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1.
Aphids are frequently found on conifers, but mass outbreaks are seldom reported. On trees stressed by air pollutants the natural resistance can be broken and insect attack combined with pollution stress may promote plant damages. To evaluate effects of air pollution on conifer aphids Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings have been exposed to gaseous pollutants (O3, SO2 and NO2) in growth chambers. The studied aphid species were Cinara pilicornis Hartig on Norway spruce, C. pinea (Mordv.) and Schizolachnus pineti Fabr. on Scots pine in SO2 fumigations and S. pineti in O3 and NO2 fumigations. C. pilicornis nymphs had peaked dose response to SO2 concentration. Both the first and third instar larvae of C. pilicornis showed highest mean relative growth rate (MRGR) at 100 ppb SO2 concentration. MRGR of C. pinea peaked at 50 and 150 ppb SO2 The response of S. pineti was more inconsistent During fumigation the peak MRGR of S. pineti was at 100 ppb and after exposure at 50 ppb SO2. MRGR of S. pineti nymphs was not significantly affected during fumigation or after the end of fumigation experiment by 100 ppb O3 or 100 ppb NO2 or the mixtures. The results suggest that SO2 affects more distinctively on aphid performance on conifers than O3 or NO2. Especially stem-feeding aphids on spruce can exploit physiological disturbance of host plant under pollution stress.  相似文献   

2.
The ambient concentration of SO2, NOx and Ox in the atmosphere of Hiroshima, Fukuyama and Fuchu city which were monitored by the prefectural monitoring stations, are examined to give a picture of the typical air pollution at these sites. Results show that the yearly concentrations of SO2 in these areas are significantly fall from 20 to 6 ppb during 1978–1996 when the NOx concentrations having no such significant change which varies from 40 to 30 ppb. The Photo-chemical Oxidant (Ox) increases annually at the rate of 0.3 ppb to 0.6 ppb in Hiroshima city only. To know the present situation of air pollution the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) system is used in the city of Higashi Hiroshima. The daily average concentrations of SO2, NO2, O3 and HONO measured during the period of August 1999 to March 2000 ranged from 1.4 ppb to 2.8 ppb, 13 ppb to 26.9 ppb, 21 ppb to 53.6 ppb and 1 ppb to 4.3 ppb respectively. The patterns of concentrations of NO2 and O3 measured by DOAS look similar to the seasonal patterns of NOx and Ox by the conventional system.  相似文献   

3.
Pollution episodes of three distinct types were detected at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory, which is a 300 m instrumented tower located in a rural area 25 km north of Denver and 20 km east of Boulder. Under stably stratified atmospheric conditions, usually at night or early morning, both power-plant-derived and general urban plumes were sampled. The powerplant plumes were characterized by SO2 concentrations of 30 to 50 ppb in the plume centers, NO2 maxima of 20 to 40 ppb on the plume edges, NO maxima of as much as 50 ppb in the plume centers, and the absence of O3 from the plume centers. Light scattering (b scat), principally due to coarse particles, was typically enhanced by 20 to 40%, relative to nominally clean air. The urban plumes typically contained NO2 uniformly distributed throughout the affected air mass at 20 to 30 ppb, no detectable NO or SO2, and O3 present at concentrations less than half that in background air; b scat was typically increased by a factor of 2 to 3. A third type of pollution episode, containing greatly increased concentrations of condensation nuclei, was observed during days when surface heating had apparently stimulated biological particle production. At these times the usual indicators of anthropogenic pollution were absent.  相似文献   

4.
Plant secondary compounds have an important role in defense responses against herbivores and pathogens. This study summarises published and some unpublished data from a series of fumigation experiments where Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of gaseous air pollutants, ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2), in growth chambers. Concentrations of monoterpenes, resin acids and total phenolics were studied. Overall, needle monoterpenes were not affected by pollutants. Only very high level of O3 (600 ppb) decreased concentration of some individual monoterpenes in pine needles. O3 did not have effect on concentrations of resin acids in pine needles. In contrast, the concentration of some individual resin acids increased in O3-exposed pine shoots and in O3-exposed needles of one spruce clone. The highest dose of SO2 decreased concentrations of resin acids in pine needles, but low exposure levels did not have effects. However, SO2 had no effects on the resin acids concentrations of spruce needles, except some minor individual compounds were affected in clonal spruces. Increased concentrations of resin acids was found in pine shoots exposed to NO2. Total phenolics of needles were not affected by pollutants. These observations suggest that among secondary compounds there is variation in sensitivity to air pollutants and genetically different trees have different responses to air pollutants.  相似文献   

