葫芦岛锌厂周围土壤镉污染现状研究

本文对葫芦岛锌厂周围土壤中重金属镉含量进行了分析检测,并用三种评价标准(当地土壤背景值、土壤污染起始值和土壤环境质量标准)分别对土壤镉的污染程度进行了评价,结果表明:锌厂周围土壤受镉污染严重。三种评价方法均表明锌厂南部和西部5km、北部10km范围内的表层土壤(0～20cm)达到了重度污染、北部15km处为中度-重度污染、北部20km处受到轻度污染。锌厂南部土壤镉的含量最高,其次是北部的土壤,含镉量分别超过土壤环境质量标准的19.23～109.23倍和4.13～11.63倍;而西部土壤镉含量相对较低。下层土壤(20～40cm)也受到了不同程度的污染,大部分剖面点达到了中度到重度的污染。在所研究范围内土壤上下层含镉量比值为1.3～17.9。     

Leaching Behavior of Heavy Metals In Biosolids Amended Sandy Soils

Use of biosolids in agriculture to improve crop production and soil quality have created concerns due to content of heavy metals that may affect surface or ground water quality. A column leaching study was conducted to evaluate the leaching potential of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cdmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) from two typical agricultural sandy soils in South Florida (Spodosol and Alfisol) with increasing application of pelletized biosolids (called PB) at the rates of 0, 1.25, 5.0, 10.0 g kg^?1, respectively together with chemical fertilizer (CF). Elevated PB rate resulted in reduced leaching loss of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni from Spodosol, but resulted in increased loss of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Co from Alfisol. Significant reduction in Cu loss occurred in both soils, which can be attributed to the strong binding of Cu with organic matter from the applied PB. Percentage of Cd loss as of total Cd was 13% – 41%, the highest in all the heavy metals, whereas loss of Pb as of total Pb was less than 6.6%, though the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni in leachate were mostly above the limits of U.S. EPA drinking water standards or the national secondary drinking water standards. These results indicate that soil properties, PB application rates, and chemical behavior of elements jointly influence the leachate total loads of heavy metals in sandy soils applied with biosolids. Application of CF together with BP at a rate higher than 10.0 g kg^?1 for sandy soils may pose potential threats to water quality due to enhanced leachate loads of Cr and Ni in Spodosol and Pb, Zn, Cd, Co and Ni in Alfisol.     

湖南两个小流域土壤中铝和铁的形态分布及其相关性研究

分别在湖南的郴州和长沙选定两小流域(SZY 和 LKS),从小流域规模分析了酸雨频降区两小流域土壤的主要理化特性和土壤 Al、Fe 形态。结果表明:在小流域 SZY 土壤中,各种形态的 Al、Fe 含量均高于小流域 LKS 土壤中对应形态的 Al、Fe 含量;在同一剖面, 各种形态的 Al、Fe 含量有表土高于底土的趋势。两小流域土壤中,除 Feox外各种形态的 Al、Fe 均与土壤有机质呈正相关,酸沉降能影响 Al、Fe 形态的转化和淋溶。酸沉降影响 Al、Fe 的溶出可能是通过形成可溶性的有机物-Al、Fe 的复合物而从难溶性 Al、Fe 转化而来。土壤中各种形态的 Al 与对应形态的 Fe 呈线性正相关,酸沉降增加了毒性元素 Al 的溶出,同时也可能增加营养元素 Fe 的有效性。     

