昆明草坪草混播配方优化组合模式探讨

在昆明独特的气候条件下，通过对运动场草坪、观赏草坪和护坡草坪三类草坪混播配方的调查研究，探讨出了适应云南地区种植的9种优化组合。运动场草坪：草地早熟禾（Poapratensis L．）＋高羊茅（Festucaarundinacea Schreb．）＋多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne L．），草地早熟禾＋高羊茅，草地早熟禾＋狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon（L．）Pers、）＋多年生黑麦草；观赏草坪：草地早熟禾＋匍匐翦股颖（Agrostisstolonifera L．），草地早熟禾＋紫羊茅（Festuca rubraL．），草地早熟禾（优异）＋草地早熟禾（蓝月）＋草地早熟禾（新哥来得）＋草地早熟禾（肯塔基）；护坡草坪：高羊茅＋多年生黑麦草＋狗牙根，高羊茅＋多年生黑麦草＋狗牙根＋白三叶（Trifolium repens L．），高羊茅＋多年生黑麦草＋狗牙根＋白三叶＋紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L．）。     

昆明草坪草混播配方优化组合模式探讨

在昆明独特的气候条件下,通过对运动场草坪、观赏草坪和护坡草坪三类草坪混播配方的调查研究,探讨出了适应云南地区种植的9种优化组合。运动场草坪:草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)+高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)+多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.),草地早熟禾+高羊茅,草地早熟禾+狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.)+多年生黑麦草;观赏草坪:草地早熟禾+匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera L.),草地早熟禾+紫羊茅(Festuca rubra L.),草地早熟禾(优异)+草地早熟禾(蓝月)+草地早熟禾(新哥来得)+草地早熟禾(肯塔基);护坡草坪:高羊茅+多年生黑麦草+狗牙根,高羊茅+多年生黑麦草+狗牙根+白三叶(Trifolium repens L.),高羊茅+多年生黑麦草+狗牙根+白三叶+紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)。     

牧草常用的混播组合

地区混播组合东北华北、西北青藏高原南方中、高山地区南方低山丘陵区紫花苜蓿+羊草紫花苜蓿+无芒雀麦黄花苜蓿+无芒雀麦(或披硷草)白三叶+多年生黑麦草自三叶+多年生黑麦草+鸭茅+苇状羊茅+草地早熟禾白三叶+红三叶+多年生黑麦草+无芒雀麦红三叶+鸭茅+猫尾蕈白三叶+苇状羊茅白三叶+鸭茅+毛花雀稗卡松古鲁狗尾草+宽叶雀稗+马唐+鸡眼草牧草常用的混播组合     

牧草常用的混播组合

地 区混播组合北北、西北藏高原方中、高山地区方低山丘陵区紫花苜蓿+羊草紫花苜蓿十无芒雀麦黄花苜蓿+无芒雀麦(或披硷草)自三叶+多年黑麦草白三叶+多年黑麦草+鸭茅+苇状羊茅+草地早熟禾白三叶+红三叶+多年生黑麦草+无芒雀麦红三叶+鸭茅十猫尾草白三叶+苇状羊茅白三叶+鸭茅+毛花雀稗牧草常用的混播组合     

云贵高原人工草地混播组合的研究

红三叶(Trifolium pratense)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、黑穗画眉(Eragrostis uigra)、紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)、草地早熟禾(Poapratensis)八种适宜当地生态条件的豆科及禾本科牧草组成三大类(刈牧兼用型复杂类、刈草型简单类、放牧型简单类)十二种不同的混播组合,在力求一致的试验条件下研究各混播组合植被类型的产量动态和植物群落内部各组分的变化规律,以了解各混播组合草地的生产能力和植物群落的稳定性(包括豆、禾比例在生产意义上的合理性及稳定性),并据此为当地筛选出建立人工草地的理想混播组合。结果表明,红三叶、白三叶、多年生黑麦草、鸭茅、紫羊茅、草地早熟禾在其参于的混播组合中,表现出较好的竞争性和互补性,可以当选为混播成员,而黑穗画眉、无芒雀麦在其参于的混播组合中逐渐被淘汰。联合分析结果表明,刈牧兼用型复杂组合总体上优于刈草型和放牧型简单组合,其中当选的组合有 V9(红三叶+白三叶+多年生黑麦草+紫羊茅)、V10(红三叶+白三叶+鸭茅+紫羊茅)、V12(红三叶+白三叶+多年生黑麦草);当选的刈草型组合有 V2(红三叶+鸭茅);当选的放牧型组合有 V6(白三叶+紫羊茅)、V5(白三叶+多年生黑麦草)。     

牧草的季节分配及利用

<正>牧草的季节分配方式是:3-6月份选择温带型牧草,如多年生红三叶、白三叶、紫花苜蓿、禾本科的牛尾草、一年生的黑麦草作为主栽品种;6-10月份,种植热带型牧草,如杂交狼尾草、苏丹草等;11月至翌年3月初的枯草期,主要饲喂青储的多汁饲料和一部分干草。适宜作青储饲料的作物有玉米、高粱、大麦以及多花黑麦草等。豆科牧草如紫花苜蓿、红三叶、白三叶等,不适宜单独进行青贮。     

