东北及内蒙古东部的土壤微量元素

土壤中的微量元素在动植物生活中所起的重要作用日益被人们所重视.了解土壤中的这一部分资源对指导微量元素肥料的施用,从而达到农业增产以及对消除由土壤微量元素缺乏或过剩引起的某些动植物病害均具有重要的意义.探讨土壤微量元素在土壤剖面中的累积和迁移及其地理分布规律,则可进一步阐明土壤发生过程与生物地球化学特性的关系.     

我国几种土壤中铁锰结核的元素组成和地球化学特点

The objective of this research was to isolate a dichlorvos （2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate）-degrading strain of Ochrobactrum sp., and determine its effectiveness in remediation of a dichlorvos-contaminated soil. A dichlorvos-degrading bacterium （strain DDV-1） was successfully isolated and identified as an Ochrobactrum sp. based on its 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain DDV-1 was able to utilize dichlorvos as a sole carbon source, and the optimal pH and temperature for its cell growth and degradation were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. Also, the growth and degradation of strain DDV-1 showed the same response to dissolved oxygen. In addition, the soil degradation test indicated that in soil spiked with 100 mg L^-1 or 500 mg L^-1 dichlorvos and inoculated with 0.5% or 1.0% （v/v） strain DDV-1, complete degradation of dichlorvos could be achieved in 24 h. The present study showed that strain DDV-1 was a fast dichlorvos-degrading bacterium in soil. However, further research will be needed to clarify the degradation pathway and the properties of the key enzymes involved in its biodegradation.     

关中盆地全新世黄土-土壤剖面微量元素的地球化学特征及其古气候意义

通过对老官台全新世黄土剖面12种微量元素的测定分析,结合本剖面已测定的粒度、磁化率、光释光(OSL)年龄,研究和揭示了它们在表生环境下的地球化学特征和古气候意义。微量元素在风化成壤过程中,其活动性由强至弱顺序为BaSrCdPbLiZnCuCrMnCoRbNi。其中Rb、Li、Cr、Co、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni八种元素在土壤形成过程中相对富集,含量较高;Sr、Ba、Cd三种元素在土壤中相对淋失,含量较低;但Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb五种元素对黄土层和土壤层的区别不是很明显。因此,Rb、Li、Cr、Co的高含量反映了较温湿的成壤环境,低含量反映了较冷干的粉尘加积环境;而Sr、Ba、Cd低含量反映了较温湿的成壤环境,高含量反映了较冷干的粉尘加积环境。Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Cd元素含量在表土层中的富集主要与现代耕作活动或工业污染有关,反映了人类活动强度的不断增强。LGT剖面主要微量元素的变化清楚地记录了关中盆地自末次冰消期以来气候环境经历的显著波动变化。     

Distribution of 32 Elements in Organic Surface Soils: Contributions from Atmospheric Transport of Pollutants and Natural Sources

Data are presented for 32 elements (Li, Be, B, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Hf, Tl, Pb, Bi) in organic-rich surface soils in Norway, based on samples from 464 sites. By considering geographical distributions based on isopleths, results from factor analysis, and ANOVA of median values from 12 different geographical regions, the contributions from natural and anthropogenic sources are estimated for each element. Long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants from areas out of Norway is a dominant source for Cd, Sb, Pb, and Bi and also a strongly contributing factor for Zn, As, Mo, and Tl. Also V, Ni, Cu, and Ge are somewhat affected, but other factors dominate for these elements. Local point sources of pollution provide significant contributions to soil concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, and Cd. The local bedrock is the overriding source of Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Rb, Zr, Cs, Ba, REE, Hf, and probably of Ge and Ag. Surface enrichment by root uptake in plants and return to the soil surface by decaying plant material is particularly evident for Mn, Zn, Rb, Cs, and Ba. These elements show no clear difference between south and north in the country, indicating that their plant uptake does not depend on latitude. In the case of B and Sr, atmospheric deposition of marine aerosols is an important source. Rb and Ag, and to a less extent Mn, Ga, and Ba, appear to be depleted in soils near the coast presumably due to cation exchange with airborne marine cations.     