不同栽培方式菜田耕层土壤重金属状况

【目的】评价不同栽培方式(温室、大棚和露地)菜田土壤重金属状况,为菜田土壤质量改善和蔬菜高效安全施肥提供一定的理论依据。【方法】针对我国北方3个区域(东北、黄淮海、西北地区)和南方4个区域(华中、西南、华东、华南地区)主要蔬菜种植区不同栽培方式的典型菜田耕层土壤展开调查,选择的主要菜区不同栽培方式的菜田均为远离城郊的未受到工业“三废”、汽车尾气等污染的农村菜田,取样时间是2013年作物收获后或蔬菜施肥前或生长后期,共采集503个土壤样品,对温室、大棚和露地三种栽培方式下土壤重金属状况进行了研究。【结果】1)采样区设施(温室和大棚)菜田土壤重金属Cu、Zn和Cd总量总体上均高于露地菜田土壤,较露地菜田土壤平均分别高12.2%、21.7%和30.4%。2)随着种菜年限的增加,菜田土壤重金属Cu、Zn和Cd总量呈显著增加的趋势。不同栽培方式菜田土壤中均可能存在几种重金属同时污染的复合污染现象,土壤Cu、Zn、Cd等之间的相关性均达到极显著水平。3)采样区不同栽培方式菜田土壤Cd的二级超标率在19.2%~22.3%之间,温室、大棚和露地菜田土壤Cd的单项污染指数平均分别为0.97、0.98和0.70;土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As和Hg的二级超标率在0~14.6%之间,单项污染指数在0.06~0.52之间。【结论】设施菜田N、P2O5和K2O总量及有机肥用量均显著高于露地菜田,可能是造成设施菜田土壤中重金属Cu、Zn和Cd积累显著高于露地菜田的重要原因。采样区设施(温室和大棚)菜田土壤Cd总体上处于污染警戒级状态,露地菜田土壤总体上未受到Cd的污染;设施和露地菜田土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As和Hg总体上均未构成对土壤的污染。     

绿化植物废弃物对重金属迁移的影响

采用土柱模拟实验,比较研究了覆盖绿化植物废弃物与土壤之上和绿化植物废弃物与土壤混合处理对城市绿地土壤中重金属淋溶的影响。结果表明,Zn、Pb和Cd均在80天后淋溶完全,而Cu有所不同,在80天后又有增加的趋势,原因可能跟重金属与有机质的结合能力有关。此外,绿化植物废弃物与土壤相混合能抑制Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd向下淋溶,而绿化植物废弃物覆盖于土壤之上则有促进Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd淋溶的趋势,且不论是混合处理还是覆盖处理,20cm厚绿化植物废弃物的处理均比10cm厚绿化植物废弃物处理对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的促进或抑制作用大。研究还得知,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的迁移还与土壤pH有关,低pH土壤有利于重金属的淋溶。     

新乡市寺庄顶污灌区土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物有效性研究

对长期电池废水灌溉的新乡市寺庄顶污灌区和对照区土壤重金属进行取样分析,结果表明,对照区土壤中Cd,Ni,Zn,Cu和Cr含量都能达标,污灌区土壤中Cr含量能达标,Cd,Ni,Zn和Cu的含量超标,其平均含量分别为65.31,1 196.64,2 799.25,145.78 mg/kg,是国家土壤环境质量二级标准的108.85,19.94,9.33和1.46倍。形态分析结果表明,污灌区污染最严重的Cd主要以铁-锰氧化物结合态存在,所占比例平均为56.84%;Ni主要以铁-锰氧化物结合态和残余态存在,所占比例平均为37.44%和39.55%;Zn主要以残余态存在,所占比例平均为78.24%;Cu主要以有机结合态存在,所占比例平均为57.70%;Cr主要以有机结合态和残余态存在,所占比例平均为45.55%和34.18%。与对照相比,污灌降低了Cd,Ni,Zn,Cu和Cr残余态所占比例,提高了重金属迁移能力和生物有效性。在4种超标重金属中Cd可交换态所占比例最高,平均为24.54%,由于其生物有效性最高,Cd迁移能力和植物毒性最值得关注。     

Radio-labile cadmium and zinc in soils as affected by pH and source of contamination

