Catalase and Phosphatase Activities During Hydrocarbon Removal from Oil-Contaminated Soil Amended with Agro-Industrial By-products and Macronutrients

Microbiological activities are essential in the bioremediation of polluted soils. The enzymatic activities of microorganisms are usually used as a biological indicator of soil health. The aim of this work was to observe the catalase, acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AlP) activities in soil that was amended with agro-industrial by-products and macronutrients during the process of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal. To this end, microcosm tests were performed with soil and agro-industrial by-products ratios of 100:2:2, for soil:sugarcane bagasse pith:filter cake mud (SSF); 100:2, for both soil:sugarcane bagasse pith (SS); and for soil filter cake mud (SF). The macronutrients—carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus—in the experimental treatments were adjusted to 100:10:1 with a solution of NH₄NO₃ and K₂HPO₄. The best TPH removal (51.4%) was obtained with SSF at 15 days. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between TPH removal and AlP as well as AcP (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001; r = 0.70, p < 0.0107, respectively). Fungi growth was also correlated with both AlP (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001) and AcP (r = 0.95, p < 0.0001) activities. Besides, bacterial and fungi growth showed a correlation with TPH (r = 0.86, p < 0.001; r = 0.77, p < 0.0034, respectively). It could be said that the agro-industrial by-products and macronutrients contributed to pollutant removal from the oil-polluted soil at relatively short amount of time. In addition, the enzymatic activities were increased after the treatment; in this study, the high sensitivity enzyme was AlP, and it could be used as an indirect indicator of oil pollutant removal.     

土壤健康的生物学监测与评价

土壤是维持陆地生态系统功能和持续性的至关重要的有限资源。土壤质量和土壤健康与农牧业的可持续发展和环境质量的改善息息相关。土壤健康可简单定义为:“土壤作为一个动态生命系统具有的维持其功能的持续能力”。土壤微生物是土壤生物区系的关键性功能要素,一些微生物学参数可以综合判断土壤健康状况。文中提出土壤健康评价的指标体系可区分为土壤中微生物的量、活性、多样性和功能性4个方面,其中与微生物生物量水平相关的基本指标和衍生参数可成为土壤健康的敏感性量化指标,并有潜力作为土壤生态系统受污染和胁迫的预警性监测指标。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究

通过田间试验研究了玉米和向日葵两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用,考察了外源菌（OX-9）对植物修复的强化和协同效应,对“外源菌一植物”修复效果进行了初步评价。结果表明,在10000mg·k-1污染浓度下,150d玉米、向13葵试验区土壤中石油降解率分别为42．5％和46．4％,较对照区提高了100．5％和118．9％。外源节细菌的施加可使生物修复速度显著加快,150d“DX-9-玉米”和“DX-9-向日葵”试验区石油烃降解率分别达到72．8％和76．4％,较同期单独植物修复的降解率提高了71.3％和64．7％。500d各试验区土壤中石油烃降解率分别为95．5％、96．1％、97．6％和98．9％,土壤中石油烃含量均低于国家标准规定限量（〈500mg·kg-1）;土壤主要理化性质、生物群落分布、呼吸强度及植物不同部位中石油烃的残留量与对照无显著差异。结果表明：玉米、向日葵与节细菌对石油污染土壤的联合生物修复效果显著;经过两年修复,污染土壤恢复健康状态。     

水土保持生态修复监测内容探讨

在分析生态修复工程监测的目标、原则的基础上初步探讨了生态修复监测的内容、方法，为建立我省生态自我修复效益评价指标体系奠定基础。     

Phytoremediation of Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil

Phytoremediation uses plants and their associated microorganisms in conjunction with agronomic techniques to remove or degrade environmental contaminants. The objective of the field study was to evaluate the effect of vegetation establishment plus fertilizer addition on the biodegradation of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a crude oil-contaminated soil. Four replications of the following treatments were used: non-vegetated non-fertilized control; fescue (Lolium arundinaceum Schreb.) ? ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) mixture + fertilizer; or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) ? fescue mixture + fertilizer. Vegetation was successfully established at the site that had an initial total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of 9,175 mg/kg. While alkylated two-ring naphthalenes were degraded in all treatments equally, there was greater degradation of the larger three-ring alkylated phenanthrenes-anthracenes and dibenzothiophenes in the vegetated fertilized plots compared to the non-vegetated non-fertilized plots. In this field study, an increase in rhizosphere soil volume associated with increased root length along with nutrient additions resulted in increased total bacterial, fungal, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degrader numbers that most likely resulted in increased biodegradation of the more recalcitrant alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the crude oil-contaminated soil.     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