防护草坪质量评价及其混播组合优化研究

为优化筛选适合亚热带地区水土保持的草坪混播组合,对当地表现良好的草坪草进行混播建坪,分别在幼坪和成坪阶段观测相关指标,采用多项表观指标及模糊数学评价法,对各组合的坪用表现给予综合评价.结果表明,混播草坪在成坪速度、抗杂草能力以及抗病虫害等方面均体现出更广泛的适应性和混播草种间的互补性优势,适应当地气候条件的优化组合有3个,分别为:Z3(高羊茅40％+多年生黑麦草10％+狗牙根20％+白三叶10％+紫花苜蓿20％)、Z2(高羊茅40％+多年生黑麦草10％+狗牙根30％+白三叶20％)和Z1(狗牙根50％+高羊茅40％+多年生黑麦草10％),在五级评价体系中位居Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级.根据综合评价值的大小,筛选出用于水土保持的最优混播组合为:Z3,即高羊茅40％+多年生黑麦草10％+狗牙根20％+白三叶10％+紫花苜蓿20％.     

不同遮阴条件下几种草坪草的耐阴性及观赏品质比较

通过观察遮阴条件下供试草坪草外观表现,得出耐阴性为:优美草地早熟禾百思特早熟禾翦股颖高羊茅多年生黑麦草狗牙根白三叶。以6种草坪草为试验材料,在不同遮阴条件下,采用九分制评分标准对其形态指标进行综合评分,对叶绿素含量进行测定,同时,在自然条件下对叶绿素a/b值进行测定比较,得出作为室内微型草坪其观赏品质的优劣顺序:优美草地早熟禾、凌志高羊茅顶峰黑麦草中华结缕草、普通狗牙根海法白三叶,优美草地早熟禾、凌志高羊茅和顶峰黑麦草耐阴性较强,与其他品种的观赏品质呈差异显著水平,适合用于室内微型草坪的建植,而适当的通风透光更有利于提高室内微型草坪的观赏品质。     

12个多年生牧草品种在迪庆高寒地区的引种评价

为筛选出适宜云南迪庆高寒地区种植的多年生牧草品种,本研究开展了12个多年生牧草品种引种适应性的比较,并采用灰色关联度综合评价法对其生产性能进行了综合评价。结果表明,12种牧草生产性能的高低顺序为紫花苜蓿牧歌401+Z(Medicago sativa cv.Amerigraze401+Z)菊苣将军(Cichorium intybus cv.Commander)鸭茅安巴(Dactylis glomerata cv.Anmba)多年生黑麦草雅晴(Lolium perenne cv.Yatsyn)白三叶铺地(Trifolium repens cv.Prop)红三叶(T.pratense)白三叶海法(T.repens cv.Haifa)紫花苜蓿游客(Medicago sativacv.Eureka)紫花苜蓿WL-525(Medicago sativacv.WL-525)扁穗雀麦草地麦特(Bromus catharticus cv.Grasslands Matua)紫花苜蓿猎人河(M.sativacv.Hunterriver)老芒麦同德(Elymus sibiricus cv.Tongde)。其中,牧歌401+Z紫花苜蓿、将军菊苣、安巴鸭茅、雅晴多年生黑麦草、铺地白三叶、普通红三叶、海法白三叶在当地适应性较好,生产性能相对较高,可作为当地建植栽培草地及改良天然草地的优选品种。研究结果对解决当地饲草匮乏、促进当地草地畜牧业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

草坪草早熟禾、草地早熟禾和多年生黑麦草之间的相互影响

<正> 早熟禾(Poa annua L.)、草地早熟禾(P.prafensis L.)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)是在建立草坪草层中具有不同优势能力的三种禾本科牧草。多年生黑麦草和早熟禾生长十分健壮,尤其是在定植期间。草地早熟禾是一种侵占性比较差的牧草。草坪草型的多年生黑麦草和草地早熟禾是很理想的草坪草,早熟禾则是一年生杂草。早熟禾在草坪草层中是一种危害很     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Meiosis in bovine oocytes matured in vitro and in vivo

Meiosis in bovine oocytes has; been studied after maturation in vitro or in vivo. Oocytes for in vitro maturation were collected from the ovaries of slaughtered cattle without regard to the phase of the estrous cycle while in vivo maturation was studied in oocytes from gonadotrophin-stimulated heifers at times varying between 6 and 36 h after the beginning of behavioural estrus. Oocytes from slaughtered cattle were classified according to their cumulus complex and ooplasm and were cultured for 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 or 48 h in modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer before fixation) for cytogenetic analysis. Oocytes from stimulated heifers were aspirated from follicles or flushed from the oviducts, classified according to cumulus and ooplasm, and fixed within 6 h of collection. Nuclear maturation was more rapid in vitro than in vivo. The largest proportion of oocytes reached maturity (Mil) after 12 to 18 h in culture or 30 to 36 h after the onset of behavioural estrus. Oocytes devoid of cumulus cells or showing signs of vacuolation or degeneration had virtually no capacity for nuclear maturation.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).