The determination of radio‐labile metals in soil has gained renewed interest for predicting metal availability. There is little information on to what extent the fraction of labile metal is affected by the soil properties and the source of metal contamination. The radio‐labile content (E value) of Cd and Zn was measured in field‐collected soils with Cd and Zn originating from different sources. The E values were erratic and sometimes even exceeded total metal content when the concentration in the soil extract was less than 8 μg Zn l^?1 or less than 3 μg Cd l^?1. Addition of EDTA (0.1 mm ) to the radio‐labelled soil suspension resulted in larger concentrations of Cd and Zn in solution and smaller E values for these soils. The E values were, however, unaffected by the presence of EDTA (0.1 mm ) in soils with larger concentrations of Cd and Zn in solution. The %E values (E value relative to metal soluble in aqua regia) ranged from 9% to 92% (mean 61%) for Cd and from 3% to 72% (mean 33%) for Zn. No correlation between soil properties and %E was observed for Cd, and the %E of Zn was negatively correlated with soil pH (r = ?0.65). There was a strong negative correlation between pH and %E in soils enriched with metals in soluble form (e.g. metal salts, corrosion of galvanized structures). In soils where Cd or Zn were added in a less soluble form, no such correlation was found, and %E values were generally less than in soils spiked with metal salts, suggesting that the source of the contamination controls mainly the labile fractions of Cd and Zn.     

土法炼锌区大气沉降Pb、Zn、Cd及其对土壤质量的影响

Dust emissions from smelters, as a major contributor to heavy metal contamination in soils, could severely influence soil quality. Downwind surface soils within 1.5 km of a zinc smelter, which was active for 10 years but ceased in 2000, in Magu Town, Guizhou Province, China were selected to examine Pb, Zn, and Cd concentrations and their fractionation along a distance gradient from a zinc smelter, and to study the possible effects of Pb, Zn, and Cd accumulation on soil microorganisms by comparing with a reference soil located at a downwind distance of 10 km from the zinc smelter. Soils within 1.5 km of the zinc smelter accumulated high levels of heavy metals Zn (508 mg kg-1), Pb (95.6 mg kg-1), and Cd (5.98 mg kg-1) with low ratios of Zn/Cd (59.1--115) and Pb/Cd (12.4--23.4). Composite pollution indices (CPIs) of surface soils (2.52--15.2) were 3 to 13 times higher than the reference soils. In metal accumulated soils, exchangeable plus carbonate-bound fractions accounted for more than 10% of the total Zn, Pb, and Cd. The saturation degree of metals (SDM) in soils within 1.5 km of the smelter (averaging 1.25) was six times higher than that of the reference soils (0.209). A smaller soil microbial biomass was found more frequently in metal accumulated soils (85.1--438 μg C g-1) than in reference soils (497 μg C g-1), and a negative correlation (P < 0.01) of soil microbial biomass carbon to organic carbon ratio (Cmic/Corg) with SDM was observed. Microbial consumption of carbon sources was more rapid in contaminated soils than in reference soils, and a shift in the substrate utilization pattern was apparent and was negatively correlated with SDM (R = -0.773, P < 0.01). Consequently, dust deposited Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils from zinc smelting were readily mobilized, and weredetrimental to soil quality mainly in respect of microbial biomass.     

Parameterization of Freundlich adsorption isotherms for heavy metals in soils from an area with intensive livestock production

Adsorption coefficients are valuable tools used to estimate the environmental relevance of heavy metal contamination. However, their determination with batch experiments is laborious. Thus, attempts have been made to deduce these coefficients from soil parameters. However, the application of the resulting parameterized equations to different sets of samples has often yielded poor results. Hence, the objectives of the present study were (1) to deduce basic soil properties governing the coefficients of Freundlich adsorption isotherms for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and (2) to derive parameterized isotherms and examine their accuracy. For this purpose, 30 topsoil and nine subsoil samples were investigated which represented one Podzol‐Cambisol‐Gleysol soilscape in an area with intensive livestock production in Lower Saxony, Germany. Total background concentrations (aqua regia digestion) of heavy metals in topsoils ranged from 0.290 (Cd) to 19.2 mg kg^—1 (Zn) and exhibited elevated mobilizable proportions (NH₄EDTA pH 4.6 extract) of 17 (Ni) — 66 % (Zn) from the total concentration. Background concentrations were higher in topsoils than in subsoils by factors of 1.7 (Ni) — 28 (Zn). These differences were assigned to the special situation of heavy metal input mostly originating from animal excrements. The isotherms obtained by batch experiments showed larger coefficients K_F for partition among soil solid phase and soil solution in topsoils than in subsoils by a factor of 3.5. The coefficients of the isotherms were significantly correlated with routinely determined soil properties such as cation exchange capacity and pH (R = 0.36—0.89). Parameterized isotherms were calculated for each metal by inserting the relevant parameters in multiple linear regression equations. Among these parameters were the soil pH, cation exchange capacity, total metal concentration, and the concentrations of organic carbon, clay, fine silt, and various pedogenic oxides. The K_F values, separately calculated for topsoils and subsoils, agreed well with those determined by batch experiments (R = 0.63—0.97). Therefore, parameterized isotherms are valuable tools for the prediction of heavy metal partition in soils from one soilscape and for a risk assessment in the investigated, densely stocked area and similar areas.     