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric determination of minerals in thyme honeys and their contribution to geographical discrimination

Twenty-four Spanish thyme honey samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Twenty-four minerals were quantified for each honey. The elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Se, Si, Sr, and Zn were detected in all samples; seven elements are very abundant (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S, and Si), and six are not abundant (Al, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, and Zn). Eleven of them are trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Mo, Pb, Se, Sr, and V) at <1 mg kg(-)(1). Classification of thyme honeys according to their origin (coast, mountains) was achieved by pattern recognition techniques on the mineral data. By means of principal component analysis, a good separation by geographical origin is obtained when scores for the two first principal components are plotted. Classification functions of 11 metals (Al, As, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, and V) were obtained using stepwise discriminant analysis and applied to classify correctly approximately 100% of the honey samples.     

啤酒花中矿物元素在生长期的动态变化研究

利用电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱(ICP-OES)对不同种植地的青岛大花、札一和马可波罗3个新疆主产啤酒花品种中的22种矿物元素在生长期的含量进行跟踪测定。结果表明,啤酒花对矿物元素的吸收和积累存在"地域差异"和"时间差异",其中Sr、Na、Rb、Li、Ba、Ga、Co和V的含量受种植地的影响较大;但在整个生长周期内,啤酒花对重金属无明显吸收和富集作用。基于22种元素的主成分分析结果进一步证实,前3个主成分的累计贡献率达到84.36%,且由PC 1和PC 2构成的得分散点图可以很好地区分不同产地的啤酒花样本;而由PC 1和PC 3组成的得分散点图主要可以区分啤酒花的"成熟度"。其中,Mg、K、Li、Na可以用来判别啤酒花的产区;Al、Pb、V对于评价啤酒花的成熟度具有较大价值。     

Trace elements in surface soils from the mineralized area of Madison County, Missouri, U.S.A.

Duplicate, bulked surface soil samples, from sites 10m apart, were collected at 97 locations 1000 m apart on a regular grid measuring 8x11 km. Data were obtained for Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. One field sample was a good predictor of its nearby duplicate for Co, Cu, Ni and Pb, satisfactory for Ba, Be, Cr, Mn and Zn, but poorer for Cr, Li and V. Maps of the variation in precision of the field samples did not reveal any association between abandoned mine sites and high variability. The median coefficient of variation for trace elements in the field duplicates was between 8 and 19.5%. The duplicated field data were averaged to yield a mean soil metal concentration at each sample location. Concentrations of Ba, Be, Cr, Li, Sr and V were comparable with other published values for similar soils in Missouri. Concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher which was explained by pollution from mining activities. A graphical technique was used to calculate background levels for metals in the second group. Samples of forest litter were collected at 12 locations: Ag, Ba, Cd, Mn, Sr and Zn concentrations were higher in the litter whereas Li and V concentrations were higher in the subjacent mineral soil. Computer isoline maps of the distribution of elements revealed an association between areas of high soil Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn and abandoned mines or mineralized rocks.     

Searching the most appropriate sample pretreatment for the elemental analysis of wines by inductively coupled plasma-based techniques