对于石油污染土壤的修复,其生物修复具有环境友好、费用较低等特点,是最具应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文较全面地介绍了石油污染土壤生物修复的影响因素、石油污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对该领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

Fungal Bioremediation of Creosote-Contaminated Soil: A Laboratory Scale Bioremediation Study Using Indigenous Soil Fungi

The aim of the study is to determine the efficacy of indigenous soil fungi in removing (PAHs) from creosote-contaminated soil with a view to developing a bioremediation strategy for creosote-contaminated soil. Five fungal isolates, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Pleurotus, were separatelyinoculated onto sterile barley grains and incubated in the dark. Thecolonized barley was inoculated onto creosote-contaminated (250 000 mg kg^?1) soil in 18 duplicate treatments and incubated at 25 °C forseventy days. The soil was amended with nutrient supplements to give a C:N:Pratio of 25:5:1 and tilled weekly. Creosote removal was higher (between 78and 94%) in nutrient supplemented treatments than in the un-supplementedones (between 65 and 88%). A mixed population of fungi was more effective(94.1% in the nutrient amended treatment) in creosote removal than singlepopulations wit a maximum of 88%. Barley supported better fungal growthand PAH removal. Pleurotus sp. removed the creosote more than the other isolates. Two andthree-ring PAHs were more susceptible to removal than the 4- and 5-ringPAHs, which continued to remain in small amounts to the end of thetreatment. Reduction of creosote in the present study was higher than wasobserved in an earlier experiment using a consortium of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, on the same contaminated soil (Atagana, 2003).     

12C6+重离子诱变海迪茨氏菌及其修复柴油污染土壤的研究

应用重离子束辐射改良海迪茨氏菌(Dietzia maris)菌株在降解方面的能力,将离子辐射学与环境修复学相结合,论证该菌在以柴油为代表的污染土壤中的修复能力.利用12C6+重离子能量为80MeV、LET为35.5keV·μm-1、吸收剂量率1Gy· min-1、辐射剂量为5～120Gy辐射具有降解石油烃的代表菌株Dietzia maris,经初选、复选筛选得到了突变菌株DMYR9,并对其在构建污染土壤样品中分解柴油率及修复前后土壤系统中酶活性相关参数与化学改良修复前后污染土壤样品相关数据进行对比分析.结果表明,土壤受柴油污染不久后过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶的活性呈现上升趋势,由突变菌体DMYR9修复后的污染土壤系统中脂酶活性呈现最低下降趋势,随着土壤中柴油被DMYR9降解,脂酶活性又不断降低,突变菌体数量及柴油降解率都具有很好的正相关性.突变菌株DMYR9进行生物修复的效果优于化学法修复,这对今后在土壤污染治理中开发利用此突变菌体具有指导意义,并具有较高的后续应用利用价值.     

Impact of Salinity on Soil Biological Activities: A Laboratory Experiment

In a laboratory study, the impact of sodium chloride (NaCl) on soil quality was examined through the monitoring of soil biological activity. Artificially salinized samples were prepared from the nonsaline soil by adding NaCl at electrical conductivities (EC) 2, 4, and 8 dS·m^?1 in saturated extracts. The samples were kept at 25 °C and at 50% field capacity during an incubation period of 40 days. The ATP, soil basal respiration, protease, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and catalase activities were monitored. The biological index of fertility (BIF), the enzyme activity number (EAN), and the metabolic potential (MP) were calculated. A regression analysis was used to calculate parameters from cumulative data of carbon dioxide (CO₂) evolution. The size of microbial biomass, measured throughout the determination of ATP, was decreased by increasing salinity. Increasing concentrations of salt up to an EC of 4 dS·m^?1 led to an increase of soil respiration. During incubation, protease and dehydrogenase were inhibited by NaCl; however, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase were not affected by the salt addition. Between indices, EAN confirmed the general depressive effect of NaCl on the biological properties of soil, while MP showed a pattern similar to that of soil respiration. Results of this study chiefly indicate that ATP, soil respiration, protease, dehydrogenase, EAN, and MP were able to put in evidence the effects of NaCl on soil biological activity and may be regarded as suitable tools to show the physiological reaction of soil microbial biomass under saline stress.     

