Use of adsorption and buffer capacity in soil testing for phosphorus

Abstract

The methods used to predict phosphorus (P) fertilizer requirements use extractable P levels. The inclusion of soil P buffer capacity with extractable P levels to improve fertilizer P prediction accuracy should be further investigated for Mediterranean soils. The objectives of this study, were to characterize the P adsorption properties of selected soils and to compare different soil P buffering capacity indices to determine their contribution to predict P fertilizer requirement. Twenty‐one soils were collected and P adsorption isotherms determined. On 11 soils wheat was grown in the greenhouse and P requirement determined. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm described the P adsorption of all soils. The prediction of crop P requirement was improved by the inclusion of a soil P buffer capacity index in the prediction equation. The index proposed by Salmon is easy to determine under routine soil analyses and does not require special analytical equipment. However, clay content can be used to predict the Salmon buffer index for similar soils.     

Effect of snow amount on runoff,soil loss and suspended sediment during periods of snowmelt in southern West Siberia

Surface runoff, soil loss, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), texture of eroded soils and suspended sediment were determined on slightly eroded chernozems (mouldboard fall-ploughed) during years with different amounts of snow in three areas of southern West Siberia (Predsalairye, Priobye and Kuznetsk hollow). These areas have different geomorphological and climatic characteristics and soils. Observations were made from 1969 to 2007. The soil loss during very low-snow and low-snow years did not exceed 2 t ha^− 1. After winters with normal amounts of snow, the runoff led to slight soil loss (2–5 t ha^− 1). Soil losses in high-snow and very high-snow years varied from slight to severe (4.8–15.8 t ha^− 1) depending on studied area. The main sediment exported during intensive snowmelt and the 1 mm of runoff transported from 35 to 150 kg ha^− 1 of soil material. The removal of soil particles < 0.01 mm (especially clay) prevailed during the initial and final stages of snowmelt. Clay removal by meltwater from the ploughed layer in high-snow and very high-snow years varied from 3300 to 4200 kg ha^− 1 and, in the initial and final stages of snowmelt clay removal, accounted for 1260–1,500 kg ha^− 1. Among the three studied regions, Predsalairye had decreased soil erosion resistance and was the area with the greatest danger of erosion.     

宁南山区草地植被恢复方式对土壤饱和导水率的影响

为评价宁南山区草地植被不同恢复方式对土壤入渗性能的影响,以不同植被群落的饱和导水率为研究对象,采用逐步回归研究退耕农地、禁牧荒地、封育草地导水率的变化及影响因子,并探讨了其作用机制。结果表明：3种植被恢复方式均有利于0-40 cm土壤饱和导水性能提高;各土层土壤饱和导水率均随植被恢复而不断提高,0-5 cm土层改善作用最为明显;农地退耕序列和荒地禁牧序列5-40 cm土层、封育草地序列0-40 cm土层土壤饱和导水率随土层深度下降而降低;影响土壤饱和导水率的因子为土壤有机质因子和土壤结构因子;3种植被恢复方式土壤有机质质量分数与Ks均呈显著的线性相关关系,在该区域有机质质量分数越高,Ks增加越快;土壤有机质积累是土壤饱和导水率提高的根本动力。因此,草地封育更利于提高使该地区土壤导水性能提高,促进生态恢复。     

Simulation of rill erosion in black soil and albic soil during the snowmelt period

Snowmelt-induced rill erosion could bring serious harm for soil quality and agricultural productive conditions of slope farmland in the black soil zone of Northeast China. In this study, we conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of the freeze-thaw (FT) temperature, number of FT cycles, water content, flow rate, and thaw depth on rill morphology and erosion amount in two common soil (black soil and albic soil). The thaw depth obtained the maximum range, which was the primary factor for the width-to-depth ratio of rills in the black soil; whereas, the flow rate obtained the maximum range as the primary factor for rill erosion in black soil and albic soil. The number of FT cycles had a minor effect on rill erosion in the two soils. Under the same conditions, the rill morphology showed a large difference between the two soils, and higher rill erosion occurred in albic soil than black soil. Rill erosion was relatively high in black soil and albic soil when the FT temperature fluctuated around 0°C during freezing-thawing. The water content exhibited a greater effect on rill erosion in black soil than in albic soil. The unthawed frozen layer could promote rill erosion during snowmelt period to some extent. The results could provide some reference for future study snowmelt-induced rill erosion mechanism and preventive measures.     

