Effects of seed potato tuber treatment with imidacloprid on some soil and foliar insects in Croatia

The treatment of seed potato tubers by imidacloprid, as well as the standard granular insecticides applied in the furrow, did not, in four years of trials, sufficiently prevent damage from wireworms, noctuid larvae and mole crickets to potato tubers. The main reason for this failure is the spatial and temporal distance between the application of insecticides and the moment when their action is needed. On the other hand, the effects of imidacloprid applied as seed tuber treatment on the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle was very good: depending upon conditions, it lasted from at least 55, to 70 days at the most. It protected the foliage from any substantial damage from the entire first generation, and ensured high yields. Therefore a decision on seed tuber treatment with imidacloprid in Croatia should primarily depend upon the cost/benefit calculation based on damage expected from the CPB (or aphids), and not from soil insect pests.     

Virus vector aphid activity and seed potato tuber virus infection in Hungary

An aphid and virus survey was conducted from 1993 and 1999 on the eastern lowlands in Hungary. Aphid flight was monitored with two yellow pan traps placed on the edge and in the middle of seed potato fields. From 1993 and 1997, aphid flight was monitored with a Rothamsted type suction trap. The aphid and virus survey was continued in four different regions of Hungary in 2000. Aphid flight activity recorded by the suction trap and the yellow pan traps was different. Cumulative vector intensity based on yellow pan trap catches revealed a greater variation between years than among the different locations. In 4years out of 8, aphid flight was less intensive and quality seed potato was harvested regardless of the production site. Cumulative vector intensity is a good means to forecast the time of haulm destruction in seed potatoes.     

Virus vector aphid activity and seed potato tuber virus infection in Hungary

An aphid and virus survey was conducted from 1993 and 1999 on the eastern lowlands in Hungary. Aphid flight was monitored with two yellow pan traps placed on the edge and in the middle of seed potato fields. From 1993 and 1997, aphid flight was monitored with a Rothamsted type suction trap. The aphid and virus survey was continued in four different regions of Hungary in 2000. Aphid flight activity recorded by the suction trap and the yellow pan traps was different. Cumulative vector intensity based on yellow pan trap catches revealed a greater variation between years than among the different locations. In 4years out of 8, aphid flight was less intensive and quality seed potato was harvested regardless of the production site. Cumulative vector intensity is a good means to forecast the time of haulm destruction in seed potatoes.     

土壤水分胁迫对马铃薯块茎淀粉合成关键酶基因表达及酶活性的影响

为探讨马铃薯块茎淀粉合成对土壤水分胁迫的响应机制,以马铃薯品种‘青薯9号’和‘闽薯1号’为材料,采用盆栽试验,设置3个水分胁迫处理：正常供水（保持土壤田间持水量的75%）、中度水分胁迫（保持土壤田间持水量的50%）、重度水分胁迫（保持土壤田间持水量的25%）,研究了土壤水分胁迫对马铃薯块茎淀粉合成关键酶基因表达及酶活性的影响。结果表明：在块茎形成过程中,土壤水分胁迫显著提高了马铃薯块茎AGPase、GBSSI、SBEI、SBEII、SSII、SSIII基因表达量,随土壤水分胁迫程度的提高,马铃薯块茎SBEI、SBEII、SSII基因表达量上调;土壤水分胁迫显著降低了马铃薯块茎AGPase、GBSS、SBE、SSS酶活性,其中GBSS、SBE酶活性下调;而AGPase、GBSSI、SSIII基因表达量及AGPase、SSS酶活性在马铃薯青薯9号、闽薯1号品种间表现出相反的上、下调趋势。     

Effects of soil solarization on nematodes in Croatia

For the first time soil solarization was investigated in Croatia both in the field and in the greenhouse in 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994. For two months (July and August), the soil was mulched with transparent polyethylene (PE) sheets of 0.015 or 0.050mm thickness. Soil temperatures at depths of 5, 10 and 20cm were recorded daily. In order to assess nematode population densities, soil samples were analysed before mulching and at the end of the mulching treatment. The results of these experiments showed that soil solarization drastically reduced the population of plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Tylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus spp.) by about 97–100% at a depth of 10cm and 92–97% at a depth of 20cm in the field, while in the greenhouse, the population of plant-parasitic nematodes was reduced by about 89–100% at a depth of 10cm and 98–100% at a depth of 20cm.In the same experiments, the population of saprophytic nematodes in the field was reduced by about 86–90% at a depth of 10cm and 72–89% at a depth of 20cm. In the greenhouse, the population of saprophytic nematodes was reduced by about 87–97% at a depth of 10cm and 87–93% at a depth of 20cm. This data shows that soil solarization was less effective in the control of saprophytic nematodes, which is considered to be an advantage.     