重金属高污染农田土壤EDTA淋洗条件初探

通过室内振荡淋洗试验研究了乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)浓度、淋洗时间、液固比、淋洗次数对甘肃省白银市某高污染农田土壤中重金属去除效果的影响,并测定了EDTA淋洗前后土壤中重金属形态的变化。结果表明：淋洗剂浓度和液固比越高、淋洗时间越长、淋洗次数越多,对重金属的去除效果越好。在EDTA浓度为5 mmol/L、液固比为2.5、连续振荡淋洗3次、每次1 h时,对土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属的总去除率分别为 55.2%、21.9%、19.3% 和20.9%,其中Cd 淋洗效率最高。EDTA对土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态重金属的去除效果明显,但不能有效去除有机及硫化物态和残余态土壤重金属。     

工业和农业污染稻田土壤重金属的赋存形态及水稻吸收运移比较

[目的]稻田土壤重金属污染是当前农产品安全生产关注的重要问题.本文比较分析工业和农业污染源稻田土壤重金属的赋存形态及水稻吸收运移,以期为稻田土壤重金属污染控制提供参考.[方法]在长江中下游地区调查选取工业源和农业源重金属污染稻田各27块,在水稻成熟期使用抖根法采集根际土壤及水稻根系和籽粒样品,采用Tessier七步提取...     

Role of soil constituents in fixation of soluble Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd added to soils

Slow immobilization of trace metals in soil, termed ‘fixation’, affects their natural attenuation but it is still unclear which reactions occur. Twenty‐eight soils were selected to assess the role of Fe oxides and carbonates on fixation of Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni. Soils included samples from 2 toposequences (Vietnam, Spain) and 13 European topsoils with different soil characteristics (pH 3.4–7.7). Samples were amended with 250 mg Zn kg⁻¹, 100 mg Cu kg⁻¹, 80 mg Ni kg⁻¹ and 2.5 mg Cd kg⁻¹ as metal salts and incubated for 850 days. Fixation was measured as the increase of the fraction of added metals that were not isotopically exchangeable. Fixation increased with time and was, averaged over all the soils, 43% (Cu), 41% (Zn), 41% (Ni) and 28% (Cd) after 850 days. Metal fixation within samples from each toposequence was generally positively related to total Fe oxide concentration (Fe_d) for Zn, Ni and Cd. However, the fixation of Cd, Zn and Ni was mainly explained by pH and not by Fe_d when considering all soils. Fixation of Zn and Cd in soils with pH >7.0 increased with increasing concentrations of carbonates at initial ageing times. Fixed fractions of Zn, Ni and Cd were significantly released when experimentally removing 50% of carbonates by acidification. Fixation of Cu was most poorly related to soil properties. Our data suggest that fixation of Cd, Zn and Ni is related to a pH‐dependent diffusion into oxides and that of Cd and Zn also to diffusion and/or coprecipitation in carbonates. Fixation of Ni at neutral pH may also be related to stabilization of precipitates that form readily in soil.     