沈阳地区河岸植被缓冲带对氮、磷的削减效果研究

为充分了解河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流污染物的去除效果, 本研究选取辽宁省沈阳市两条典型河流——浑河与蒲河为对象, 研究其滨水不同河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流氮、磷污染物的削减效果。结果表明: 在6 种河岸植被带中, 人工林草地对氮的削减效果最好, 对总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮的平均削减率分别为47%、36%和31%; 人工林地对磷的削减效果较好, 平均削减率为74%; 而人工林地对氮以及人工草地对磷的削减效果较差。随长度增加, 河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流污染物的削减效果基本呈增强趋势。以上研究结果说明不同河岸植被缓冲带对地表径流中氮、磷的削减各有优点。在对遭受污染的河流进行生态修复时, 应考虑环境污染特点和地表特征, 以充分发挥河岸植被缓冲带对污染物的削减优势。     

Evaluation of vegetation and soil characteristics during slope vegetation recovery procedure

为了加快建设工程损毁立地植被群落正向演替,探究土壤特性与植被生长效果的响应关系,选取北京市延庆县上辛庄水土保持科技示范园20个典型绿化护坡小区为评价单元,运用主成分分析及聚类分析法在求得各护坡小区综合评价得分的基础上,将20个护坡小区划分为3类。采用Margalef指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数评价了3类护坡小区植被群落年际分异特征,并构建了5种模式的植被-土壤环境耦合度及其预测模型。结果表明：1）坡面植被恢复过程中以土质边坡为主的护坡小区植被恢复效果普遍优于岩质边坡组成的护坡小区。2）随着年份的增加,3类护坡小区物种多样性指数增大,变异系数减小,植被演替愈加剧烈。3）植被恢复5 a后,植被-土壤耦合协调程度不是十分理想,以土质边坡为主的护坡小区处于中级协调发展阶段,岩质边坡组成的护坡小区仅处于初级协调发展阶段。该研究可为建设工程损毁立地边坡植被恢复提供参考依据。     

Changes in soil and stream hydrochemistry during periods of spring snowmelt at a pristine site in mid-Norway

A detailed study of hydrochemical changes during spring snowmelt was undertaken at a pristine site in mid-Norway. The composition of catchment outflow water reflects hydrological pathways through different soil horizons and the contribution of pre-event or long-residence time water. There was evidence of secondary snowpack elution and ionic enrichment of water collected below the organic horizons. The observed time lag in commencement of BC soil horizon flow indicated that during the initial stages of the melt, water did not penetrate the deeper mineral horizons, or that initially the soil was not at field capacity. Increased soil and surface thawing is proposed as an important mechanism affecting the routing and subsequent chemical alteration of soil water leachate. The relative importance of elution, pathways, and dilution processes within the study catchment is discussed and a scenario for the effects of winter anthropogenic inputs at this pristine site is presented.     

Variation in soil bulk density and hydraulic conductivity within a quasi-circular vegetation patch and bare soil area

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Soil bulk density and hydraulic conductivity are two of many key factors for vegetation establishment and the other way around. Variations in them may cause patchy...     

