满山红水提物对大鼠离体胸主动脉的舒张作用与机制

采用离体大鼠胸主动脉环张力测定方法,观察满山红水提物(RWE)对大鼠离体胸主动脉的舒张作用与机制,研究结果表明:满山红水提物(RWE)能够浓度依赖性的降低主动脉环张力,对苯肾上腺素(phenylephrine,PE)预收缩的保留内皮血管环的最大舒张幅度明显强于对去除内皮血管环的作用;预孵一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME 300mmol·L-1后,RWE对保留内皮的血管环的最大舒张幅度明显降低;预孵钾通道阻断剂4-AP和TEA各1mmol/L后,RWE引起的血管最大舒张幅度明显降低.在无钙灌流液中,用2g/L RWE孵育10min可使CaCl2的量效曲线下移且使PE的最大收缩幅度降低.可见,RWE能够浓度依赖性舒张大鼠胸主动脉,其作用机制可能是抑制细胞内钙离子浓度升高,促使电压敏感型K+通道(Kv)和Ca2+激活的钾离子通道(KCa)开放引起K+外流;同时,RWE也作用于血管内皮细胞,促进一氧化氮的释放.     

Vasoconstriction: a new activity for platelet-derived growth factor

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The potential role of PDGF in the altered vasoreactivity of atherosclerotic vessels has been studied through an examination of its effects on contractility in the rat aorta. PDGF caused a concentration-dependent contraction of aortic strips and was significantly more potent on a molar basis than the classic vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II. Furthermore, PDGF increased the cytosolic free calcium concentration in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. These observations suggest a new biological activity for PDGF that may contribute to the enhanced vasoreactivity of certain atherosclerotic vessels.     

Localization of calcium pump activity in smooth muscle

A microsomal fraction isolated from longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea pig ileum actively sequesters calcium ion in the presence of magnesium and adenosine triphosphate in a fashion previously described for microsomes of the rabbit aorta. This activity in guinea pig ileum appears to be associated primarily with the plasma membrane as is found in the red cell. By contrast the uptake of calcium in aortic smooth muscle appears to be associated to an appreciable extent with intracellular membranes, possibly analogous to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle.     

Angiotensin II type 2 receptor signaling attenuates aortic aneurysm in mice through ERK antagonism

Angiotensin II (AngII) mediates progression of aortic aneurysm, but the relative contribution of its type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors remains unknown. We show that loss of AT2 expression accelerates the aberrant growth and rupture of the aorta in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome (MFS). The selective AT1 receptor blocker (ARB) losartan abrogated aneurysm progression in the mice; full protection required intact AT2 signaling. The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) enalapril, which limits signaling through both receptors, was less effective. Both drugs attenuated canonical transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling in the aorta, but losartan uniquely inhibited TGFβ-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), by allowing continued signaling through AT2. These data highlight the protective nature of AT2 signaling and potentially inform the choice of therapies in MFS and related disorders.     

大鼠不同部位内皮细胞的体外培养

为了建立一种能有效分离、培养和获取较高纯度的大鼠心肌膜微血管内皮细胞(RMMECs)、肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞(RIMECs)、主动脉内皮细胞(RAECs)、后腔静脉内皮细胞(RPVECs)的模型,自7dSD大鼠分别取左心室壁、空肠、主动脉、后腔静脉,采用II型胶原酶消化、差速贴壁、差速消化法获得较纯的RMMECs、RIMECs、RAECs、RPVECs。结果表明:通过形态学特征及微血管内皮细胞和血管内皮细胞相关特异性抗原检测证实,得到高纯度RMMECs、RIMECs、RAECs、RPVECs。结论:利用胶原酶II型消化法成功分离并培养大鼠的RMMECs、RIMECs、RAECs、RPVECs,为进一步开展内皮细胞的生物学特性的相关研究提供有效的方法。     