抗线虫基因番茄秸秆对土壤生物活性的影响

采用室内模拟培养的方法,研究了不同用量(2%,4%)转抗线虫基因番茄秸秆和普通番茄秸秆分解对土壤酶活性及微生物量碳的影响。结果表明:与普通番茄秸秆相比,添加低量(2%)秸秆,23d前,抗线虫处理土壤脲酶活性显著提高,9d时土壤碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高,23d时则显著降低,23d后,土壤微生物量碳含量显著提高。添加高量(4%)秸秆,4d时抗线虫处理土壤脲酶活性显著提高,91d时则显著降低,9d时,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高,23d,42d时则显著降低,9d,23d时,抗线虫处理土壤微生物量碳含量显著提高。抗线虫处理与普通处理间土壤蔗糖酶活性的差异在秸秆添加量为2%和4%时都不显著。     

钒污染土壤生物修复研究进展

钒污染土壤对生态环境和人体健康存在危害,已成为土壤修复领域关注的热点之一。选取科学合理的修复方法对钒污染土壤进行精准治理十分必要。生物修复技术是钒污染土壤绿色可持续治理的重要发展方向,具有操作简便、环境友好、成本低廉、修复效率较高等优势。本文从植物、动物、微生物单一及联合修复的角度,综述了近年来钒污染土壤生物修复的研究进展,探讨了影响钒污染土壤生物修复效果的主要因素,总结了现阶段的研究不足,并对未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为钒污染土壤生物修复技术的总结与发展应用提供科学依据与理论参考。     

生物修复石油污染土壤研究现状

石油污染土壤的生物修复方法具有操作简便、费用低、对周围环境污染小、修复效率高等优点,应用前景广阔。从石油污染土壤生物修复过程中修复生物的选择、修复条件的优化、修复效果的评价等方面对近年来生物修复技术的研究进展进行了综述。为推动该方法的广泛应用,还应深入探究降解微生物之间的拮抗和协同机制、进一步降低修复成本、进一步完善修复评价标准,加强重石油污染土壤和特殊环境下石油污染土壤的治理研究,开展复合污染(如石油污染和重金属污染)土壤的修复研究。     

珠江三角洲人为土壤侵蚀及其监测方法初探

本文通过对珠江三角洲地区人为土壤侵蚀的类型和特征分析，将该地域的人为侵蚀类型划分为4个类型区：闲置的开发区、工程建设区、采矿和土石场、坡耕地，并对不同尺度下的人为土壤侵蚀监测方法进行了探讨，提出目前人为土壤侵蚀研究中存在的主要问题。     

Soil Chemical and Biological Activities under Vegetable Intensive Colocasia-based Cropping System in Indian Sub-Himalayas

ABSTRACT

Lack of crop diversification with suitable vegetable-based cropping system is a major constraint in limiting the productivity and sustainability of north-western Indian sub-Himalayas. To find out a sustainable vegetable-based cropping system in this region, a three year colocasia-based vegetable intensive experiment was conducted at Hawalbagh, Almora, India in a sandy clay loam soil under sub-temperate climatic conditions. Seven colocasia-based vegetable cropping systems along with rice–wheat system were compared under recommended package and practices. The system productivity in terms of colocasia equivalent yield was highest under colocasia–onion–frenchbean (52.38 Mg ha^?1) system. Sustainable yield index was highest with colocasia–gardenpea–frenchbean system (0.86). After 3 years, total soil organic carbon (0–5%), available N (2–22%), P (–7% to 14%) and K (3–15%) concentrations were increased in all cropping systems except rice–wheat system, where negative balance of available P (7%) was observed over that of initial soil. Significantly higher soil microbial activity, soil carbohydrate, dehydrogenase, protease, acid and alkaline phosphatases activity were observed under colocasia–onion system. The results suggest that colocasia–onion–frenchbean system with higher productivity improves soil fertility and enhances enzymatic activities.     