Effects of soil solarization on nematodes in Croatia

For the first time soil solarization was investigated in Croatia both in the field and in the greenhouse in 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994. For two months (July and August), the soil was mulched with transparent polyethylene (PE) sheets of 0.015 or 0.050mm thickness. Soil temperatures at depths of 5, 10 and 20cm were recorded daily. In order to assess nematode population densities, soil samples were analysed before mulching and at the end of the mulching treatment. The results of these experiments showed that soil solarization drastically reduced the population of plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Tylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus spp.) by about 97–100% at a depth of 10cm and 92–97% at a depth of 20cm in the field, while in the greenhouse, the population of plant-parasitic nematodes was reduced by about 89–100% at a depth of 10cm and 98–100% at a depth of 20cm.In the same experiments, the population of saprophytic nematodes in the field was reduced by about 86–90% at a depth of 10cm and 72–89% at a depth of 20cm. In the greenhouse, the population of saprophytic nematodes was reduced by about 87–97% at a depth of 10cm and 87–93% at a depth of 20cm. This data shows that soil solarization was less effective in the control of saprophytic nematodes, which is considered to be an advantage.     

Effects of straw and silicon soil amendments on some foliar and stem-base diseases in pot-grown winter wheat

Four foliar and two stem-base pathogens were inoculated onto wheat plants grown in different substrates in pot experiments. Soils from four different UK locations were each treated in three ways: (i) straw incorporated in the field at 10 t ha⁻¹ several months previously; (ii) silicon fertilization at 100 mg L⁻¹ during the experiment; and (iii) no amendments. A sand and vermiculite mix was used with and without silicon amendment. The silicon treatment increased plant silica concentrations in all experiments, but incorporating straw was not associated with raised plant silica concentrations. Blumeria graminis and Puccinia recondita were inoculated by shaking infected plants over the test plants, followed by suitable humid periods. The silicon treatment reduced powdery mildew ( B. graminis ) substantially in sand and vermiculite and in two of the soils, but there were no effects on the slight infection by brown rust ( P. recondita ). Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola were inoculated as conidial suspensions. Leaf spot caused by P. nodorum was reduced in silicon-amended sand and vermiculite; soil was not tested. Symptoms of septoria leaf blotch caused by M. graminicola were reduced by silicon amendment in a severely infected sand and vermiculite experiment but not in soil or a slightly infected sand and vermiculite experiment. Oculimacula yallundae (eyespot) and Fusarium culmorum (brown foot rot) were inoculated as agar plugs on the stem base. Severity of O. yallundae was reduced by silicon amendment of two of the soils but not sand and vermiculite; brown foot rot symptoms caused by F. culmorum were unaffected by silicon amendment. The straw treatment reduced severity of powdery mildew but did not detectably affect the other pathogens. Both straw and silicon treatments appeared to increase plant resistance to all diseases only under high disease pressure.     

The importance of the infected seed tuber and soil inoculum in transmitting Potato mop‐top virus to potato plants

Potato mop‐top virus (PMTV), the cause of spraing in potato tubers, is transmitted by Spongospora subterranea, the cause of powdery scab, and by planting infected seed tubers. This study was undertaken to determine the relative importance of these sources of infection in seed potato production in Scotland. The transmission of PMTV from tested seed tubers to daughter plants was examined over 2 years and six cultivars. The development of foliar symptoms varied with year and cultivar. Infection of daughter tubers derived from PMTV‐infected seed tubers was more prevalent on plants affected by foliar symptoms than those without symptoms. The rate of transmission of PMTV from infected seed tubers to daughter tubers ranged from 18 to 54%. Transmission was affected by cultivar and by origin of seed tubers used for a cultivar, but not by a cultivar's sensitivity to PMTV infection. The incidence of PMTV in daughter tubers of cv. Cara grown from seed potatoes from one source (common origin) by more than 25 seed producers was examined over two successive generations. The incidence of PMTV in daughter tubers was not correlated with that in the seed tubers but appeared to be strongly associated with soil inoculum. The incidence of PMTV was correlated with powdery scab in those crops in which both were present. There was some evidence from soil tests conducted in 2006 using a tomato bait plant and real‐time RT‐PCR that planting PMTV‐infected seed potatoes could increase the risk of introducing the virus into land not infested by PMTV.     