犬低温体外循环手术及其灌注管理的试验研究

试验应用现代体外循环技术，实施完全心肺转流的低温体外循环，首次在我国兽医临床建立了２８只犬低温体外循环实验模型。探索适用于小动物心脏直视手术的体外循环手术操作、心脏停搏与复苏、体外循环灌注管理的技术方法。研究表明，选择右侧第４肋间进胸，从右心房施行前后腔静脉插管及升主动脉根部置供血管是简便易行的手术通路。采用部分晶体液与全血作预冲液，体外转流维持中度血液稀释（平均２３６８±３２７％），最低温度控制２６℃左右（平均２６１４±０７７℃），血流复温至３６℃左右（平均３５９７±０６８）开放升主动脉，转流中灌注压维持５０～９０ｍｍＨｇ（平均７２±１３ｍｍＨｇ），灌注流量８０～１００ｍＬ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ范围，是低温体外循环下开展犬心内直视手术成功的基本保障。采用冷晶与冷温血停搏液不同灌注。结果显示，冷温血停搏液联合灌注组心脏自动复跳率最高，并且复跳迅速，心搏有力，正性肌力药应用剂量小，复跳后辅助循环时间明显低于冷晶停搏液灌注组（Ｐ＜００５）。     

破裂腹主动脉瘤的诊治

目的：探讨破裂腹主动脉瘤外科治疗的主要影响因素。方法：对我院1993年8月至2001年3月收治的19例破裂腹主动脉瘤患者作回顾性分析。结果：19例中术前死亡9例，紧急手术10例(其中9例行腹主动脉瘤切除人造血管植入术)。术中大出血死亡l例，术后死亡4例，5例存活．存活者从入院到手术时间均在5h以内。结论：腹主动脉瘤一经确诊应积极手术，缩短腹主动脉瘤破裂到手术的时间，对于提高手术成功率至关重要。     

Noncanonical TGFβ signaling contributes to aortic aneurysm progression in Marfan syndrome mice

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling drives aneurysm progression in multiple disorders, including Marfan syndrome (MFS), and therapies that inhibit this signaling cascade are in clinical trials. TGFβ can stimulate multiple intracellular signaling pathways, but it is unclear which of these pathways drives aortic disease and, when inhibited, which result in disease amelioration. Here we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2 and Smad2 are activated in a mouse model of MFS, and both are inhibited by therapies directed against TGFβ. Whereas selective inhibition of ERK1/2 activation ameliorated aortic growth, Smad4 deficiency exacerbated aortic disease and caused premature death in MFS mice. Smad4-deficient MFS mice uniquely showed activation of Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1), and a JNK antagonist ameliorated aortic growth in MFS mice that lacked or retained full Smad4 expression. Thus, noncanonical (Smad-independent) TGFβ signaling is a prominent driver of aortic disease in MFS mice, and inhibition of the ERK1/2 or JNK1 pathways is a potential therapeutic strategy for the disease.     

五指山小型猪近交系主动脉内皮细胞体外培养模型的建立和TLR2介导炎症相关因子的表达

【目的】探讨五指山小型猪近交系主动脉内皮细胞体外分离培养和鉴定的方法,研究LPS对内皮细胞TLR2表达的影响及TLR2介导内皮细胞炎症因子的表达情况。【方法】以3—4月龄的五指山小型猪近交系为试验材料,取其胸腹主动脉,采用0.1%I型胶原酶消化分离主动脉内皮细胞。利用细胞吸收DiI-Ac-LDL试验和流式细胞仪检测CD31的特异表达两种方法进行内皮细胞的鉴定。1 μg•mL-1LPS刺激内皮细胞0、6、8和12 h,实时荧光定量PCR检测TLR2和TLR4的表达量;1 μg•mL-1LPS刺激内皮细胞12 h后,10 μg•mL-1LTA孵育0、6和12 h,实时荧光定量PCR检测炎症因子IL-6、IL-8和黏附分子ICAM-1的表达量。【结果】分离得到的主动脉内皮细胞呈铺路石样整齐排列,且生长状态良好;细胞膜上表达CD31分子和Ac-LDL的受体,证实分离得到的细胞是血管内皮细胞。LPS刺激后细胞TLR2 mRNA水平的表达量明显升高（P＜0.05）,而TLR4 mRNA水平表达量无明显变化。添加LTA孵育后,细胞炎症因子IL-6、IL-8和黏附分子ICAM-1的mRNA水平表达量较对照明显升高（P＜0.05）。【结论】成功建立了五指山小型猪近交系主动脉内皮细胞体外培养模型,并检测到TLR2在LPS刺激内皮细胞后表达量升高,能够介导细胞炎症相关因子的表达。     

