梅花鹿的胆汁酸成分分析

本文采用色谱——质谱——计算机联用仪测定了鹿胆汁水解物的胆汁酸成分,从色谱分离出的7种组份中鉴定出二种胆汁酸成分,其他组份正在分离鉴定中。     

活熊取胆胆汁与商品熊胆胆汁酸成分的比较研究

本文报道了活熊取胆胆汁的生药学特征,并采用GC—MS—计算机联用仪测定了活熊取胆胆汁与商品熊胆水解物中胆汁酸的种类及含量,通过比较确认了活熊取胆胆汁代替商品熊胆的可行性。     

Cholesterol: vitamin C controls its transformation to bile acids

Cholesterol accumulates in the blood serum and in the liver of guinea pigs with chronic latent vitamin C deficiency. The reason for this is the decreased rate of transformation of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver of animals deficient in vitamin C. A significant direct correlation exists between the vitamin C concentration in the liver and the rate of cholesterol transformation to bile acids.     

Nuclear receptor-dependent bile acid signaling is required for normal liver regeneration

Liver mass depends on one or more unidentified humoral signals that drive regeneration when liver functional capacity is diminished. Bile acids are important liver products, and their levels are tightly regulated. Here, we identify a role for nuclear receptor-dependent bile acid signaling in normal liver regeneration. Elevated bile acid levels accelerate regeneration, and decreased levels inhibit liver regrowth, as does the absence of the primary nuclear bile acid receptor FXR. We propose that FXR activation by increased bile acid flux is a signal of decreased functional capacity of the liver. FXR, and possibly other nuclear receptors, may promote homeostasis not only by regulating expression of appropriate metabolic target genes but also by driving homeotrophic liver growth.     

猪源降胆固醇肠球菌的分离鉴定

为了筛选益生菌并评价其对血清胆固醇的降解作用,从健康猪胃肠道分离鉴定12株肠球菌,进行体外降胆固醇,对酸和胆盐的耐受性试验,结果表明：分离菌均具有体外降解血清胆固醇的作用,降解率为16．67～48．00％,对pH3．0和0．4％的胆盐具有抵抗力,综合评价E1和E7可以作为降胆固醇的备选益生菌株。     

Peroxisomal defects in neonatal-onset and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophies

Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in X-linked and neonatal forms of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) appears to be a consequence of deficient peroxisomal oxidation of very long chain fatty acids. Peroxisomes were readily identified in liver biopsies taken from a patient having the X-linked disorder. However, in liver biopsies from a patient having neonatal-onset ALD, hepatocellular peroxisomes were greatly reduced in size and number, and sedimentable catalase was markedly diminished. The presence of increased concentrations of serum pipecolic acid and the bile acid intermediate, trihydroxycoprostanic acid, in the neonatal ALD patient are associated with a generalized diminution of peroxisomal activities that was not observed in the patient with X-linked ALD.     

饲料中胆汁酸对红鳍东方鲀脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究饲料中添加胆汁酸对红鳍东方鲀脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响,以鱼油为主要脂肪源,配制五种等氮饲料,以初始体重14g的红鳍东方鲀进行为期56天的投喂养殖实验。设置适宜脂肪含量(8%)的对照组,并在对照组添加0.02%及0.10%的胆汁酸,分别获得低胆汁酸添加组(BA)和高胆汁酸组(HBA)。另设一高脂组(脂肪含量12.5%,HL组)及高脂+0.02%胆汁酸组(HLBA组)。结果表明,添加胆汁酸的处理组肌肉和肝脏MUFA均低于对照组,其中HBA组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。肌肉中n-6PUFA含量在HLBA和HL组显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。在适宜脂肪含量的三个处理组间,肝脏中的C20:0、C16:1n-7、C18:1n-9、C18:2n-6、C20:4n-6、C18:3n-3、C18:4n-3、C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3都呈现随着胆汁酸添加量增加而降低的趋势。血清超氧化物歧化酶活性和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性都有随着胆汁酸添加而升高的趋势,且在高脂组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血清谷胱甘肽还原酶则呈现相反的趋势。肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1的mRNA相对表达量在对照组显著高于其他组,而BA组氧化还原酶1的基因表达量显著高于对照组;在高脂组添加胆汁酸显著升高了过氧化氢酶的基因表达量。综上所述,饲料中胆汁酸的添加降低了饲料及鱼体组织中一系列长链脂肪酸的含量;胆汁酸对血清抗氧化蛋白活性的影响与其对肝脏抗氧化相关基因表达的影响结果不一致。     