吡虫啉和毒死蜱对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响

为了考察杀虫剂施用对尿素态氮在土壤中转化过程的影响,采用室内培养法,通过测定土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数以及反硝化损失的动态变化,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮含量为200 mg/kg）中分别添加不同剂量的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对尿素的水解、土壤氮的硝化及反硝化过程的影响。结果表明:吡虫啉和毒死蜱各剂量处理在第3天时对尿素水解具有显著的促进作用（PPPPP<0.01）,减少反硝化损失量39.69%。     

水肥供应对马铃薯根层养分及产量的影响

以陕北地区普遍种植的马铃薯品种荷兰15号为供试材料,设置灌水水平和施肥量两因素,研究水肥供应对马铃薯根层养分及产量的影响。以100%ET₀(W1)和当地推荐施肥量(F1,N-P₂O₅-K₂O为240-120-300 kg·hm^-2)为基础,3个灌水量处理分别为W1,W2(80%ET₀)和W3(60%ET₀),3个施肥水平分别为F1,F2(75%F1)和F3(50%F1),以60%ET₀灌水水平和不施肥处理为对照组(CK),共10个处理。结果表明:不同水肥供应对马铃薯各生长阶段耗水量及水分利用效率有显著的影响,随着灌水量增加,土壤水分逐渐向下层迁移;在马铃薯整个生育期,W3F2处理水分利用效率最高,为44.69 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,其次为W2F2(44.41 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1),比CK分别高39.64%和38.75...     

Effects on litter-dwelling earthworms and microbial decomposition of soil-applied imidacloprid for control of wood-boring insects

BACKGROUND: Imidacloprid is an effective, systemic insecticide for the control of wood-boring insect pests in trees. Systemic applications to trees are often made by soil injections or drenches, and the resulting imidacloprid concentrations in soil or litter may pose a risk of harm to natural decomposer organisms. The authors tested effects of imidacloprid on survival and weight gain or loss of the earthworms Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny), on leaf consumption rates and cocoon production by D. octaedra and on microbial decomposition activity in laboratory microcosms containing natural forest litter. RESULTS: Dendrobaena octaedra was the most sensitive of the two earthworm species, with an LC(50) of 5.7 mg kg(-1), an LC(10) of about 2 mg kg(-1) and significant weight losses among survivors at 3 mg kg(-1). Weight losses resulted from a physiological effect rather than from feeding inhibition. There were no effects on cocoon production among survivors at 3 mg kg(-1). The LC(50) for E. fetida was 25 mg kg(-1), with significant weight losses at 14 mg kg(-1). There were no significant effects on microbial decomposition of leaf material at the maximum test concentration of 1400 mg kg(-1).CONCLUSION: The results indicate that, when imidacloprid is applied as a systemic insecticide to the soil around trees, it is likely to cause adverse effects on litter-dwelling earthworms if concentrations in the litter reach or exceed about 3 mg kg(-1).     

Development of resistance to thiabendazole in Helminthosporium solani (silver scurf) as a result of potato seed tuber treatment

Applying thiabendazole to potato seed tubers affected with silver scurf caused by Helminthosporium solani sensitive to thiabendazole decreased the severity of disease on progeny tubers at harvest, but about 50% of the isolates from these were resistant to the fungicide. The disease was not decreased when samples of the progeny tubers were treated with thiabendazole and planted in the following year, and the incidence of resistant isolates increased. Resistant isolates continued to be present when tubers were planted in the next 2 years without fungicide treatment. Treatment with a mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil also decreased the disease and fewer isolates were resistant than when treated with thiabendazole alone, although the proportion increased after treatment with the mixture in the following year. When seed tubers were infected with thiabendazole-resistant H. solani , silver scurf on progeny tubers was not affected by thiabendazole applied to the seed tubers but was decreased by the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil. Imazalil was equally effective against H. solani sensitive or resistant to thiabendazole.
Some isolates of H. solani had grey aerial mycelium and of 516 of these isolates obtained in 4 years 29% were resistant to the fungicide. Other isolates produced small, black colonies and their frequency increased with thiabendazole treatment of seed tubers. Of 244 of these isolates, 62% were resistant.     

