Prediction of Yueqin acoustic quality based on soundboard vibration performance using support vector machine

As an important material of making instrument resonant component, paulownia has a significant influence on instrument acoustic quality. Using the method of support vector machine (SVM), an evaluation model for predicting the Yueqin acoustic quality was developed based on the wood vibration performance. Generally, the wood selection in the Yueqin manufacture mainly depends on observance weighting by hands, knocking and listening by an instrument technician. The defect in scientific theory impedes the improvement of Yueqin quality. In this study, nine Yueqin were fabricated. Based on the information of their raw materials and Yueqin acoustic quality evaluation, a prediction model was proposed. In the total 180 groups of data, 60 groups of data were randomly selected for the training, 30 groups of data were randomly selected from the unused data for the verification. The radial basis function is used to establish the Yueqin soundboard wood acoustic quality evaluation model and simulate the prediction. The results revealed that the prediction of Yueqin acoustic quality could be achieved based on the soundboard wood vibration performance using the MATLAB simulation. The classification accuracy was 90.00%, indicating that the predicted values were highly consistent with the experimental values. The models are able to be used to precisely predict the Yueqin acoustic quality based on the vibration performance of soundboards.     

近红外光谱技术在木材材性分析及木质复合材料生产中的应用

近红外光谱技术具有快速、无损、样品易于准备、适合实际生产在线检测等优点,在木材科学研究领域的应用越来越广泛。文中阐述近红外光谱技术在木材纤维素、木质素和抽提物等化学属性预测,生长特性及物理力学特征等物理属性预测,以及在木质复合材料生产中应用的研究进展,分析了其在木材材性分析及木质复合材料生产中的研究趋势。     

乐器共鸣板用木材声学振动性能改良研究现状及趋势

木材是制作乐器共鸣板的重要材料, 木材的声学性能在很大程度上决定了乐器的声学品质。文中在分析乐器板用木材声学振动性能改良的着手点与切入点的基础上, 总结木材声学振动性能改良方面的研究进展, 认为以下几个方面将成为未来研究的热点:1)从弹性模量、比弹性模量、声辐射品质常数和声阻抗等指标出发进行木材声学性能功能性改良研究; 2)开展乐器共鸣板用木材的替代树种用材的功能性改良研究, 扩大可用于制作乐器共鸣板的资源范围; 3)从改善木材声学振动效率和振动音色角度进行木材功能性改良的研究; 4)开展新型的乐器共鸣板用材研究。     

Vibrational properties of harp soundboard with respect to its multi-layered structure

The vibrational properties of a harp soundboard were investigated with respect to its multi-layered structure. The surfaces of harp soundboards are usually reinforced with veneer; however, this reduces the specific dynamic Young’s modulus (E′/ρ) and significantly increases the internal friction (Q ^?1) of soundboards. Since smaller E′/ρ and greater Q ^?1 values impart a smaller acoustic conversion efficiency, the attachment of veneer is predicted to reduce the amplitude of the sound produced, as suggested by harp makers. The vibrational properties of veneer-reinforced wood are elucidated using a multi-layered model comprising base wood, a glue layer, veneer and a varnish layer. The results of calculations suggest that a thinner veneer attached with minimal glue would increase the sound amplitude.     

A novel method for the reinforcement of harp soundboard

The effects of a carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) overlay on the wooden soundboard of a harp were compared to those of conventional veneer reinforcement with respect to the vibrational properties and bending strength. CFRP reinforcement has a minimal effect on the vibrational properties of the soundboard in its width direction, whereas conventional veneer reinforcement significantly reduces the acoustic conversion efficiency of the soundboard. The CFRP-reinforced soundboard also has sufficient bending strength in its longitudinal direction. These results indicate that CFRP is a promising material for the reinforcement of the wooden soundboards of harps to minimize the reduction of the sound amplitude.     

Optimizing CNC wood milling operations with the use of genetic algorithms on CAM software

Main focus of this paper is to introduce an appropriate methodology and create a Genetic Algorithm that optimizes wood milling operations, since wood is one of the primary materials used in both structures and musical instruments building. Mechanical properties of wood were considered in the cutting process modeling on CAM software as far as machining parameter values are concerned. Key machining parameters are explained along with their effect on the final product. The proposed Genetic Algorithm was specifically built for wood milling applications and its operators are examined in detail. The undertaken quality characteristics were minimum machining time and optimal surface quality, thus covering both productivity and quality goals at the same time. As a case study, a novel custom 3D CAD model of an electric guitar body was introduced, on which the proposed optimization methodology was implemented, so as to reveal its efficiency and effectiveness.     

