Mixed leukocyte reactions and histocompatibility in rats

Mixed leukocyte culture tests have been carried out on two hetero geneous but genetically defined backcross populations of rats to determine whether the reactions observed can provide the basis for histocompatibility matching. The experiments were designed so that only-one-way reactions could occur. Only when the donors of individual leukocyte mixtures differed at the important Ag-B histocompatibility locus was there any in vitro reactivity, and differences at this locus were invariably associated with the prompt rejection of skin homografts. Determination of compatibility at this locus proved to be important in that it facilitated the prolongation of survival of skin homografts by immunosuppressive therapy.     

Homograft tolerance in mice: use of urethan and sublethal irradiation

Adult mice [CBA/J (H-2(k))], which received either a single sublethal dose of x-radiation (500 rad) or urethan plus 500 rad, were given intravenous injections of C3H/HeJ (H-2(k)) spleen or bone marrow cells (18 to 42 x 10(6) cells per mouse) or both, for 3 days. C3H/HeJ tail-skin homografts were retained (over 130 days) by these mice, whereas BALB/cJ (H-2(d)) homografts all were rejected within 33 days. Similarly irradiated or urethan-treated controls (or controls treated with a combination of both), which did not receive C3H cells, rejected both homografts. Specific homograft tolerance is induced in adult mice by this procedure.     

Relationship of blood type to histocompatibility in chickens

Evidence shows that the B blood group locus in chickens, which controls red cell antigens, is associated with tolerance of skin homografts. Three other blood group loci studied did not show this effect.     

Cryopreservation, culture, and transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic tissue into monkeys

Studies in animals suggest that fetal neural grafts might restore lost neurological function in Parkinson's disease. In monkeys, such grafts survive for many months and reverse signs of parkinsonism, without attendant graft rejection. The successful and reliable application of a similar transplantation procedure to human patients, however, will require neural tissue obtained from human fetal cadavers, with demonstrated cellular identity, viability, and biological safety. In this report, human fetal neural tissue was successfully grafted into the brains of monkeys. Neural tissue was collected from human fetal cadavers after 9 to 12 weeks of gestation and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Viability after up to 2 months of storage was demonstrated by cell culture and by transplantation into monkeys. Cryopreservation and storage of human fetal neural tissue would allow formation of a tissue bank. The stored cells could then be specifically tested to assure their cellular identity, viability, and bacteriological and virological safety before clinical use. The capacity to collect and maintain viable human fetal neural tissue would also facilitate research efforts to understand the development and function of the human brain and provide opportunities to study neurological diseases.     

山羊同种异体一侧肾移植手术及术后反应的观察

家畜的肾移植目前国内未见正式报道,我们从1982年12月以来进行了三例山羊同种异体一侧肾移植手术,目的是探讨肾移植手术的方法,并对术后的排异反应进行观察,以掌握其发生发展规律,以便早期进行诊断控制其发展。其中一例手术后存活观察39天后淘汰。手术选择健康无血缘关系公羊作为供体和受体,术前进行全身检查及实验室检查(包括血、尿常规及肌酐),供体羊在左侧臁部第四腰椎下方作切口,常规打开腹腔取出左侧肾,立即以4℃生理盐水灌洗(温缺血时间为15～18分钟)。受体羊同时打开腹腔取出左肾,再植入供肾,以无损伤缝合线吻合肾动脉、肾静脉、输尿管,闭合腹腔(冷缺血2小时25分)。术后每天定期作全身检查(与术前相同),给予4天抗菌素治疗。我们认为,灌洗时间应控制在20分钟之内,冷缺血时间在2小时左右为好,植入时应先吻合静脉后动脉然后为输尿管。为了观察排异情况,手术前后未使用特异性药物和采取必要措施。术后第二天出现超急排异反应,第11、18、24天有明显急性排异反应现象;体温升高,呼吸、脉搏增数,血肌酐上升,白细胞升高,血红蛋白及红细胞下降,尿量减少,肾肿大,感痛等。     

Growth regulation of human melanocytes: mitogenic factors in extracts of melanoma, astrocytoma, and fibroblast cell lines

Melanocytes derived from fetal or adult skin do not propagate in vitro unless cultured in the presence of factors such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). In a search for physiological factors regulating the growth of melanocytes, extracts of various cultured cell types were tested. Factors produced by melanoma and astrocytoma cell lines support continued proliferation of melanocytes in the absence of TPA. WI-38, a fibroblast cell line derived from human embryonic lung, was the most active source of melanocyte growth factors. No melanocyte growth-promoting activity was found in extracts of cultured neuroblastoma, renal cancer, normal keratinocytes, or renal epithelium. Nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, transforming growth factor-beta, and platelet-derived growth factor did not have growth-promoting activity for melanocytes. The presence of melanocyte growth factors and TPA together resulted in the strongest mitogenic activity for melanocytes, permitting the recovery (at 20 days) of 4 to 20 times as many cells as in growth factor or TPA alone.     