Different sample preparation methods were evaluated for the simultaneous multielement analysis of wine samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Microwave-assisted digestion in closed vessel, thermal digestion in open reactor, and direct sample dilution were considered for the determination of Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Tl, Pb, and Bi in 12 samples of red wine from Valencia and Utiel-Requena protected designation of origin. ICP-MS allows the determination of 17 elements in most of the samples, and using ICP-OES, a maximum of 15 elements were determined. On comparing the sample pretreatment methodology, it can be concluded that the three assayed procedures provide comparable results for the concentration of Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Sr by ICP-OES. Furthermore, ICP-MS data found for Cu, Pb, and Ba were comparable. Digestion treatment provides comparable values using both total decomposition in open system and microwave-assisted treatment for Cu by ICP-OES and for Cr, Ni, and Zn by ICP-MS. Open vessel total digestion provides excess values for Cr, Mn, Fe, and Zn by ICP-OES and defect values for Se. However, direct measurement of diluted wine samples provided uncomparable results with the digestion treatment for Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ba, and Bi by ICP-OES and for Mg, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn by ICP-MS. Therefore, it can be concluded that microwave-assisted digestion is the pretreatment procedure of choice for elemental analysis of wine by ICP-based techniques.     

Background Contents of Heavy Metals in Soils and Bottom Sediments in the North of Western Siberia

Eurasian Soil Science - Background concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cd, Ba, Sr, and Sc) in soils and bottom sediments were determined for the background and...     

Vergleich zwischen Total- und königswasserextrahierbaren Elementgehalten in natürlichen Böden und Sedimenten

Comparison between total- and aqua regia extractable contents of elements in natural soils and sediments Total- and aqua regia extractable contents of 19 elements from 28 soil samples with widely varying composition of the ISE ring analytical program (INTERNATIONAL SOIL-ANALYTICAL EXCHANGE) of the year 1995 to 1997 have been taken to find out the comparability between the two fractions. The relations between the two fractions and pH, organic matter and clay content were considered by means of single and multiple regressions. The correlations between the total and aqua regia extractable contents of As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Zn are very close, whereas Al, Ba, K, Na and Sr are not or only weakly correlating. The multiple regressions show that the content of some aqua regia extractable elements and the proportion (in %) of the total contents is correlated with pH, organic matter and/or content of clay. In the same way the proportion of aqua regia extractable elements is closely related (except Fe and Hg) to the soil pH. Hereby the proportion of the aqua regia extractable content increases with increasing pH in the range 3,5—7,7. The determined equations are tested for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn by using the values of certified reference material. The estimated aqua regia extractable contents are being compared with values of reference material. The average proportion of the calculated to the measured aqua regia contents of an element in percent are 99 for Zn, 98 for Co, Cu and Mn, 94 for Cd, 90 for Ni, 88 for Cr, 105 for Hg, 113 for As and 114 for Pb.     

Ratios of Closely Related Elements in Soil and Their Implications

This paper has investigated the ratios of closely related elements such as Mn, Cr, V, Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ba, Sr, La and Ce in the major soils of China, and the factors affecting them, and explored their use as indicators in soil formation, material transport and environmental pollution. Results show that the effect of soil-forming processes on the ratios of closely related elements varied with different elements, and became greater in the sequence of Ce/La <V/Cr=Ni/Co<Zn/Cu=Zn/Pb<Zn/Cd <Mn/Cr <Ba/Sr. The magnitude of the variation in the ratios of closely related elements depended on the chemical properties of the elements themselves, on the one hand, and the parent material and climatic conditions on the other.     

海南岛土壤中若干元素的因子分析

本文用因子分析方法对海南岛土壤中若干元素的分布规律进行初步探讨.通过Q型分析表明,该地区土壤样品主要分成两大类.一类为富含铁族元素,另一类为铁族元素含量相对较低的.由R型分析结果表明,除铁族元素为一类外,易淋溶元素锶、抗风化元素锆分别各成一种类型.说明土壤中元素分布与成土母质类型和元素地球化学性质有关.     