Mikrosondenuntersuchungen an unterschiedlich stark mit Schwermetallen belasteten Böden. 1. Methodische Grundlagen und Elementanalysen an pedogenen Oxiden

Electron microprobe studies on soil samples with varying heavy metal contamination. 1. Methods and analysis of elements in pedogenic oxides EMA point analysis, line scan profiles and microprobe photos were performed on thin sections from 19 soil samples with variing heavy metal content to show the distribution of elements in soil particles on a microscopic level. The investigations showed that the detection limits generally have a range of 110-830 mg/kg in anorganic soil matrix respectively 80-320 mg/kg in organic soil matrix. The element specific heavy metal accumulation capacities on the pedogen oxides compared to the average content of the soil samples can be described for Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. The maximum trace element accumulations in concretions related to their element total content in the soil samples were by Co 3.170 times, Ni 6.635 times, Cu 323 times, Zn 112 times, Cd 2.000 times and by Pb 745 times. The accumulation and immobilization of heavy metals by iron oxides suggests that additions of Fe oxides could be used to reduce heavy metal availability and leaching to the subsoil on highly contaminated soils.     

Solubility control of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils

We developed a semiempirical equation from metal complextion theory which relates the metal activity of soil solutions to the soil's pH, organic matter content (OM) and total metal content (MT). The equation has the general form: where pM is the negative logarithm (to base 10) of the metal activity, and a, b and c are constants. The equation successfully predicted free Cu²⁺ activity in soils with a wide range of properties, including soils previously treated with sewage sludge. The significant correlation of pCu to these measured soil properties in long-contaminated soils suggests that copper activity is controlled by adsorption on organic matter under steady state conditions. An attempt was made from separate published data to correlate total soluble Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in soils to soil pH, organic matter content and total metal content. For Cu, the total Cu content of the soil was most highly correlated with total soluble Cu. Similarly, total soluble Zn and Cd were correlated with total metal content, but were more strongly related to soil pH than was soluble Cu. Smaller metal solubility in response to higher soil pH was most marked for Zn and Cd, metals that tend not to complex strongly with soluble organics. The organic matter content was often, but not always, a statistically significant variable in predicting metal solubility from soil properties. The solubility of Pb was less satisfactorily predicted from measured soil properties than solubility of the other metals. It seems that for Cu at least, solid organic matter limits free metal activity, whilst dissolved organic matter promotes metal solubility, in soils well-aged with respect to the metal pollutant. Although total metal content alone is not generally a good predictor of metal solubility or activity, it assumes great importance when comparing metal solubility in soils having similar pH and organic matter content.     

Modern and paleolimnological evidence for accelerated leaching and metal accumulation in soils in New England,caused by atmospheric deposition

Empirical field evidence for changing chemical processes in soils caused by atmospheric deposition of pollutants consists of: (1) Long-term water quality data including total dissolved solids, concentrations of specific metals (e.g. Ca), and conductivity; (2) Cation exchange capacity and base saturation values for soils located on precipitation pH gradients; (3) Lysimeter studies; and (4) Chemical analysis of organic soils on precipitation pH and metal gradients. For well-drained organic soils, as precipitation pH decreases, metals are differentially leached at an accelerated rate (Mn>Ca>Mg≥Zn>Cd and Na>Al). Experimental field and laboratory lysimeter studies on soil columns yield similar results, with increases in leaching rates for soil solutions with pH=3 up to 100 × values for soil solutions with pH=5. Nearly 100% of the Pb from precipitation is accumulating in the organic soil layer or sediments. Zn is accumulating in soils and sediments where the pH's of precipitation, soil solutions, and surface waters are generally above 5 to 5.5. At lower pH values Zn and other chemically similar elements are desorbed/leached (net) at an accelerated rate. Chemical analyses of dated sediment cores from high and low altitude lakes, with drainage basins relatively undisturbed for the last 200+ yr, reveal that increased deposition of metals on a regional scale started in the northeastern United States as early as 1880, consistent with increased fossil fuel consumption. This suggests acidified precipitation as early as 1880. Cores from historically acidified lakes (pH<≈5.3 to 5.5) indicate that, as acidification of surface waters occurs (caused by acidic deposition), concentrations of Zn, Mn, and Ca decrease in the sediment. Apparently the metals are leached from the detritus prior to sedimentation. This conclusion results from data from experimental acidification of sediment cores and the general observation that precipitation pH is generally ≥0.5 pH units lower than lake water pH. Accelerated leaching of soil in New England dates to earlier than 1900.     