6种杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病菌的毒力和拌种防效

为了探索马铃薯黑痣病高效防控技术,本研究选择240 g/L噻呋酰胺SC、20％嘧菌酯WG、10％苯醚甲环唑ME、0.3％四霉素AS、100万孢子/g寡雄腐霉WP、1％申嗪霉素SC等6种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定和田间拌种防效试验.结果显示,6种杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病菌均有抑菌作用,其中1％申嗪霉素SC、20％嘧菌酯WG、0....     

Differences in light stability of some carboxylic acid anilide fungicides in relation to their applicability for seed and foliar treatment

Irradiation of carboxin, furcarbanil, pyracarbolid, cyclafuramid, benodanil, mebenil and oxycarboxin by u.v. light (254 nm) for 4 h resulted in 97, 64, 58, 50, 20, 18 and 15% inactivation, respectively. Photoinactivation of the different compounds in aqueous solution or in the solid state was much slower in sunlight than in u.v. light and stability increased in the following order: carboxin < furcarbanil ≤ cyclafuramid ≤ pyracarbolid < mebenil ≤ benodanil < oxycarboxin. The residues of carboxin and furcarbanil on the leaf surface of bean plants were almost completely inactivated after 40 h exposure to sunlight; cyclafuramid lost 85% of its activity. The toxicity of leaf deposits of pyracarbolid, mebenil, benodanil and oxycarboxin decreased by 83, 53, 50 and 41%, respectively after 80 h in sunlight. The compounds with low photostability (e.g. carboxin, furcarbanil and cyclafuramid) are recommended mainly for controlling seed- and soil-borne fungi; pyracarbolid, mebenil, oxycarboxin and benodanil, which proved to be more photostable, appear to be useful fungicides to control rust diseases. Among several photochemical decomposition products of carboxin detected, the sulphoxide and sulphone were identified.     

干旱与复水对马铃薯块茎膨大期碳氮转运的影响

为探讨干旱及复水对马铃薯块茎膨大期碳氮物质转运影响的生理机制,采用盆栽控水法研究了干旱胁迫、旱后复水过程中马铃薯叶片与块茎中碳水化合物、氮素同化物以及碳氮转运相关酶活性的变化规律。结果表明：干旱胁迫下马铃薯叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性显著增强,增幅为54.9%,可溶性糖与蔗糖含量显著增加,分别增加84%、25%;块茎蔗糖与淀粉含量显著下降,分别降低25%、11.8%。复水后叶片可溶性糖含量变化较小,叶片SPS活性仍保持较高水平;块茎中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性下降6.25%(P＜0.05),蔗糖与淀粉含量分别增加21.8%、29.8%。干旱胁迫下马铃薯叶片中硝酸还原酶（NR）活性下降49.3%,谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性与对照差异不显著,叶片游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白质含量分别降低29.4%、38.4%,全氮含量降低13%;块茎中游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白质含量增加16.8%、270.9%。复水后叶片中NR与GS活性高出对照3.5%、12.1%,叶片游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质以及全氮含量仍保持较低水平;块茎游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白含量较高,增幅分别为24.6%、178.4%,全氮含量增加,与对照差异不显著。说明干旱胁迫显著阻碍了马铃薯碳水化合物与氮素同化物的合成与转运,使马铃薯叶片碳水化合物积累,但干旱促进了氮素向块茎转运,块茎中的碳氮比下降;复水后马铃薯植株能够快速修复干旱胁迫造成的损伤,表现为块茎中淀粉含量增多,块茎碳氮比增加。     

吡虫啉与三种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂对马铃薯桃蚜的联合毒力

本文探讨了吡虫啉分别与氰戊菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯和联苯菊酯复配对马铃薯桃蚜的防治效果,为合理有效地应用复配剂对其进行化学防治提供依据。应用共毒因子法和共毒系数法分别确定了最佳药剂配伍和最佳复配比例。采用共毒因子法测定结果表明,吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯混配对马铃薯桃蚜防治有明显增效作用。进一步采用共毒系数法测定表明,吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯复配比例为2∶3时,增效作用最显著,共毒系数达276.82;吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯以6∶1复配时,表现出拮抗作用。