5.
Pandey  R. A.  Malhotra  S.  Rajvaidya  A. S.  Sharma  S.  Peshwe  S.  Raman  V. K.  Bal  A. S. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,142(1-4):243-260
Gases and suspended particulate matter are sampled and measured in situ at different sites within the city of Madrid to determinethe air pollution in the city. Lead concentrations in air are also determined. The information needed to assess levels of contaminants is obtained combining several analytical techniques,which provide real time concentration data of particles andgases. Particulate matter (PM), SO2, CO, O3, NOx,NO2, CH4, total hydrocarbons and Pb were measured. Concentrations of pollutants are averaged over periods of hours,days, months and years. Variations of contaminant concentrationsin the last years are presented. Spatial and temporal distribution follows that of the traffic, the main source of pollution in Madrid City. Some specific measurements were carriedout to understand the influence of traffic emissions at themeasured site. Further, all measured concentrations never exceeded the European Union Directives.  相似文献   

6.
In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O3) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O3 level was highest at HP site, this current O3 level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.  相似文献   

7.
To assess the impact of air pollutants on the population dynamics of herbivores, the effects of pollutants on their natural enemies including predators, parasites, and pathogens must be evaluated in addition to direct effects and indirect effects mediated via the host plant. Insect parasitoids are an important group of such natural enemies providing many examples of partial or complete biological control of pest species. This study examined the effects of air pollutants (ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) on the searching behaviour of insect parasitoids. A series of experiments comprising short-term, closed chamber fumigations of O3, SO2, and NO2 (100 nl l?1) of the braconid parasitoid (Asobara tabida) and aggregated distributions of its host larvae (Drosophila subobscura) was set up. Analysis of chamber results showed that the proportion of hosts parasitised and the searching efficiency of the parasitoids were both significantly reduced with O3 fumigation, but not with NO2 or SO2 fumigations. O3 fumigation reduced percentage parasitism by approximately 10%. Parasitoids were able to avoid patches with no hosts, both in filtered air controls and when exposed to pollutants. However in the O3 and NO2 treatments they appeared less able to discriminate between different host densities, suggesting that pollutants may interfere with the olfactory responses of the parasitoids. These results indicate the potential for air pollutants, particularly O3, to negatively influence the searching behaviour of parasitoids, and hence reduce the efficiency of natural enemy control of many pest species.  相似文献   

8.
The photochemical transformation of SO2 and the generation of aerosol particles are investigated in a variety of atmospheres, with and without initial aerosols, in clean and polluted air, and with various pollutants. The pollutants in addition to the SO2 include O3, NO, NO2 and water vapor in a variety of combinations. The most striking finding is, that only with the combination of SO2, NO2, and H2O is the aerosol particle production large.  相似文献   

9.
Nitrogen dioxide is an important gaseous air pollutant. It plays a major role in atmospheric chemistry, particularly in the formation of secondary air pollutants, and contributes to environmental acidification. A comprehensive assessment of NO2 levels in the atmosphere is required for developing effective strategies for control of air pollution and air quality improvement. Air pollution is a serious problem in all major cities of Pakistan and needs to be addressed to minimize detrimental effects on human health and urban vegetation. In this research, we focused on the monitoring of NO2 levels in the urban environment of Rawalpindi city. Because of the lack of expensive continuous sampling devices and to get a good spatial coverage of the NO2 concentrations in the study area, NO2 passive samplers were exposed at 42 different sites within the city limits of Rawalpindi from January to December, 2008. Samplers were exchanged every 10 days and the associated meteorological conditions like temperature, wind speed, rainfall and relative humidity were also monitored. The average NO2 concentration was found to be 27.46?±?0.32 ppb. The highest values of NO2 were measured near to main roads and educational institutions due to intense flow of road vehicles. Moreover, the study showed that the values obtained for NO2 for all sampling points exceeded the annual limit value set by World Health Organization. So, this is very important to take different steps to control this before it becomes a serious hazard for people living in those areas.  相似文献   

10.
Six-week-old rooted cuttings of Populus nigra L. ‘LOENEN’ and Populus maximowiczii Henri X Populus nigra L. ‘ROCHESTER’, differing in their phenomenological sensitivity to O3, were submitted to low concentrations of O3, NOx, and SO2. Exposure was performed in open top-chambers from 25.5. until 6.7.1988. Comparing the response of the two poplars by 77 biochemical criteria the macroscopic O3- sensitivity of ‘LOENEN’ was clearly reflected in changes of the pool sizes of the different nonstructural carbohydrates, polyols, and phenolics of the leaf-lamina, petiole, shoot-axis, and roots. In contrast, both varieties revealed the same response to NOx/SO2-mixtures. It can be concluded that ‘LOENEN’ together with ‘ROCHESTER’-poplars as controls, are an appropriate system to specifically indicate O3 in a mixture of air pollutants.  相似文献   