Soil cadmium stabilization using an Iranian natural zeolite

In recent years, natural substances such as zeolite have been used to absorb heavy metals in soil in an attempt to decrease their availability to plants. Compared to other techniques, the use of zeolite is fast, clean, and inexpensive. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of an Iranian natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on stabilizing Cd-contaminated soil treated with 0.01 M CaCl₂ leaching solution. Zeolite from Firoozkouh (Tehran Province) was added to four soils from Gilan province, northern Iran. The stabilization of Cd in soils mixed with zeolite was measured in both column and batch experiments. The results from the batch experiment showed that application of zeolite to soil reduced Cd leaching in all the contaminated soils. When more zeolite was added to soil, lower Cd concentrations were detected in the leaching solution. When 15% zeolite was applied, Cd concentration in the leachate decreased to below 0.1 mg l^− 1. Cadmium depth analysis showed little migration of Cd in sand and clay textures with no zeolite addition and after adding 15 and 75 pore volumes of leaching solution, the remaining Cd levels were 12% and 35% of the original Cd concentration, respectively. However, these values for 9% zeolite treatments were 97% and 99%, respectively. The higher cation exchange capacity of the zeolite/soil mixture and the higher pH levels were responsible for stabilizing Cd in these soils. The effect of preventing heavy metals from leaching was found to be more pronounced when zeolite was applied to clay soils.     

Contents and chemical forms of heavy metals in school and roadside topsoils and road-surface dust of Beijing

Purpose

The concentration of human activities in urban systems generally leads to urban environmental contamination. Beijing is one of ancient and biggest cities on the world. However, information is limited on Beijing’s soil contamination, especially for roadside and campus soils. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the contents and chemical forms of toxic heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the road-surface dust, roadside soils, and school campus soils of Beijing. In addition, enrichment and spatial variation of these toxic heavy metals in the soils and dust were assessed.

Materials and methods

Topsoil samples were collected from the schools and roadside adjacent to main ring roads, and dust samples were collected from the surface of the main ring roads of Beijing. These samples were analyzed for total contents and chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Zn, Al, and Fe. Enrichment factors (EFs, relative to the background content) were calculated to evaluate the effect of human activities on the toxic heavy metals in soils.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal contents in the road dust ranged from 0.16 to 0.80, 52.2 to 180.7, 18.4 to 182.8, 11.9 to 47.4, 23.0 to 268.3, and 85.7 to 980.9 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the roadside soil and school soil, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.42, 46.1 to 82.4, 22.7 to 71.6, 20.7 to 29.2, 23.2 to 180.7, and 64.5 to 217.3 mg kg^?1, respectively. The average EF values of these metals were significantly higher in the dust than in the soils. In addition, the average EF values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils near second ring road were significantly higher than those near third, fourth, and fifth ring roads. Anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn were mainly bound to the carbonates and soil organic matter, while anthropogenic Cu was mainly bound to oxides. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the urban soils of Beijing generally decreased in the following order: Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr; while in the dust, they decreased in the following order: Zn, Cu, and Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr.

Conclusions

Both EF and chemical forms documented that Cr and Ni in the soils and dust mainly originated from native sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn partially originated from anthropogenic sources. In overall, Beijing’s road dust was significantly contaminated by Cd and Cu and moderately contaminated by Cr, Pb, and Zn, while Beijing’s roadside soil and school soil were moderately contaminated by Cd and Pb. However, the maximal hazard quotients (HQs) for individual Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and comprehensive hazard index (HI) of these metals in the dust and soil were less than 1, indicating that the heavy metals in the dust and soil generally do not pose potential health effects to children, sensitive population.     