坡面植被恢复过程中植被与土壤特征评价

为了加快建设工程损毁立地植被群落正向演替,探究土壤特性与植被生长效果的响应关系,选取北京市延庆县上辛庄水土保持科技示范园20个典型绿化护坡小区为评价单元,运用主成分分析及聚类分析法在求得各护坡小区综合评价得分的基础上,将20个护坡小区划分为3类。采用Margalef指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数评价了3类护坡小区植被群落年际分异特征,并构建了5种模式的植被-土壤环境耦合度及其预测模型。结果表明:1)坡面植被恢复过程中以土质边坡为主的护坡小区植被恢复效果普遍优于岩质边坡组成的护坡小区。2)随着年份的增加,3类护坡小区物种多样性指数增大,变异系数减小,植被演替愈加剧烈。3)植被恢复5a后,植被-土壤耦合协调程度不是十分理想,以土质边坡为主的护坡小区处于中级协调发展阶段,岩质边坡组成的护坡小区仅处于初级协调发展阶段。该研究可为建设工程损毁立地边坡植被恢复提供参考依据。     

The influences of litter cover and understorey vegetation on fruitbody formation of Tricholoma matsutake in southern Finland

Removing the litter layer from an area known to contain matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake) is believed to enhance mushroom productivity in Asian countries where it occurs. This study aimed to understand the effect of understorey vegetation and litter cover on matsutake fruitbody formation and to evaluate the utility of litter derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a growth medium. An inventory of understorey vegetation and litter cover was conducted in a productive forest site mainly including conifers that contained 15 plots in which fruitbodies had formed in successive years and 15 nearby control plots without fruitbodies. Litter composition of fruiting plots was investigated. Two T. matsutake isolates were incubated for one month in DOM derived from decomposing spruce or birch litter and mycelial growth was estimated by monitoring the concentration of ergosterol. Although plant diversity was rather uniform in the study site, total vegetation cover was substantially lower and litter cover was somewhat higher in fruiting plots. We concluded that litter derived carbon has a positive impact on T. matsutake fruitbody formation. This was confirmed by in vitro culture experiments where T. matsutake was able to grow in spruce litter derived DOM.     

长期不同供磷水平下南方黄泥田生产力及磷组分特征

红壤性水稻土磷素易受铁、铝等固定而有效性低,过量施用磷肥则产生磷素淋失风险,研究不同供磷水平下黄泥田生产力、磷库平衡及磷组分特征,可为磷素高效管理提供依据。本研究基于福建黄泥田连续30年的供磷定位试验,研究连续30年3个供磷水平下[不施磷肥(CK)、30 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)(P1)、60 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)(P2)]水稻(1987—2004年为双季稻,2005年始种植单季稻)产量演变规律,并于试验的第31年分析土壤有效磷、全磷、无机磷库与有机磷库组分变化。结果表明,连续30年施用磷肥,与CK相比,早稻、晚稻与单季稻历年平均产量P1处理分别提高64.9%、37.0%与19.9%, P2处理分别提高67.0%、41.2%与20.4%,差异均显著。不同稻作制度下黄泥田磷肥的增产效果为早稻晚稻单季稻。与P1处理相比,P2处理第31年土壤有效磷含量提高190.5%,全磷含量提高32.4%,差异均显著;Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P含量与无机磷含量均显著提高,Al-P、Fe-P占无机磷比重分别提高2.12个百分点与4.40个百分点,但O-P比重降低9.45个百分点,差异均显著。施磷肥总体提高了活性有机磷(LOP)与中等活性有机磷(MLOP)含量,降低了高稳定性有机磷(HSOP)含量,P2处理表现尤为明显;增施磷肥, LOP与MLOP占有机磷比重增加, HSOP比重降低。籽粒或秸秆产量与Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、MLOP、LOP含量呈显著正相关。综上,黄泥田连续30年施磷肥增产效果明显, P1与P2处理的产量无显著差异,但P1处理呈现磷表观亏缺。增施磷肥提高了无机磷Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P比重,有机磷组分呈现由活性较低的形态向活性较高的形态转化趋势。每茬60 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)可维持磷素养分表观平衡并保持适宜的有效磷水平。     