基于不同预处理的椴树木材基本密度近红外光谱估测及模型优化

【目的】木材的基本密度在木材质量等级评定中起着重要的作用,是木材分流及精细化利用的重要依据。利用近红外光谱技术,实时监测木材性质,掌握木材性质的变化,为进一步制定和改善林木培育方法提供理论依据。【方法】借助树木生长锥对椴树活立木取样,以椴树样品基本密度真值和近红外光谱数据为输入,分别通过卷积平滑、一阶导数和二阶导数预处理方法来实现近红外光谱数据的预处理,建立了基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)的椴树木材基本密度的近红外估测模型。【结果】在350~2 500 nm波段范围内,一阶导数预处理的椴树木材基本密度模型是最优的,校正集相关系数为0.964 8,校正均方根误差为0.002 7,验证集相关系数为0.943 2,预测均方根误差为0.003 3。在对近红外光谱数据进行去噪优化处理,构建椴树木材基本密度模型后,在500~2 300 nm波段范围内,一阶导数预处理椴树木材基本密度模型依旧最优,其校正集相关系数为0.987 1,校正均方根误差为0.001 6,验证集的相关系数是0.948 6,预测的均方根误差是0.002 1。【结论】选择特定的预处理方法,结合样本特征,建立椴树木材基本密度模型,可以显著降低建模成本,提高模型预测精度,快速测定椴树木材的基本密度。     

Modelling the distribution of wood properties along the stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as affected by silvicultural management

In this work, empirical ring-based models were developed to predict the distribution of early wood percentage, wood density and fibre length along the stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as affected by silvicultural management. The performance of the ring-based models was also compared for Scots pine and Norway spruce with corresponding disc-based (cross-sectional) models. Moreover, both models were integrated with example simulations by a process-based growth and yield model to analyze how management, such as thinning, affects the growth and wood properties of Scots pine trees over a rotation as an average for the tree stem, but also along the stem.The ring-based models built for annual early wood percentage (explained by ring width), air dry wood density (explained by early wood percentage and cambial age) and fibre length (explained by radial growth percentage and cambial age) predicted reasonably well the wood properties both at an intra-ring level, but also at a cross-sectional level. These predictions were also reasonably well in line with corresponding cross-sectional predictions by the disc-based models (which predicted the properties based on the number of annual rings and diameter at breast height and/or the cross-section being considered and temperature sum). The example simulations also demonstrated that both models predicted slightly lower wood density for dominant trees compared to dominated ones grown in thinned and unthinned Scots pine stands over a rotation. Unlike the disc-based model, the ring-based model predicted, on average, higher early wood percentage in dominant trees than in dominated ones. However, fibre length was not significantly affected when the averages of the whole stems were predicted, and this held true for both ring- and disc-based models.In summary, the incorporation of empirical ring-based wood property models into a process-based growth and yield model, offers a means to study in detail how environmental conditions, forest structure and management affect the quantity and properties of stem wood produced over a rotation. The disc-based wood property models used in this work are based on data with large geographical and genetic variation, and therefore may turn out to be more applicable for predicting future wood and fibre resources at a regional and national level. This kind of integrated use of wood property models with a process-based growth and yield model could help us to evaluate the forest resources under current and changing climate.     

The combined effect of wetting ability and durability on outdoor performance of wood: development and verification of a new prediction approach

Comprehensive approaches to predict performance of wood products are requested by international standards, and the first attempts have been made in the frame of European research projects. However, there is still an imminent need for a methodology to implement the durability and moisture performance of wood in an engineering design method and performance classification system. The aim of this study was therefore to establish an approach to predict service life of wood above ground taking into account the combined effect of wetting ability and durability data. A comprehensive data set was obtained from laboratory durability tests and still ongoing field trials in Norway, Germany and Sweden. In addition, four different wetting ability tests were performed with the same material. Based on a dose–response concept, decay rates for specimens exposed above ground were predicted implementing various indicating factors. A model was developed and optimised taking into account the resistance of wood against soft, white and brown rot as well as relevant types of water uptake and release. Decay rates from above-ground field tests at different test sites in Norway were predicted with the model. In a second step, the model was validated using data from laboratory and field tests performed in Germany and Sweden. The model was found to be fairly reliable, and it has the advantage to get implemented into existing engineering design guidelines. The approach at hand might furthermore be used for implementing wetting ability data into performance classification as requested by European standardisation bodies.     