饲喂益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang对高脂日粮大鼠肝脏脂质代谢的作用

【目的】研究不同剂量益生菌L. casei Zhang（2.0×1010 CFU/d、2.0×109 CFU/d和2.0×108 CFU/d）及其发酵乳饮料（2.0×108 CFU/mL/d）对高胆固醇血症大鼠肝脏脂质的治疗作用。【方法】采用高脂饲料诱导高脂血症,采用相应试剂盒测定肝脏总胆固醇水平（TC）和甘油三酯（TG）水平、粪便总胆汁酸水平与胆固醇水平以及血清载脂蛋白ApoAⅠ与ApoB水平。【结果】益生菌各剂量组和发酵饮料组与高脂模型组相比,肝脏总胆固醇水平（TC）和甘油三酯（TG）水平均显著降低(P＜0.05 或P＜0.01)。各试验组均可显著增加高血脂大鼠粪便总胆汁酸水平和血清载脂蛋白ApoAⅠ水平以及显著降低血清载脂蛋白ApoB水平(P＜0.01),但对粪便胆固醇水平影响不明显(P＞0.05)。【结论】益生菌L. casei Zhang主要通过增加总胆汁酸的排出和调节载脂蛋白水平来改善高血脂大鼠肝脏脂质水平。     

Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice: prevention by overexpression of LDL receptors

The current studies were designed to determine whether chronic overexpression of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the liver would protect mice from the increase in plasma LDL-cholesterol that is induced by high-fat diets. A line of transgenic mice was studied that express the human LDL receptor gene in the liver under control of the transferrin promoter. When fed a diet containing cholesterol, saturated fat, and bile acids for 3 weeks, the transgenic mice, in contrast to normal mice, did not develop a detectable increase in plasma LDL. The current data indicate that unregulated overexpression of LDL receptors can protect against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice.     

胆固醇7α-羟化酶基因研究进展

胆固醇7-羟化酶（cholesterol 7-hydroxylase,CYP7A1）是胆汁酸经典合成途径中的限速酶,对维持机体胆固醇代谢平衡起关键作用。目前已知CYP7A1基因的表达受包括该基因自身的多态性在内的多种因子调控。CYP7A1代谢途径作为脂类代谢通路的重要一部分,其活性发生改变后可能会引起与脂类代谢紊乱有关的胆结石、胆囊癌和心血管疾病等。就有关CYP7A1基因的最新研究进展进行了较系统的综述。图1参53     

几种动物胆汁的组分对比及树脂法精制CDCA初探

采用薄层层析法对蟾蜍、兔、鸡、猪及牛胆汁的组分进行了初步分析,结果表明,蟾蜍胆汁中主要是胆酸(CA)和几种不明物质;兔胆汁中主要是去氧胆酸(DCA)和少量的胆酸(CA);鸡胆汁中以鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)和胆酸(CA)为主;猪胆汁中主要是鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)、猪去氧胆酸(HDCA)和石胆酸(LCA)为主;牛胆汁中主要是胆酸(CA)、去氧胆酸(DCA)以及少量的鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA).采用紫外扫描皂化胆汁,确定了皂化胆汁的最大吸收波长,并以此为紫外检测波长首次对离子交换树脂法提取CDCA进行了初步研究并得到了高纯度的CDCA精品.     

A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR

Extracts of the resin of the guggul tree (Commiphora mukul) lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in humans. The plant sterol guggulsterone [4,17(20)-pregnadiene-3,16-dione] is the active agent in this extract. We show that guggulsterone is a highly efficacious antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear hormone receptor that is activated by bile acids. Guggulsterone treatment decreases hepatic cholesterol in wild-type mice fed a high-cholesterol diet but is not effective in FXR-null mice. Thus, we propose that inhibition of FXR activation is the basis for the cholesterol-lowering activity of guggulsterone. Other natural products with specific biologic effects may modulate the activity of FXR or other relatively promiscuous nuclear hormone receptors.     

FGF19 as a postprandial, insulin-independent activator of hepatic protein and glycogen synthesis

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 is an enterokine synthesized and released when bile acids are taken up into the ileum. We show that FGF19 stimulates hepatic protein and glycogen synthesis but does not induce lipogenesis. The effects of FGF19 are independent of the activity of either insulin or the protein kinase Akt and, instead, are mediated through a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway that activates components of the protein translation machinery and stimulates glycogen synthase activity. Mice lacking FGF15 (the mouse FGF19 ortholog) fail to properly maintain blood concentrations of glucose and normal postprandial amounts of liver glycogen. FGF19 treatment restored the loss of glycogen in diabetic animals lacking insulin. Thus, FGF19 activates a physiologically important, insulin-independent endocrine pathway that regulates hepatic protein and glycogen metabolism.     