11.
Open-top chambers ventilated with ambient or chiarcoal-filtered air were used to assess the impact of air pollution on the yield of local cultivars of wheat and rice, at a site on the outskirts of Lahore. At this location, 6-h mean O3 concentrations reach 60 ppb in certain months, and annual mean NO2 concentrations are 20–25 ppb. The experiments showed significant yield reduction in two successive seasons which ranged from 33% to 46% in wheat and from 37% to 51% in rice. The major yield parameter affected was the number of ears or panicles per plant, although there was also evidence of small effects on 1000 grain weight and on the number of grains per ear/panicle. These results have significance in terms of the maintenance of agricultural yields as pollution emissions rise in south and south-east Asia.  相似文献   

12.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze variationsin visibility compared with (1) variations in meteorological variables in the period 1961 to 1998, and (2) criteria air pollutant (SO2, CO, O3, NOx and PM10) concentrations monitored between 1994 and 1998, in the Kaohsiungmetropolitan area. Whilst average visibility during the 1960'sexceeded 20km, it had deteriorated to 5–10 km in theperiod 1994 to 1998. PCA identified seven components witheigenvalues greater than one. The principal componentsidentified accounted for variability related to PM10concentration, ozone-related pollutants, oil combustion,and traffic emissions. Furthermore, spatial and temporalvariations in PM10 were consistent throughout thecity. Variation in SO2 levels followed a similarpattern at Tsoying, Shanming, Chiankin and Chiancheng.Industrial pollution and traffic emissions, SO2, COand NOx, from the Hsiaokang area remained within thearea. However, similar patterns of SO2 andNOxat Fengshan and Jenwu indicate that industrial emissionsfrom the latter were probably transported to the former.Much of the first principal component is based onPM10 variability, suggesting that, of the fivecriteria pollutants studied, PM10 is the majorcontributor to visibility deterioration. It is known thatPM2.5 concentration is more closely associated withvisibility changes than is PM10. However, becausePM10 and PM2.5 are strongly associated inKaohsiung, a targeting reduction in PM10 may imply areduction in visibility.  相似文献   

13.
Automated synoptic weather typing and robust orthogonal stepwise regression analysis (via principal components analysis) were applied together to develop within-weather-type air pollution prediction models for a variety of pollutants (specifically, carbon monoxide – CO, nitrogen dioxide – NO2, ozone – O3, sulphur dioxide – SO2, and suspended particles – SP) for the period 1974–2000 in south-central Canada. The SAS robust regression procedure was used to limit the influence of outliers on air pollution prediction algorithms. Six-hourly Environment Canada surface observed meteorological data and 6-hourly US National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data of various weather elements were used in the analysis. The models were developed using two-thirds of the total years for meteorological and air pollution data; the remaining one-third (randomly selected) was used for model validation. Robust stepwise regression analysis was performed to analytically determine the meteorological variables that might be used to predict air pollution concentrations. There was a significant correlation between observed daily mean air pollution concentrations and model predictions. About 20, 50, and 80% of the 80 prediction models across the study area possessed R 2 values ≥ 0.7, 0.6, and 0.5, respectively. The results of model validation were similar to those of model development, with slightly smaller model R 2 values.  相似文献   

14.
Air quality levels vary over regions due to meteorological factors, proximity to sources, and local conditions (i.e., topography). The Northeast USA is subjected to pollution inputs from both local sources and those from the upwind Midwest USA that are transported by prevailing meteorological patterns. With the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970 and the establishment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), national levels of air pollutants have declined significantly. Our study compared air quality time trends between five of the largest cities within New York State (Albany, Buffalo, New York City, Rochester, and Syracuse) and statewide means to national trends. Data were obtained from the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Bureau of Air Quality Surveillance for six criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM2.5), and lead (Pb). Regional Kendall tests found significant downward trends for each pollutant statewide from 1980 to 2007, while trends by city varied by decade and pollutant. The evaluation of historical trends of pollution in industrialized nations is useful in showing recent air quality improvements and also in the understanding what can be the result in air pollutant controls in those developing nations currently experiencing high levels of pollution.  相似文献   

15.
The investigation of SO2, NO2, benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and soot (Cel) has been carried out daily in the atmospheric air in the background station Preila (East shore of the Baltic Sea) since 1980. Over this period, daily concentrations of pollutants varied in the wide intervals in warm and cold period as well. From 15 years data typical episodes of highest and lowest concentrations of pollutants are chosen and analysed with respect to the air masses trajectories and meteorological conditions. The highest concentrations of SO2, NO2, BP, Cd were fixed, when the air masses passing Lithuania have been formed over Great Britain and Central Europe.  相似文献   