Kinetics of Desorption of Heavy Metals from Polluted Soils: Influence of Soil Type and Metal Source

Kinetics of desorption of heavy metal ions (Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) from the surface (0–15 cm) samples of an acidic soil (Inceptisol) and a neutral soil (Mollisol) spiked with inorganic salts of these metals or through an acidic sludge were studied by the column method. The rate of desorption of soil applied heavy metals was initially rapid and gradually declined with time. In general, the release of heavy metals from soils polluted by inorganic or sludge sources conformed to a multi-site model of first order kinetics; however, the release of Cd and Ni applied through inorganic sources to the neutral soil could be adequately accounted for by single-site model. The double-site model could adequately explain the release of Cd from sludge amended acidic soil and the release of Zn applied though inorganic salt or sludge to the neutral soil. In acidic soil, the apparent desorption rate coefficients of heavy metals applied through inorganic sources were higher than those for the sludge source. In neutral soil, however, the apparent desorption rate coefficients of heavy metals added through sludge were higher than for inorganic sources. Among the heavy metals, the higher apparent desorption coefficient value and percent desorption of Cd indicated a higher potential of this metal for leaching and ground water contamination. The results also suggested that the acidic soil pH might reduce the ability of the soil to naturally sequester heavy metal cations and lead to their leaching.     

不同pH值混合螯合剂对土壤重金属淋洗及植物提取的影响

为了得出混合螯合剂（MC）淋洗去除重金属的最佳pH值以及对后续植物提取重金属的影响,用Ca(OH)2将pH值为2.75的MC提高至pH值5、7和9,对重金属污染土壤进行了盆栽淋洗试验,而后种植东南景天（Sedum Alfredii）,测定淋出液及植物重金属含量。另外,通过浸提试验研究了含有不同阳离子的MC对重金属淋洗效果的影响。结果表明,pH值为5和7的MC显著提高了Cd、Pb和Cu的淋出率。与Na+、K+离子相比,Ca2+的存在能够提高MC对重金属的淋洗去除。pH值7和9的MC淋洗土壤后提高了东南景天的生物量,但是降低东南景天中Cd和Zn的浓度,导致其植物提取率低于无淋洗剂对照。在化学淋洗+植物提取联合技术中,Cd和Zn主要靠植物提取去除,植物提取率分别可达土壤Cd的30%～40%和土壤Zn的6.5%～6.9%;而Pb和Cu主要靠混合螯合剂淋洗去除,去除率分别为2.3%～2.6%和1.6%～2.0%。综合来说,如果需要同时去除Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu,降低土壤重金属有效态含量,用pH值9的MC淋洗土壤联合植物提取较为合适。     

A field study on factors influencing Cd levels in soils and in grain of oats and winter wheat

The influence of selected factors on Cd levels in soils and in grain of oats and winter wheat was investigated. Soil and grain were sampled at sites randomly distributed over Sweden. Organic soils generally had higher Cd contents and lower pH levels than mineral soils, and plants growing in organic soils tended to have higher Cd contents than plants growing in mineral soils. In mineral soils the amount of soil Cd extractable in 2M HNO₃ was positively correlated with the pH and the contents of organic matter and clay. The studied variable best correlated with the Cd content of oat grain grown on mineral soils was the pH (negative correlation). Soil contents of organic matter, clay, HNO₃-extractable Cd and Zn were also found to be significantly related to the Cd content in a stepwise regression analysis. In winter wheat grain, Cd content was best correlated with the HNO₃-extractable Cd (positive correlation). Additional significant factors were pH, grain yield and contents of organic matter, clay and HNO₃-extractable Zn. In winter wheat the presence of Zn reduced Cd uptake, and vice versa; no such mutually antagonistic relationship was apparent in oats. In oats, but not in wheat, it was possible to predict most of the differences in grain Cd content, caused by the factors described above, based on the variation in CaCl₂-extractable soil Cd. Analysis of samples from field trials indicated that there were differences in Cd content between varieties of both crops. Variation in factors described generally explained most of the differences in soil- and grain Cd levels between regions.