Induction of hemoglobin accumulation in human K562 cells by hemin is reversible

Twenty micromolar hemin causes no change in the rate of division of K562 cells but results in accumulation of 11 to 14 picograms of embryonic and fetal hemoglobins per cell. This effect is reversible, and hemoglobin induction in response to hemin, and loss of hemoglobin upon removal of hemin, can be cyclically repeated. The cells can be indefinitely subcultured in the presence of the inducer. Thus, the control of hemoglobin levels in K562 cells does not depend on irreversible differentiation.     

社会排斥和决策框架对风险偏好影响

为探讨社会排斥和决策框架对风险偏好的影响及其交互作用,实验1采取回忆排斥经历范式激发社会排斥感,考察不同决策框架下风险偏好;实验2采取虚假人格反馈范式激发社会排斥感,并增加不幸控制组,考察消极事件和人际压力对框架条件下决策偏好的影响.结果显示:(1)社会排斥情境下存在框架效应;(2)社会排斥强化框架效应,积极框架下风险规避增加,消极框架下风险寻求增加.     

THE MECHANISM OF THE VIRUCIDAL ACTION OF ASCORBIC ACID

The theoretical yield of H(2)O(2) formed during the oxidation of a virucidal solution of ascorbic acid approximates the virucidal action of an equivalent amount of H(2)O(2). Both the action of ascorbic acid and H(2)O(2) are completely neutralized by catalase. The action of ascorbic acid against influence A virus may therefore be explained as being due to the H(2)O(2) formed during the Cu catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid. The observed in vitro virucidal activity of ascorbic acid obviously can not be utilized therapeutically because of the presence of catalase in body tissues.     

Concanavalin A alters synaptic specificity between cultured Aplysia neurons

Factors that regulate synaptic specificity were investigated with Aplysia buccal and bag cell neurons in primary cell culture. In the presence of fetal calf serum electrical synapses are formed between buccal-buccal or bag-bag cell pairs, but not between buccal-bag cell pairs. Instead, buccal neurons make inhibitory chemical synapses on bag cells. However, in the presence of nanomolar concentrations of the lectin concanavalin A this pattern changes, such that more than 75 percent of buccal-bag pairs exhibit electrical synapses and the frequency of occurrence of buccal-bag chemical synapses is reduced. Such changes in synaptic specificity may be important in determining the types of synapses formed during neuronal development and neurite regeneration.     

青山羊胚胎期卵巢组织发生的研究

50日龄的卵巢皮质与髓质的分化不明显,为原始皮质和原始髓质,卵原细胞处于繁殖期。65日龄出现初级卵母细胞团,有的初级卵母细胞处于减数分裂的核网期。80日龄,皮质与髓质分区明显并出现原始卵泡。初级卵泡、次级卵泡和三级卵泡最早形成时间分别是在95日龄、110日龄和140日龄的皮质深层。胚胎发育早期(50～65日龄),卵母细胞的分化生长快于退化。65日龄后,卵母细胞的退化大于分化生长。125日龄后达到动态平衡。     

Study on features of female fetal reproductive system development in Chinese northeast fine-wool sheep

Some charaterasics of female fetal reproductive system were studied in different gestation phases of Chinese northeast fine-wool sheep.The results showed that reproductive system consisted of ovary,oviduct,uterus and genitalia.The fetal ovaries were granular in early phase and became elliptic in later phase.The functional formula of ovarian weight,length and volume was obtained. Primary oocyte was encapsulated by monolayer cells in 7-week fetal ovary cortex.Primordial follicles were formed in 8-week fetal ovary,the follicular cells were sporadically arranged and not always regular.Complete organization of primordial follicles appeared until 10-week gestation,most of them scattered in nests in the following weeks of gestation.Two types of follicular complexes were found in fetal.There were continuous and quick mitosis of oogonia in fetal ovaries,large complexes were formed by oogoniaes encapsulated by multilayer of follicular cells,then they differentiated into small complexes,one or more primary oocytes were formed by mitosis of oogonia,primordial follicles which were caused by follicular cell approaching into them developed.     