鸡胆汁对动物小肠平滑肌及胆汁分泌的影响

采用肠管运动实验的在体法和离体法证明鸡胆汁对家兔在体和离本肠管平滑肌的收缩强度均有极显著的抑制作用，其抑制率分别为３９．９１％和６２．４９％，但对两者的收缩频率则均无显著影响。另外，本文还观察了鸡胆汁对大鼠胆汁分泌量的影响，结果表明，鸡胆汁能显著地提高大白鼠的胆汁分泌量。     

延边地区黑熊无管取胆的发展趋势

阐述了延边地区黑熊无管取胆的简史、种类、关键技术、采胆技术等,并指出无痛无管取胆的前景.     

Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption

Dietary cholesterol consumption and intestinal cholesterol absorption contribute to plasma cholesterol levels, a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The molecular mechanism of sterol uptake from the lumen of the small intestine is poorly defined. We show that Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1(NPC1L1) protein plays a critical role in the absorption of intestinal cholesterol. NPC1L1 expression is enriched in the small intestine and is in the brush border membrane of enterocytes. Although otherwise phenotypically normal, NPC1L1-deficient mice exhibit a substantial reduction in absorbed cholesterol, which is unaffected by dietary supplementation of bile acids. Ezetimibe, a drug that inhibits cholesterol absorption, had no effect in NPC1L1 knockout mice, suggesting that NPC1L1 resides in an ezetimibe-sensitive pathway responsible for intestinal cholesterol absorption.     

草鱼胆汁酸与细菌生长试验

本文研究了草鱼结合胆汁酸直游离胆汁酸盐的抑菌作用,研究结果表明,草鱼结合胆汁酸直力游离胆汁酸酸盐对三种革兰氏阳性菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄八叠球菌和苦草孢杆菌有抑菌作用,能够明显地抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长。草鱼结合胆汁酸盐像乳糖培养基中的牛胆盐一样,能够抑制革兰阳性菌的生长,而有利于革兰氏阴性菌和如大肠杆菌的生长。草鱼游离胆汁酸盐像ＧＮ增菌液中的去氧胆酸钠一样,能够抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长,而对革兰氏     

草鱼胆汁酸与细菌生长试验

本文研究了草鱼结合胆汁酸直游离胆汁酸盐的抑菌作用,研究结果表明,草鱼结合胆汁酸直力游离胆汁酸酸盐对三种革兰氏阳性菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄八叠球菌和苦草孢杆菌有抑菌作用,能够明显地抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长。草鱼结合胆汁酸盐像乳糖培养基中的牛胆盐一样,能够抑制革兰阳性菌的生长,而有利于革兰氏阴性菌和如大肠杆菌的生长。草鱼游离胆汁酸盐像ＧＮ增菌液中的去氧胆酸钠一样,能够抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长,而对革兰氏     

虹鳟胆管系统组织学观察

采用常规苏木精.伊红(hematoxylin-eosin)H.E染色法、Masson三色染色法、Gomori银染法结合透射电镜研究技术,对虹鳟肝脏胆管形态结构进行了观察.结果表明:虹鳟肝脏被覆单层扁平上皮组织,肝实质内结缔组织较少,肝小叶结构不明显;汇管区结缔组织内含丰富的胶原纤维、网状纤维和弹性纤维;汇管区存在胆管孤管型、胆管动脉型、胆管静脉型和胆管动静脉型4种构型;肝细胞由双层肝板呈管式排列,双层肝板之间可见胆管上皮细胞;胆管、胆小管、前胆小管和胆毛细管构成肝脏胆管树系统.虹鳟肝脏胆管结构及多种汇管区构型特点表明虹鳟肝脏胆管微循环结构系统发育完善,肝脏的物质代谢能力旺盛.     

Multiple effects of grape seed polyphenolics to prevent metabolic diseases

Obesity is increasing in developing countries. Population studies show a relationship between affluence and obesity. Changing food intake patterns with affluence such as preference for foods with less astringent polyphenolic compounds and dietary fibers may increase risk of metabolic dysfunctions due to caloric imbalance. Animal models of obesity consistently show that grape seed procyanidins prevent increases in body and abdo- minal adipose weight gain, plasma cholesterol, liver weight gain and inflammation in animals on high fat diets. The mechanisms are not clear because the oral intake of procyanidins results in pleiotropic interactions with proteins in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, cecum and colon that affect the rate of digestion of bioavailability of macronutrients, sterols, and dietary fiber. Procyanidins also bind bile acids and reduce intestinal permeability to inflammatory bacterial cell wall fragment. Procyanidins are not degraded or metabolized until reaching the lower gut where they can be metabolized into phenolic acids by gut bacteria. While they are metabolized by gut bacteria, they also alter total numbers and distribution of phyla and species of gut bacteria. Gut bacteria are recognized as significant contributors to obesity and obesity related metabolic diseases. The review examines the different pleiotropic effects of grape seed procyanidins that have a significant effect on metabolic disease in animal models of obesity.