木质粉尘燃爆的爆炸指数理论评估

从燃烧化学反应动力学出发,结合热力学原理以及气体分子动理论,提出了木粉燃爆的动力学理论模型,对木粉燃爆试验的测量数据进行了理论计算。在不同木粉浓度以及不同木粉粒径下,将本模型的计算结果与已有模型的理论计算结果对比。结果表明:本模型的理论结果更接近试验测量结果,最大爆炸压力以及最大压力上升速率理论计算值与试验数据的平均偏差仅为9%。此外,利用本理论模型计算了最大压力上升速率随连续木粉浓度的变化曲线,得到在木粉质量浓度845 g/m3附近,爆炸指数的极大值为14.57 MPa·m/s。爆炸指数大于10 MPa·m/s的木粉质量浓度为330～1 945 g/m3,在此区间,利用本理论模型可以对不同浓度木粉的爆炸指数进行理论估算。研究得到的相关结果对试验测量以及实际生产中的燃爆防控技术均有理论指导意义。     

Modeling of heat and mass transfer during high temperature treatment of aspen

A three-dimensional and unsteady-state mathematical model, which accounts for simultaneous heat and mass transfer taking place during the high temperature treatment of wood, has been developed. It was validated by comparing the predictions with the experimental data. In the model, the coupled heat and mass transfer equations proposed by Luikov are solved, and the temperature and moisture content profiles within wood are predicted as a function of time for different heating rates. For the model validation, an experimental study was carried out with aspen under different operating conditions. The samples were heated to high temperatures using a thermogravimetric system. The weight loss and the temperature distribution within the sample were monitored and registered during the experiment. The model can use constant or variable thermo-physical properties. The temperature and moisture content of the wood predicted by the model using variable properties were compared with those predicted by the same model using constant properties as well as with the experimental data. The experimental and model results are in good agreement, and it was shown that the accuracy of the model depends on the accuracy of the properties. After the model validation was completed, a parametric study was carried out.     

不同木粉浓度下爆炸压力的动力学理论模拟

从燃烧动力学、热力学以及气体分子动力学理论出发,推导了木粉燃爆的动力学理论模型,对试验得到的所有木粉浓度的爆炸压力进行了理论仿真计算。与现有模型计算结果相比,试验模型对数据的拟合更好,不同浓度相应的最大爆炸压力理论计算也与试验结果更吻合。此外,利用试验理论模型还可以很好地拟合现有模型没有拟合的3种不同木粉浓度的试验数据,理论计算值与试验值的偏离最低为1%,平均偏离为5%。结果表明:木粉燃爆的最大爆炸压力先随木粉浓度增加而升高,并在中间某一浓度时达到极大值。随着浓度增加,最大爆炸压力反而呈现下降趋势。理论仿真计算结果与试验结果一致,弥补了现有模型存在的理论计算与试验测试不一致的缺陷。     

小型除湿干燥机干燥乐器用材的实践

本研究使用小型除湿干燥机对提琴用材进行了干燥工艺生产性试验。结果表明，干燥过程中试材未产生内裂和表裂；干燥后板材的含水率在材堆内分布均匀，在板材厚度方向分布有一定差异，平衡后可以使用；干燥成本在100元/m^3左右；干燥后的木材质量符合乐器制作的要求。本试验确定的干燥工艺可适用楔形不规则乐器用材，还可进行不同规格乐器用材的混合干燥。     

Genetic correlations among juvenile wood quality and growth traits and implications for selection strategy in Pinus radiata D. Don

? Juvenile wood quality in Pinus radiata is affected by factors such as low density, stiffness, and high microfibril angle, spiral grain, and shrinkage. Adverse genetic correlations between growth and wood quality traits remain as one of the main constraints in radiata pine advanced generation selection breeding program.

? Juvenile wood property data for this study were available from two progeny tests aged 7 and 6 y. We estimated the genetic correlations between stiffness, density, microfibril angle, spiral grain, shrinkage in the juvenile core and DBH growth in radiata pine, and) to evaluated various selection scenarios to deal with multiple objective traits.

? Negative genetic correlations were found for modulus of elasticity (MoE) and density with microfibril angle, spiral grain, shrinkage, and DBH. We observed low to moderate unfavourable genetic correlations between all wood quality traits and DBH growth.