集束化护理对急性主动脉夹层患者术前病情的影响

目的 探讨集束化护理在急性主动脉夹层患者术前控制病情及并发症发生的效果。方法 将2017年1月-2017年6月收治的47例急性主动脉夹层的病人随机分为对照组和实验组,对照组予以常规护理,实验组给予集束化护理干预,比较两组病人术前病情控制及并发症的发生情况。结果 实验组入院后30 min焦虑和疼痛缓解率、心率血压控制达标率均显著高于对照组（P<0.05或P<0.01）。对照组手术前主动脉夹层发生破裂4例,其发生率显著高于实验组（P<0.05）。结论 集束化护理能有效缓解急性主动脉夹层患者的焦虑和疼痛,控制心率血压,稳定病情,减少手术前主动脉夹层破裂的发生率,促进患者康复。     

大猫熊(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)心神经的大体解剖

解剖了三支大猫熊的心神经。观察了心神经的发出部位及其分布。右侧的迷走神经心支,接受返神经的心支和推神经节的腹侧心支后入心包,分支入主动脉及肺动脉再分支入左右冠状丛。另一椎神经节的心支入右心房壁。左侧速走神神经心支,椎神经节心支及颈胸神经节的心支常互相交通。主要分布到主动脉弓,食管,气管及右肺动脉。左侧返神经的心支入心包及左心房内侧壁。大猫熊的心神经与家畜中马、牛、羊猪、狗的比较均有不同。大猫熊的冠状从,主要来自右侧心神经,而家畜多来自左侧或两侧。     

单纯与联合灌注法构建猪支气管动脉立体标本

【目的】改进和优化ABS血管铸型技术。创建猪支气管动脉立体标本的铸型方法,并构建猪支气管动脉立体标本。为探明猪支气管动脉在肺内的分支与分布状态提供实验方法。【方法】用改进和优化ABS铸型技术,采用支气管动脉单纯铸型和支气管动脉与支气管树或肺动脉联合铸型的方法构建猪支气管动脉的立体标本。【结果】（1）创建了猪支气管动脉立体标本的铸型方法。①猪肺支气管动脉单纯标本制作的方法要点：先分别在胸主动脉近心端和远心端插管并结扎胸主动脉。同时,为了防止在灌入铸型剂时经食管和气管周围的血管网发生渗漏,分别在胸主动脉插管处相应的位置结扎食管前端和后端,并在气管开口处插入盲端套管并结扎。然后调整肺的位置,使其背上腹下地置于解剖盘中。经胸主动脉间接向支气管动脉中注入铸型剂。灌注时强压梯度灌入60 mL 10%和100-160 mL 15%的ABS铸型剂,当橡胶管中间部位膨大后停止灌注。在连续灌注结束后5 h内随时观察橡胶管膨大部位的大小,当压力减小时,立即灌入20%的ABS铸型剂,保证主动脉内的正压力。将灌注好的标本置于冷水中静态硬化3-4 d,再用盐酸密闭腐蚀10 d左右。然后用流水漂浮和加压冲洗,再通过摘除凝块、打枝疏密和断枝再植修整后就可以获得完整的铸型标本。②猪肺支气管动脉与支气管树联合铸型标本制作的方法要点：首先,同时插管并结扎胸主动脉、食管和气管。然后经胸主动脉间接灌注铸型剂。间隔1-2 h后再对气管树进行灌注。最后同步硬化、腐蚀、冲洗和修复支气管动脉与支气管树联合标本。③猪肺支气管动脉与肺动脉联合铸型标本制作的方法要点：支气管动脉与支气管树联合铸型的方法和支气管动脉与肺动脉联合铸型的方法相似,不同之处在于在将铸型剂注入支气管动脉的同时,前者是将铸型剂注入支气管树内,后者则是将铸型剂注入肺动脉内。在联合铸型时,根据肺的大小确定注入铸型剂的量,而经支气管动脉单纯铸型时,则根据压力大小确定灌注量。（2）构建了猪支气管动脉立体标本、猪支气管动脉与猪支气管树的联合立体标本和猪支气管动脉与肺动脉的联合标本。【结论】采用该方法获得的支气管动脉立体标本血管层次清楚、管道充盈光滑、对比度清晰,能够完整显示猪支气管动脉的起源、分支、走向、分布以及与支气管树和肺动脉的毗邻关系。该工作为猪及其它动物支气管动脉的研究奠定了基础。     

