学施肥,以期为连作区的安全高效施肥提供参考依据.结果 表明:1)与农民常规施肥方式相比,减施氮、磷、钾养分55.9％、75.8％、56.8％,并未造成辣椒产量下降,其中牛粪部分替代化肥并配施菌剂(T6)处理产量最高,增幅为12.1％,该处理的病果率降低13.03个百分点;2)推荐施肥提高了肥料偏生产力,其中T6处理增幅最大;3)推荐施肥处理显著提高了辣椒的品质,包括辣椒素以及果实维生素C含量;4)农民常规施肥辣椒根、茎、叶和果实中氮磷钾均处于较高水平,但与其它处理间差异不显著;化肥减量配施有机肥与菌剂对土壤的理化性质影响不显著.综合考虑产量、病果率、肥料偏生产力、辣椒品质,在辣椒连作种植区,适宜的安全高效施肥模式是在化肥减量的基础上,采用牛粪部分替代化肥并配施微生物菌剂.     

有机肥和化肥对菠菜产量及品质的影响

研究了施用牛粪堆肥和化肥对菠菜产量和品质方面的影响.结果表明:施用牛粪堆肥可以提高菠菜的维生素C、全糖和还原糖的含量,降低菠菜硝态氮的含量,但增加产量的作用不明显.施用化肥虽然可以提高菠菜的产量,但菠菜的维生素C、全糖和还原糖的含量降低,硝态氮的含量上升.     

不同形态氮素对“赤霞珠”葡萄果实品质的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"为试材,向土壤施等量纯氮,其硝铵比分别为100∶0,75∶25,50∶50,25∶75,0∶100和不施肥6种处理,研究不同形态氮素配比对"赤霞珠"葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明:不同硝铵比处理的葡萄果实硝态氮含量从高到低依次为100∶075∶2550∶5025∶75CK0∶100,硝态氮与铵态氮混合配施的果实百粒重、还原糖、可溶性蛋白质、总酚、总花色苷、类黄酮、单宁含量均高于全硝、全铵和CK,而可滴定酸含量较低。其中硝铵比为75∶25处理的葡萄果实还原糖、总酚、总花色苷、类黄酮、单宁含量较高,可滴定酸含量较低,其果实还原糖、总花色苷、单宁含量与对照及其它4种施氮处理之间差异均达显著水平;硝铵比50∶50处理的葡萄果实百粒重和可溶性蛋白质含量均显著高于其它处理。说明硝铵比75∶25和50∶50是赤霞珠葡萄较适宜的氮素形态配比。     

不同施肥处理对连作西瓜土壤微生物区系的影响

以连续种植2a西瓜的连作地土壤为试验对象,以单纯施用化肥为对照,在同等养分供给的水平下,研究了不同有机肥与有机-无机混施对西瓜整个生育期土壤微生物区系动态变化的影响.结果表明:有机肥与有机-无机混施处理后,西瓜整个生育期土壤真菌数量均显著降低,同时增加了西瓜伸蔓期及膨瓜期的土壤细菌和放线菌含量;有机-无机混施效果优于有机肥单施,其中以双钾型生物有机肥与化肥混施效果最好,牛粪效果最差.生物有机肥与化肥配施能有效改善连作西瓜土壤微生物区系,从而抑制西瓜连作障碍.     

有机肥和生物炭对设施青菜生产及土壤养分积累利用的影响

为探明有机肥与生物炭对设施菜地种植及环境效应的影响,利用设施青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)田间小区进行试验,研究了有机肥、化肥单施和配施及添加生物炭对青菜产量和品质以及土壤养分和理化性状的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥处理相比,有机无机肥配施且添加生物炭的处理(T6),土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、可溶性盐含量分别降低了44.22%、25.19%、12.82%、41.97%;土壤有机质含量和pH分别增加了15.35%和7.16%;青菜可溶性糖、维生素C含量分别提高25.35%、8.13%;增产1.46%。有机无机肥配施且添加生物炭能有效改善土壤理化性质,减少化肥用量,促进青菜地上部磷钾养分的累积,提高青菜产量,改善青菜品质;同时减轻了设施菜地土壤盐渍化程度,增加了土壤pH,提高了土壤孔隙度。     

有机无机肥配施对‘巨峰’葡萄果实品质的影响

以5年生‘贝达’砧‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,设置羊粪、猪粪、生物有机肥等有机肥按不同比例(25%、50%、75%、100%)替代化肥试验处理,研究不同有机肥与化肥配施处理对‘巨峰’葡萄果实品质的影响,并通过topsis方法对各处理果实品质指标进行综合评价,以期获得最佳的有机肥与化肥配施比例。结果表明:与单施化肥(CK)相比,羊粪与化肥配施显著提高了果实可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量,其中羊粪替代率为50%(S2)处理的花青苷含量最高、可滴定酸含量最低,综合果实品质在羊粪与化肥配施中排名第一;猪粪与化肥配施同样显著提高了果实的单粒重、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量,其中,猪粪替代率为25%(P1)处理的可溶性固形物含量、花青苷含量最高,综合果实品质在猪粪与化肥配施中排名第一;生物有机肥与化肥配施也显著提高了果实的单粒重、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量,其中,生物有机肥替代率为50%(B2)处理的花青苷含量最高、品质指数最高,综合果实品质在生物有机肥与化肥配施中排名第一。综上所述,在667 m2负载量1 500kg左右下,各有机肥与化肥配施处理均改善了葡萄果实品质,各有机肥适宜替代率分别为羊粪50%、猪粪25%、生物有机肥50%。     

腐熟牛粪、菌糠在黄瓜育苗上的应用效果研究

以黄瓜为试材，将腐熟牛粪、菌糠作为主要基质原材料，采用添加不同体积的草炭和蛭石进行基质复配的方法开展黄瓜育苗试验，研究了不同配比基质的理化性质及其对黄瓜育苗效果的影响，以期筛选适宜黄瓜育苗的基质配方，为腐熟牛粪、菌糠等废弃物的基质化利用提供参考依据。结果表明：与对照相比，草蛭∶腐熟牛粪∶菌糠=70∶10∶20配比基质理化性状适宜，出苗率达98.67%,整齐度最高，可显著提高黄瓜幼苗茎粗、叶面积，地上干质量和地下干质量均为最大，分别达0.19 g和0.02 g,幼苗综合评价指数最高，达0.914 6,综合表现最优。可推荐草蛭∶腐熟牛粪∶菌糠=70∶10∶20配比基质作为黄瓜育苗基质使用。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

遮阴及地膜覆盖对黄皮果实表面温湿度变化及果实品质的影响

以金鸡心黄皮为试材,研究了遮阴及地膜覆盖处理对黄皮果实品质与果实表面温湿度变化的影响。结果表明：阴雨天气下,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖处理的果实表面日平均湿度低;晴天天气下,地膜覆盖处理及对照果实表面的日平均温度高,昼夜温差大,阴雨及晴天天气下温度变化、湿度变化趋势基本一致;地膜覆盖提高了果实品质,遮阴及遮阴＋地膜覆盖降低了果实好果率。     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。