? These low to moderate genetic correlations suggest that there may be some genotypes which have high DBH growth performance while also having high wood stiffness and density, and that the adverse correlation between DBH and MoE may not entirely prohibit the improvement of both traits. Results indicate that, in the short term, the optimal strategy is index selection using economic weights for breeding objective traits (MAI and stiffness) in radiata pine.

? In the long-term, simultaneously purging of the adverse genetic correlation and optimizing index selection may be the best selection strategy in multiple-trait selection breeding programs with adverse genetic correlations.

     

Assessment of resonance wood quality by comparing its physical and histological properties

The quality of wood used for music instrument making (resonance wood) is determined by assessing six physical properties: density, modulus of elasticity, sound velocity, radiation ratio, emission ratio, and loudness index. This can easily be done by means of measurements of the resonance frequency and the corresponding damping factor. The method described here is based on vibrational analyses, adapted from standard non-destructive testing of solid material, so as to provide information both for scientific studies and for violin making. The above six properties were assessed in samples of resonance wood of different quality and in normal (control) wood of Norway spruce and sycamore. The differences observed between the samples correlated with anatomical or histological characteristics of the wood. A sample of best-quality Norway spruce resonance wood showed a high radiation ratio in the axial direction, which correlated with the presence of small wood cells with thin cell walls. In “curly maple”, a high sound velocity in the radial direction correlated with the presence of broad xylem rays. The influence of external factors like wood moisture content or the geometry of the system is discussed within the context of the present study.     

Predicting probability of A-quality lumber of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) prior to or concurrently with logging operation

Knot properties have a profound influence on the suitability of wood for many wood products leading to significant value differences between different quality grades. It would therefore be rather advantageous to maximise the volume of good quality timber attained from the logs. The objective of this study was to assess how well A-quality lumber of Scots pine derived from log tomography features can be predicted with characteristics measured prior to or concurrently with the logging operation. The study is based on field experiments and X-ray scanning of 204 stems from southern Finland in 2014. We employed mixed logistic regression techniques to model the relationship between the main stem characteristics and probability of A-quality lumber. From the tree characteristics that can be measured or detected from standing trees, the height from the ground level to the lowest dead branch was found to be the best predictor of A-quality lumber. From the characteristics that could, at least in theory, be detected and measured at the moment of harvest, early growth rate and size of tree were found to be the best combination for predicting the probability of A-class quality.     

Technical change in forest sector models: the global forest products model approach

Technical change is developing rapidly in some parts of the forest sector, especially in the pulp and paper industry where wood fiber is being substituted by waste paper. In forest sector models, the processing of wood and other input into products is frequently represented by activity analysis (input–output). In this context, technical change translates in changes over time of the input–output (I–O) coefficients and of the manufacturing cost (labor, capital, and materials, excluding wood and fiber). In the case of the global forest products model, the I–O coefficients and the manufacturing costs are determined empirically from historical data, while correcting for possible reporting errors. The method consists of goal programming. The objective function is the sum of the weighted absolute value of the deviations from estimated and observed production in each country of interest. The constraints express the relationship between the multiple output (sawnwood, panels, pulp, paper) and input (wood, waste paper, other fiber) and prior knowledge on the limits of the I–O coefficients. The paper presents observed technical changes from 1993 to 2010 and projections to 2030 with their consequences for the global forest sector in terms of prices, production and consumption, value added, and carbon sequestration in forest biomass.     

Comparison of estimators and feature selection procedures in forest inventory based on airborne laser scanning and digital aerial imagery

Digital maps of forest resources are a crucial factor in successful forestry applications. Since manual measurement of this data on large areas is infeasible, maps must be constructed using a sample field data set and a prediction model constructed from remote sensing materials, of which airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and aerial images are currently widely used in management planning inventories. ALS data is suitable for the prediction of variables related to the size and volume of trees, whereas optical imagery helps in improving distinction between tree species. We studied the prediction of forest attributes using field data from National Forest Inventory complemented with ad hoc field plots in combination with ALS and aerial imagery data in Aland province, Finland. We applied feature selection with genetic algorithm and greedy forward selection and compared multiple linear and nonlinear estimators. Maximally around 40 features from a total of 154 were required to achieve the best prediction performances. Tree height was predicted with normalized root mean squared error value of 0.1 and tree volume with a value around 0.25. Predicting the volumes of spruce and broadleaved trees was the most challenging due to small proportions of these tree species in the study area.