几种黄土母质土壤磷吸附特性及缓冲性能的初步研究

黄绵土、黑土娄土和土娄土是西北特别是陕西的主要农业土壤。它们发育于黄土母质 ,但质地等性质有显著不同[1] 。根据第二次全国土壤普查资料[1] 和近几年的肥料试验 ,这些土壤有效磷低 ,多属缺磷土壤。施用磷肥的效果取决于土壤有效磷的数量 ,有效磷的数量则受控于土壤磷的吸附反应。土壤磷的等温吸附把土壤溶液磷和土壤固相磷联系了起来 ,是研究植物需磷与土壤供磷关系的有效方法[2 ,3] 。虽然土壤磷等温吸附模式有多种 ,但许多研究表明 ,Lang-muir方程比其它模型优越。因为 Langmuir方程通常具有最好的相关性 ,并且由 Langmuir方程可以…     

Dual water flow pattern in the unsaturated zone under a gypsum-amended soil

Sediment samples were obtained from boreholes down to c. 20 m in a gypsum-treated, saline-water irrigated soil and from nearby uncultivated fields at two locations (Nir Oz and Nahal Oz). Measurements of tritium concentrations in the soil solution enabled the determination of water flow rates in the unsaturated zone. Two types of flow, fast and slow, were identified in the profiles. The slow component, the ‘piston-flow type’ in the sandy loess section in Nir Oz and in the clayey loess section of Nahal Oz, had a vertical velocity of 0.16 and 0.23 m a^?1, respectively. The faster component typically transported the solution through fractures and other preferred paths. The percentage of the slow component in the sandy and in the clayey loess was 40% and 60% respectively. A previous prediction of delayed transport of salts was verified and is related to the interaction between chemical composition of irrigation water and the agro technical practices of gypsum application.     

流动分析仪快速测定土壤全磷含量

土壤经碱熔法消解,对连续流动分析仪和钼锑抗比色法所测土壤全磷含量进行比较分析,探讨流动分析仪测定碱熔法土壤全磷含量的可行性。结果表明,两种方法测定结果经 t检验,双尾 P(T ≤t)=0.5254,无显著性差异。回归直线方程y(流动分析仪-P)=1.0606x(钼锑抗比色法-P)-0.0191, R=0.9900。流动分析仪测定碱熔法土壤全磷的加标回收率在 98.09%～ 102.89%,3个样品重复测定 5次的相对标准偏差为 1.20%～ 2.07%。流动分析仪精密度与准确性高,试剂用量少,检测效率高,适用于批量土壤全磷的检测分析。     

黄土高原南部人工植被作用下的土壤水分研究

在大量野外调查和室内测定的基础上,研究了黄土高原南部地区丰水年前后不同人工植被下0～6m土壤水分含量。研究表明,年均降雨量600mm左右的正常年份,该区内杨树林、法国梧桐林和中国梧桐林下1.5～4m土层平均含水量约为90g/kg左右,发育了弱的土壤干化层,4～6m土层平均含水量约为120g/kg,水分状况优于上部土层。麦地和草地下0～6m水分状况良好,未出现土壤干化现象。丰水年充足的降水后所有林木下土壤干层消失,水分得到很好的恢复,说明该区并未形成永久性土壤干层,这为该区人工植被的良好生长提供了必要的条件。但目前加速发展的生态建设及经济林业仍会给该区土壤水分良性循环带来威胁,因此应加强人工植被下土壤水分的长期观测,合理引种、适当栽培,在收益的同时保证生态环境的可持续发展。     