gridlock, an HLH gene required for assembly of the aorta in zebrafish

The first artery and vein of the vertebrate embryo assemble in the trunk by migration and coalescence of angioblasts to form endothelial tubes. The gridlock (grl) mutation in zebrafish selectively perturbs assembly of the artery (the aorta). Here it is shown that grl encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein belonging to the Hairy/Enhancer of the split family of bHLH proteins. The grl gene is expressed in lateral plate mesoderm before vessel formation, and thereafter in the aorta and not in the vein. These results suggest that the arterial endothelial identity is established even before the onset of blood flow and implicate the grl gene in assignment of vessel-specific cell fate.     

缺血预处理对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：观察缺血处理对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法：夹闭左肾动脉起点以下腹主脉３５ｍｉｎ，制作脊髓缺血损伤模型。在制作上述模型前预处理组动物夹闭腹主动脉５ｍｉｎ，松夹１０ｍｉｎ，松夹１０ｍｉｎ，反复３次进行缺血预处理，术后进行神经功能评分和观察组织病理学变化。结果：与对照组相比，预处理组神经功能恢复评玢明显增加（术后２４ｈ，ｐ０．０１；４８ｈ，ｐ〈０．０５），组织病理学变化明显减轻或消失。结论：缺     

The dorsal aorta initiates a molecular cascade that instructs sympatho-adrenal specification

The autonomic nervous system, which includes the sympathetic neurons and adrenal medulla, originates from the neural crest. Combining avian blood vessel-specific gene manipulation and mouse genetics, we addressed a long-standing question of how neural crest cells (NCCs) generate sympathetic and medullary lineages during embryogenesis. We found that the dorsal aorta acts as a morphogenetic signaling center that coordinates NCC migration and cell lineage segregation. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) produced by the dorsal aorta are critical for the production of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF -1) and Neuregulin 1 in the para-aortic region, which act as chemoattractants for early migration. Later, BMP signaling is directly involved in the sympatho-medullary segregation. This study provides insights into the complex developmental signaling cascade that instructs one of the earliest events of neurovascular interactions guiding embryonic development.     

Cardiovascular evidence for an intermediate or higher metabolic rate in an ornithischian dinosaur

Computerized tomography scans of a ferruginous concretion within the chest region of an ornithischian dinosaur reveal structures that are suggestive of a four-chambered heart and a single systemic aorta. The apparently derived condition of the cardiovascular system in turn suggests the existence of intermediate-to-high metabolic rates among dinosaurs.     

Transmembrane action potentials from smooth muscle in turtle arteries and veins

Transmembrane potential and active tension were measured in isolated segments of turtle aorta and inferior vena cava. Changes in tension were associated with action potentials, but the potentials had a different pattern in the two tissues. When the frequency of the action potentials increased, the contractions summated, resulting in a steadily maintained contraction.     

Adaptation of cardiac output to peripheral runoff studied in intact dogs

A pump with sinusoidal piston movement was connected to the abdominal aorta of intact anesthetized dogs, causing slow oscillations of arterial blood pressure. Evidence was found for the existence of a mechanism which enables the heart to adjust its output immediately to changes of peripheral outflow.     

A SIMPLE MEMBRANE MANOMETER

The abdominal aorta of small mammals is easy of access, and this vessel is well suited for the taking of blood pressure tracings having a good amplitude of pulsation. The construction of a very simply made and satisfactory membrane manometer is described with which tracings of very large pulse amplitude are easily obtained.     

Cancer therapy: a possible new approach

Two substances, one promoting growth (promine) of ascites tumors in mice and the other inhibiting it (retine) have both been found in several tissues, namely, thymus, aorta, muscle, and tendon. In spite of similar solubilities in the solvents used for their extraction, the substances could be roughly separated. The value of the ratio between these substances in the same tissue may be significant.