16.
This study assessed the effect of ambient air pollution on leaf characteristics of white willow, northern red oak, and Scots pine. Willow, oak, and pine saplings were planted at sixteen locations in Belgium, where nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10) concentrations were continuously measured. The trees were exposed to ambient air during 6 months (April–September 2010), and, thereafter, specific leaf area (SLA), stomatal resistance (R s), leaf fluctuating asymmetry (FA), drop contact angle (CA), relative chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence (F v/F m) were measured. Leaf characteristics of willow, oak, and pine were differently related to the ambient air pollution, indicating a species-dependent response. Willow and pine had a higher SLA at measuring stations with higher NO2 and lower O3 concentrations. Willow had a higher R s and pine had a higher F v/F m at measuring stations with a higher NO2 and lower O3 concentrations, while oak had a higher F v/F m and a lower FA at measuring stations with a higher NO2 and lower O3 concentrations. FA and R s of willow, oak, and pine, SLA of oak, and CA of willow were rather an indicator for local adaptation to the micro-environment than an indicator for the ambient air pollution.  相似文献   

17.
Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organic derivative of manganese used as an additive in unleaded gasoline in Canada since 1977. Moreover, Canada is the only country in the world to have authorized the replacement of lead alkyls by MMT in gasoline. The purpose of the present study is to assess the importance of air contamination by Mn in relation to other air pollutants (gaseous and particulates), meteorological variables and traffic density. The concentration of both the gaseous (O3, CO, NO, NO2, SO2) and the particulate pollutants (Mn, Pb, NO? 3, SO?? 4, TSP) had been measured by the Montreal Urban Community in 1990 at seven sampling stations located in high traffic and low traffic density areas. Data on the meteorological conditions during that same period were also used. Non-parametric correlation, ANOVA and discriminant analyses were used to compare gaseous and particulate pollutants found between both levels of traffic density. In almost 50% of the daily air samples measured in 1990, the Mn concentrations are higher than the urban background level estimated at 0.04 μg m?3 and the variations of Mn concentrations are significantly correlated in time with traffic density. Moreover, Mn and TSP discriminate the best high and low traffic density areas. No significant differences have been observed between Pb, O3 and SO2 concentrations in both areas. These results should not be interpreted in terms of potential health effects since it is presently impossible to determine the fate of the Mn in the environment and its importance in terms of human exposure.  相似文献   

18.
Based on combined information available from air quality monitoring data and long-range transport models, European population exposure to SO2, NO2 and O3 has been estimated. This information has been combined with the results of epidemiological studies assessing strength of association between the exposure and health effects to estimate an impact of the pollution on health in Europe. The analysis indicates that a considerable number of health problems, ranging from mild irritation of the respiratory system to increased mortality, can be attributed to short-term peaks of pollution observed in Europe. Chronic impacts of prolonged elevated SO2 levels on lung function are estimated to occur in close to10 million people in Europe.  相似文献   

19.
Fog/cloud and rain water were collected at the mountainside of Hachimantai range in northern Japan and rain water was also collected at Akita City in order to investigate the air pollutant scavenging mechanism. The concentrations of various ions in these samples were analyzed, and the fog drop size and the wind direction were measured at each fog event. The fog at Hachimantai range had a very high total ion concentration, and was considerably acidified by non sea salt (nss-) SO4 2? and NO3 ?, compared with the rain at Akita and all sites in Hachimantai range. Using the oblique rotational factor analysis, three factors were extracted as the air pollutants; A: (NH4)2SO4+H2SO4, B: sea salts+HNO3+H2SO4, C: NH4NO3+OH?. These salts are well-known as the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Combining the factor analysis with the 72h back trajectory at 850hPa level, the contribution of Factor A was closely connected to the long-range transportation of anthropogenic or natural aerosol in air masses of continental origin.  相似文献   

20.
Long term continuous monitoring measurements of urban atmospheric concentrations of O3, NO2, NO, and SO2 were performed for the first time in Ciudad Real, a city in central-southern Spain. The measurements were carried out using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique, with a commercial system (OPSIS, Lund-Sweden), covering the summer and winter seasons (from 21st July 2000 to 23rd March 2001). Mean levels of O3, NO2 and SO2 monitored during this period were: 27 μg m?3, 50 μg m?3 and 7 μg m?3 respectively. The highest hourly averaged value of O3 (160 μg m?3) was measured during the summer period, while NO2 was enhanced in wintertime (highest values 90 μg m?3). In the coldest period, when central heating installations were operating, SO2 showed maximum levels of 20 μg m?3. The daily, weekly and seasonal analysis of the data shows that photochemical air pollution dominates in this urban atmosphere and is strongly influenced by levels of motor traffic and domestic heating system emissions. These measurements were compared with other studies in Spain and Europe. Also, the long path averaged DOAS measurements were compared with in situ observations made in Ciudad Real, from 23rd August 2000 to 25th September 2000, using a mobile air pollution control station. All gas concentrations reported in this paper are below the WHO guidelines and the different thresholds introduced by the European Environmental Legislation.  相似文献   

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