生物有机肥对大豆红冠腐病及土壤酶活性的影响

大豆红冠腐病是一种真菌引起的土传病害,其蔓延已经影响到大豆产业的正常发展。将腐熟的有机肥与3种生防细菌（枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌和胶质芽孢杆菌）结合,制备成生物有机肥,并通过盆栽试验方法,研究了上述生物有机肥对大豆红冠腐病的防效和对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用生物有机肥可以显著降低红冠腐病的发生,在CPC处理的防效指定为0时,生物有机肥的两个处理防效分别达到84．74％和81．30％,远远高于普通有机肥处理的防效（24．24％）。在有效养分相同的情况下,BOF处理的大豆株高、鲜重、干重和主茎节数均高于OF处理,达到显著水平,表现出显著的促生效果。施用生物有机肥以后,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性均高于对照和普通有机肥的处理,表明生物有机肥可以在一定程度上提高土壤酶的活性,改善土壤质量和肥力状况,具有防病促生的作用。     

Transformation of Petroleum Saturated Hydrocarbons during Soil Bioremediation Experiments

This paper presents transformations of saturated hydrocarbons of petroleum type pollutants during ex situ bioremediation of soil on the pilot heap (halde), during a period of 6 months, within the grounds of Petroleum Refinery Pan?evo (Serbia). Samples for analysis were taken in time intervals of 2 weeks (P₁–P₁₂ samples). Organic substance was extracted by Soxhlet’s method and quantified. Isoprenoid aliphatics, in particular pristane and phytane, and polycyclic aliphatics of sterane and triterpane types in saturated hydrocarbon fractions were analysed by GC-MS (SIM method). Significant amounts of n-alkanes have not been detected. The MS-chromatogram revealed only marginal amounts of pristane and phytane in sample P₁. Pristane and phytane occurred in sample P₈, and in even higher quantities in the final sample P_12. The proceeding bioremediation process was accompanied by the decrease of the relative amounts of pentacyclic terpanes of hopane type, compared to tri- and tetracyclic terpanes. In the initial sample P₁ the distribution of steranes and hopanes follows a pattern, which is characteristic for crude oils. However, their identification by SIM method was not possible in samples P₈ and P₁₂ because of the reduced concentration. The observed changes in the alkane fractions’ compositions may be considered as atypical, referring to the fact that during oil biodegradation under natural conditions, decomposition of isoprenoids occurs much easier and faster than decomposition of polycyclic alkanes of tri-, tetra- and pentacyclic terpane, sterane and diasterane types, after the decomposition of n-alkanes has been almost completed.     

微生物与有机肥混合剂修复石油污染土壤的研究

采用含有4种菌的菌剂与多种有机肥联合修复石油污染土壤,通过盆栽实验对不同浓度菌剂处理土壤中的石油烃降解率、16种多环芳烃（PAHs）浓度、脱氢酶活性、pH、阳离子交换量和微生物多样性等变化进行了研究。结果表明,腐植酸、诺沃肥和生物有机钙等有机肥和菌剂（4%处理）的加入使土壤盐碱环境得到明显改善,土壤pH稳定于6.9,阳离子交换量为201.94cmol·kg-1;对比4个不同浓度菌剂处理的效果,4%菌剂处理与有机肥联合作用修复效果最显著,石油烃降解率可达到73%,大部分所测PAHs浓度显著降低,其中萘、蒽、苯并（a）芘和苯并（g,h,i）芘降解率分别达到了65.5%、57.7%、74.7%和55.5%,土壤微生物数量增加,多样性更为丰富。     

土壤有机氯污染的生物修复和土壤酶活性的关系

简述了土壤生物修复的意义以及微生物 -酶 -生物修复之间的关系 ,对有机氯污染土壤的生物修复进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明 ,自然土壤中含有过氧化氢酶 ;加入“六六六”后 ,降低自然土壤中过氧化氢酶活性。此外 ,对产生过氧化氢酶的外源细菌进行初步搜集、筛选 ,并测定了其产生过氧化氢酶能力。结果表明 ,在有机氯污染的土壤中 ,加入外源细菌能增加土壤过氧化氢酶活性 ;有机氯能诱导加入土壤的外源微生物分泌过氧化氢酶的能力 ;细菌 B1是较有希望的能消除有机氯污染的菌株