红壤侵蚀区马尾松林下植被特征与土壤侵蚀的关系

针对南方花岗岩发育的红壤侵蚀区,在赣县大田乡选择5个低丘马尾松林,利用植物样方调查方法对样地的地形、土壤、植被、侵蚀沟进行调查和测量,基于获取的数据,利用统计学方法分析植被特征与土壤侵蚀的关系.结果表明：1）马尾松人工林郁闭度低,林木生长状况差,林地阳坡半阳坡植被总盖度仅为36.9％;2）林下灌草生物量低,物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度差,物种较为单一;3）林下植被以草本为主,草本以芒萁为主,其生物量占草本总生物量的75％以上;4）马尾松林下细沟、浅沟发育,土壤侵蚀严重,仅细沟、浅沟流失的土壤厚度达71.2 mm;5）不同坡位的侵蚀沟发育相关性显著,侵蚀沟与坡面的微环境差异明显,尤其是土壤密度和土壤水分差异显著;6）马尾松林下土壤侵蚀量对植被恢复具有抑制作用,但沟壑密度的发育能够提高灌草物种丰富度、多样性,以及促进灌草均匀性分布.     

我国南方地区典型红壤有效磷测定方法研究

通过油菜和水稻的盆栽试验,研究不同耕作方式下红壤有效磷的测定方法。结果表明:不同方法测得的土壤有效磷值差异较大,其中以Olsen法测定的有效磷值最小,各方法测得的土壤有效磷值之间均达到极显著的相关水平;各方法测得的有效磷值与作物吸磷量和生物量的相关性在旱地土壤上均达到极显著水平,在水田土壤上达到显著水平;其中以Bray I法测定的值与作物吸磷量及生长相关性最好,建议将Bray I法作为南方酸性土壤的有效磷测定方法。     

泥石流频发区土壤有机质空间变异特征

利用GPS定位技术在泥石流频发区——云南东川蒋家沟流域采集土样99个,研究土壤有机质空间变异特征.结果表明：1）流域土壤有机质的平均质量分数（2.21 g/kg）较低;2）土壤有机质在空间分布上有明显的各向异性,空间变异特征主要反映在东北-西南方位,空间展布呈条带状;3）土壤有机质的空间变异存在中等程度的空间相关性,是由结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用引起的,受土壤质地、坡度、高程、土地利用方式和人类生产活动等因素的影响;4）同一因素不同级别下,土壤有机质质量分数差异极显著.研究结果可以为泥石流流域碳储量的估算提供依据,为土壤侵蚀退化地的生态恢复与重建提供参考.     

Fractionation of phosphorus in soils with different geological and soil physicochemical properties in southern Tanzania

ABSTRACT

Soil phosphorus (P) forms have been practically defined as chemically fractionated pools. A knowledge of the abundance and diversity of P forms in soil, and the factors affecting them, will lead to better soil management. However, little is known about the differences in P forms among soils with different geological properties in tropical Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the P forms in soils with different physicochemical properties formed under different geological conditions in southern Tanzania and to identify the factors affecting the P forms in these soils. In total, 37 surface soil samples were collected from three geological groups; the plutonic (mainly granite) rock (PL) group, the sedimentary and metamorphic rock (SM) group, and the volcanic ash (V) group. Soil P was sequentially extracted by NH₄Cl, NH₄F, NaHCO₃, NaOH + NaCl, and HCl, and inorganic (P_i) and organic P (P_o) in each fraction were determined. The lowest total P was in the PL group (average, 360 mg P kg^-1) because of the high sand content. Iron (Fe)-P (NaOH-P_i) was the major form in this group, accounting for 8.4% of total P. In the SM group (average total P, 860 mg P kg^-1), Fe-P was the major form in most, accounting for 7.8% of total P. Soils in the SM group occasionally had high calcium (Ca)-P due to application of chemical fertilizer at the collection site. The V group had the highest total P (average, 1600 mg P kg^-1) and its major P form was Ca-P, which was possibly derived from primary minerals (i.e., apatite), accounting for 14% of total P. In addition, the high oxalate-extractable Al possibly caused the accumulation of Al-P in the V group. Oxalate-extractable Fe generally increased with increasing Fe-P_i, while oxalate-extractable Al increased with increasing organic P and Al-P_i in soils in all three geological groups. These results demonstrate that the soil P forms differ greatly among sites in southern Tanzania with different geological conditions and associated soil properties.