主成分分析法与聚类分析法在胎衣不下奶牛血液生化研究中的应用

通过分析胎衣不下奶牛血液生化指标的变化特征,为奶牛胎衣不下早期诊断方法的建立提供依据。产犊后立即无菌采集47头奶牛血液,其中25头为胎衣正常排出奶牛,22头为胎衣不下奶牛;血液生化分析仪检测血清生化指标,主成分分析法与聚类分析法分析检测结果。结果表明,16项血清生化指标被聚类成3个主成分,主成分聚类分析的结果与临床采集样品的分类结果一致;与胎衣正常排出奶牛相比,胎衣不下奶牛的血清中乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、谷氨酰胺转移酶、肌酸激酶水平显著升高。表明,主成分分析和聚类分析可以有效地区别胎衣不下奶牛血清和胎衣正常排出奶牛血清,因此可以通过此方法对奶牛产后胎衣不下的发生进行提前诊断;还表明奶牛胎衣不下的发生不仅与蛋白质代谢、离子代谢和肌肉代谢紊乱有关,而且肝脏和肾脏的机能损伤也可能导致胎衣不下。     

大白鼠大脑新皮质组织移植形态学及神经纤维联系的研究

用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠脑新皮质组织移植于同种幼鼠相应区域，术后分别于７天，１５天，３０天，６０天、１５０天应用光镜，电镜、免疫组织化学及酶组织化学的方法，观察移植物生长与发育成熟的形态特征，并应用辣极过氧化物酶追踪技术观察移植物和受体脑之间的神经纤维联系。结果表明：大部分移植物内的神经元不仅能存活，且能生长发育成熟为和受体脑相似的正常神经元，部分存活的移植物和受体脑之间可形成程度不同的神经纤维联系。     

Novel sites of expression of functional angiotensin II receptors in the late gestation fetus

In the adult, the peptide hormone angiotensin II (AII) is primarily known as a regulator of circulatory homeostasis, but recent evidence also suggests a role in cell growth. This study of AII in late gestation rat fetuses revealed the unexpected presence of receptors in skeletal muscle and connective tissue, in addition to those in recognized adult target tissues. The AII receptors in this novel location decreased by 80 percent 1 day after birth and were almost undetectable in the adult. Studies in fetal skin fibroblasts showed that the receptors were coupled to phospholipid breakdown, with concomitant increases in inositol phosphate and cytosolic calcium. The abundance, timing of expression, and unique localization of functional AII receptors in the fetus suggest a role for AII in fetal development.     

Hemoglobin interaction: modification of solid phase composition in the sickling phenomenon

Direct analyses of solid phase formed by deoxygenating solutions of sickle-cell hemoglobin (Hb S) in the presence of certain other hemoglobin species show that hemoglobins A and C can participate in the filamentous fine structure characteristic of the sickling phenomenon. In contrast, fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) is nearly completely excluded.     

B超在犬妊娠后期胎儿头、肝及心跳变化监测上的应用

通过B超技术监测犬妊娠后期胎儿头、肝脏及心跳的变化情况,研究其变化规律。结果表明,胎儿头径随妊娠时间的增加整体增加,且妊娠最后10d较前期增长幅度大,平均每天增长0.70mm。肝脏直径随妊娠时间的增加而增大,妊娠最后5d胎儿肝脏直径平均每天增长3.03mm。胎儿胎心搏动次数随妊娠时间增加没有明显变化规律,但在分娩前10h有胎儿胎心跳动次数下降到180次/min,刚出生胎儿心脏搏动次数会有所回升。     

Hormonal regulation of gonadotropin receptors and steroidogenesis in cultured fetal rat tests

Gonadotropic activation of the adult rat testis in vitro and in vivo is followed by down-regulation of luteinizing hormone receptors and decreased androgen responses to subsequent hormonal stimulation. In contrast, treatment of cultured fetal testes with gonadotropins and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate enhanced steroidogenic responsiveness and did not cause the luteinizing hormone-receptor loss and desensitization that is characteristic of the adult gonad. The analysis of gonadotropin receptors and action in cultured fetal testis cells facilitates developmental studies of gonadal function, and has revealed significant differences in the responses of fetal and adult Leydig cells to gonadotropic regulation.     

The SCID-hu mouse: murine model for the analysis of human hematolymphoid differentiation and function

The study of human hematopoietic cells and the human immune system is hampered by the lack of a suitable experimental model. Experimental data are presented showing that human fetal liver hematopoietic cells, human fetal thymus, and human fetal lymph node support the differentiation of mature human T cells and B cells after engraftment into mice with genetically determined severe combined immunodeficiency. The resultant SCID-hu mice are found to have a transient wave of human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and human IgG (immunoglobulin G) in the peripheral circulation. The functional status of the human immune system within this mouse model is not yet known.     

公猪肾脏胎儿的一例报告

在公猪肾脏内发现一个雄性胎儿。躯干长8.2厘米,相当于50至60天的正常猪胎儿。胎儿面部宽阔、平直,没有咀筒,口宽大,脑秃而圆,颈部细缩,后躯比前躯高,四脚均有五指(趾),尾很长。胎儿胎膜与公猪肾皮质直接接触,建立简单的胎盘联系,进行物质交换。其内部器官均与同龄正常猪胎儿相类似,经鉴定,确定为孪生寄生体。这种罕见的寄生现象,说明家畜胚胎在发育过程中与环境因素的相互作用是极为复杂的,它对家畜遗传繁育和未来的胚胎操纵提供了新的研究线索。