Multielement analysis of Canadian wines by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and multivariate statistics

Trace element fingerprints were deciphered for wines from Canada's two major wine-producing regions, the Okanagan Valley and the Niagara Peninsula, for the purpose of examining differences in wine element composition with region of origin and identifying elements important to determining provenance. Analysis by ICP-MS allowed simultaneous determination of 34 trace elements in wine (Li, Be, Mg, Al, P, Cl, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U) at low levels of detection, and patterns in trace element concentrations were deciphered by multivariate statistical analysis. The two regions were discriminated with 100% accuracy using 10 of these elements. Differences in soil chemistry between the Niagara and Okanagan vineyards were evident, without a good correlation between soil and wine composition. The element Sr was found to be a good indicator of provenance and has been reported in fingerprinting studies of other regions.     

Multi-element analysis of soils and sediments by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Soil and sediment reference materials were used to calibrate and evaluate an analytical method for the determination of major (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Mn, P, Ti) and trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mo, Mb, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sn, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, Zr) by sequential wavelength X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Samples were prepared as pressed pellets and analysis was done with a total measuring time of thirty minutes per sample. Special attention was given to the selection of the thirty reference materials used for calibration of the spectrometer. Another set of eleven RM (reference materials) was analyzed for the evaluation of accuracy. Detection limits for trace elements (1-2 mg kg^-1) are adequate both for geochemical and environmental purposes, except for Cd and Sb. Accuracy for trace elements falls within the expected interval of certified or recommended values in most cases, but for some major elements, like SiO₂, some results showed discrepancies, evidencing difficulties associated with the determination of light elements in complex matrices. But when quality criteria proposed by mapping programs are applied to the results, their requirements are fulfilled. Both instrumental precision, obtained by twelve sample replicate analyses, and analytical precision, considering also sub-sampling and pellet preparation, lie between the limits of the Horwitz expression, except at concentrations close to the detection limits.     

Metal Pools, Fluxes, and Budgets in an Acidified Forested Catchment on the Precambrian Shield, Central Ontario, Canada

Atmospheric emissions of metals have decreased in North America; yet, metals remain an environmental concern due to their environmental persistence and toxicity to biota. In this study, pools and mass budgets were calculated for 15 metals in an acidified forested catchment in Central Ontario. Metals that were enriched in bulk deposition over background average values (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) were generally enriched in the forest floor and upper lake sediment. While the metal pool in vegetation is small compared with the soil pool, internal cycling of metals via litterfall is comparable to atmospheric deposition, soil water, and stream fluxes. Partitioning coefficients calculated from metal concentrations in soil water and bulk soil suggest that Cd, Mn, Ni, and Zn are the most mobile. The mineral soil and lake sediments were sinks for most metals, while the wetland was a source of metals during the study year, which was a drought year. Overall, lithogenic metals (Al, Ba, Co, Fe, Mn, Rb, Sr, Zn) primarily from a weathering source generally exhibited net export from the catchment, while metals contained in atmospheric pollution (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V) exhibited net retention. Despite the acidified nature of the catchment, it functions to retain many pollutant metals.     

Etude par spectrometrie de masse a etincelles de la composition minerale de cuticules isolees de feuilles de poirier passe crassane

Abstract

The minerai content of enzymatically isolated pear leaf cuticles has been determined using a technique allowing a high sensitivity and a wide elemental coverage : the spark source mass spectrometry. About thirty elements have been detected, classified in different classes according to their content : N, K (major) Ca, Si, Al, Na (≥ 1 000 ppm) Fe, Cl, Mg (≥ 100 ppm) P, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ba, Mn, Ni, Co, Sr (≥ 10 ppm) B, Ag, Rb, Cr, Sn, V, Pb, Cd, U etc... (traces). These results are compared with analysis of entire pear leaves effected simultaneously and with those reported in literature concerning isolated tomato fruit cuticles. The problem of their validity for cuticles in situ, is discussed.     

Elemental analysis of solid samples by low temperature plasma ashing and microwave acid digestion

Sixteen elements (Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, B, Sr, Ba, Cr, Pb, As, Cd, Ni, Co, Se, Sb, Hg) were determined in oils, sediments, plants and marine organisms by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) or by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GF-AAS) after plasma ashing followed by microwave acid digestion with HNO₃/HCl/H₂O₂. Soil and sediment samples were treated directly in the microwave oven without ashing, but the complete procedure must be applied in case of high organic content. The method was tested on a variety of standard reference materials. Good recoveries were obtained for most of the considered trace elements with less time and reagents consumption than conventional open vessels acid digestion procedures. Hg was determined with good recovery in soil samples by the same method and in organic materials by a modified procedure involving digestion of fresh material with nitric acid in a reflux quartz system.     

Source Identification and Speciation of Metals in the Topsoil of the Khli Ti Watershed, Thailand

The enrichment factor, multivariate analysis and metal speciation studies were used to identify degree, source and dispersal of metal contamination in Khli Ti watershed, Thailand. Topsoil samples were collected throughout the watershed, analyzed for total metal concentration. Sequential extraction was also carried out to determine geochemical phases of metals which were identified as exchangeable and bound to carbonates, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and residuals. Soil characteristics including pH, total organic carbon, redox potential, cation exchange capacity and texture were also analyzed. Principal component analysis yielded three metal groups which explained 83% of the variance. The concentrations of metals which were derived from lithogenic origin, such as Co, Cr, Fe, Ni and V were in natural background levels and were mostly bound to the residual phase. The remaining elements (i.e. Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn) were associated with the contamination from previous activities of the Pb-ore concentrator and Zn–Pb mining. Anthropogenic contamination mainly increased Pb and Zn bound to Fe–Mn oxides at the expense of residual fraction. Even though low exchangeable Pb contents in Khli Ti soils indicated low availability to plants, Pb bound to Fe–Mn oxides fraction might increase its mobility under reducing conditions.     

Predicting sediment metal concentrations in lakes without point sources 1

Surficial sediments (0 to 2 cm) from 189 sites in 52 Quebec and Ontario lakes were analyzed for Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn by atomic adsorption spectrometry after extraction in dilute aqua regia. Empirical models using sediment texture (water content), site morphometry (depth) and geology (categorical variables) as predictors explain 82 to 87% of the between-site and between lake variation in sediment concentrations of Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and 52 to 68% of the variation of Al, Co, Fe, and Mn. Over a broad geologic range, geologic variables are only significant in models predicting Co, Cr, and Ni. These three elements are low in concentration in lakes with catchments on the Grenville shield, while Cr and Ni are enriched in catchments containing ophiolite geology. These models explain both between-site and between-lake variation in sediment metal concentrations, and due to the lack of geologic influence on most metals, may be valid for other regions. The models appear promising as a means to identify point source contamination without assumptions about the relevant sediment fractions or inter-element relationships.     

Wastewater Reuse for Alfalfa Production in the Gaza Strip

Geography, population growth, and politics combine to make the Gaza Strip a worst-case scenario for water resource planners. Potable water sources are shrinking while at the same time, the proportion of potable water used for irrigation is increasing. To assess whether water from wastewater treatment plants could be safely used for irrigation, this study collected 51 treated wastewater, 51 sludge, 44 soil, 30 alfalfa, and 24 oranges and lemon samples and analyzed the samples for major and trace elements. Both Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP/OES) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used for the determination of Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Zn, Zr, Th, and U in digested and solid samples, respectively. Treated wastewater characteristics showed a very good agreement with the guidelines of many developed countries. Moreover, none of the tested parameters in soil showed concentrations exceeding their corresponding background values. For alfalfa, both ICP/OES and XRF showed Zn concentrations in leaves (36–42 mg/kg, respectively) higher than in root (19–31 mg/kg, respectively). The Cu showed also the same trend as Zn. No significant variation was observed between the concentrations of Cr and Mn in plant parts; concentrations of Co and Pb were two times higher in roots than in leaves and stems. The findings confirm that treated wastewater is safe to use for irrigation in Gaza. Collecting and reclaiming this water can contribute to wise use of each drop of water available.