Genetic relationships among sympatric varieties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer mono</Emphasis> in the Chichibu Mountains and Central Hokkaido,Japan

Acer mono Maxim. is one of the major components of cool temperate forests in Japan. Some of its many varieties are distributed sympatrically. Because of its great variability, the intraspecific taxonomy and nomenclature of the species are controversial. To understand the genetic relationships among these varieties and whether hybridization or introgression occurred among the sympatric varieties, we studied the genetic relationships among sympatric varieties of A. mono in the Chichibu Mountains (A. mono var. ambiguum, A. mono var. connivens, A. mono var. marmoratum) and Central Hokkaido (A. mono var. mayrii and A. mono var. glabrum) in Japan. Our results showed that varieties in Chichibu are genetically close, suggesting that hybridization or introgression might occur between these varieties, which could explain the higher genetic diversity of varieties in Chichibu than in Hokkaido. In contrast to the close relationships between the varieties in Chichibu, varieties in Hokkaido seemed relatively separated from each other; indeed, there may be reproductive isolation between the two varieties. The results provide new insight for the taxonomy of the varieties of A. mono, especially the sympatric varieties, in Japan.     

大蜀山五角枫林的群落结构及物种多样性

五角枫是多用途、多效益的优良经济树种,具有涵养水源、保持水土的生态效益.根据典型样地的调查资料,对安徽省合肥市大蜀山五角枫群落的物种组成、生活型特征、层次结构及物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明:群落内共出现维管束植物32科、56属、62种,乔木层树种有19种,优势种显著,优势种重要值按百分率的大小排序为五角枫(37%)>麻栎(12.13%)>朴树(7.35%)>马尾松(6.48%)>刺槐及其它树种(5.79%);群落区系地理成分主要由热带成分(47.83%)和温带成分(43.48%)组成;群落生活型以中高位芽和矮高佗芽植物为主,不同乍活型植物的物种多样性指数表现出灌木层>草本层>乔木层的规律;五角枫幼龄树的数量较少,自然更新较弱,正处于成熟阶段.     

Scleroderris Canker of Todo-Fir in Hokkaido,Northern Japan

Disease development and severity of Scleroderris canker of Todo-fir in Hokkaido vary according to forest type. Todo-fir under a canopy of deciduous species are almost free from canker, whereas in the open they are severely attacked. The situations are described with relation to environmental conditions associated with canker development.     

Scleroderris canker of Todo-fir in Hokkaido,Northern Japan

Ascospore and pycnospore discharge and germination were examined. The causal fungus was psychrophilic, with an optimum growing temperature of 10 °C. Pathogenicity to Abies sachalinensis was ascertained by artificial inoculation, and symptoms were induced also by spraying a pyenospore suspension on to untreated shoots.     

Scleroderris canker of Todo-fir in Hokkaido,Northern Japan

The first symptom of canker on Todo-fir appears in spring, although infection of current year shoots by spores must be established early in the growing season of the previous year. Isolation experiments demonstrated the presence of dormant infection of the causal fungus in the shoots and invasion of new bark tissues under snow cover during the winter.     

Size dependency of photosynthetic water- and nitrogen-use efficiency and hydraulic limitation in Acer mono

We examined open-grown Acer mono Maxim. trees of different sizes to test the hypotheses that (1) hydraulic limitation increases with tree size, thereby reducing photosynthesis, and (2) photosynthetic water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies change with tree size. Maximum net assimilation rate per unit dry mass was significantly lower in large trees than in small trees, whereas leaf nitrogen concentration increased with tree size. As a consequence, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency decreased with increase in tree size. Photosynthetic water-use efficiency, however, increased with tree size, partly as a result of reduced stomatal conductance. Neither root-to-leaf hydraulic conductance nor minimum leaf water potential changed with tree size.     

中日美栗疫病菌群体遗传结构比较

采用RFLP技术 ,对中日美 3国的 2 6个子群体共 75 7个栗疫病菌菌株的核DNA进行了群体遗传结构分析。结果表明 ,栗疫病菌的中国子群体间遗传结构有明显的分化 ,日本子群体间的遗传结构差异不明显 ;在美国和亚洲的栗疫病菌群体间没有发现基因流的迹象 ;美国栗疫病菌群体的遗传结构与日本群体的关系比较密切 ,而与中国群体间的差异较大。     

鸡爪槭园艺品种分类及栽培研究综述

该文概述了国内外鸡爪槭品种资源、园艺品种分类以及栽培管理等方面的研究进展,并提出了促进我国鸡爪槭品种的园林绿化栽培应用和种质创新的建议。     

Resistance of larches to bark stripping by sika deer in Hokkaido,northern Japan

Resistance of the Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) (Lk), the Kurile larch (L. gmelinii var. japonica) (Lg), and their F₁ hybrid (Lg × Lk) to bark stripping by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were studied in a forest in Hokkaido by cafeteria tests. Several sets of logs prepared from Lk, Lg, and Lg × Lk were fed to the deer. The stripped areas of logs significantly differed between the Lk/Lg set and the Lk/Lg × Lk set (P 0.05). The resistances of Lg and Lg × Lk to bark stripping was stronger than Lk. This result was similar to those of previous studies on gray-sided voles and mountain hares in Hokkaido.     

色木槭和拧筋槭种子脱水耐性分析——基于含水量、发芽率和ABA含量变化的结果

通过采集不同发育阶段种子并对其进行自然干燥处理,以含水量、发芽率和ABA含量变化为指标,研究了色木槭和拧筋槭种子在自然发育和干燥过程中的脱水耐性变化.结果表明,色木槭和拧筋槭种子虽经历了成熟脱水,但种子仍不耐脱水;其发芽率和活力指数随发育进程而逐渐增加,但随自然脱水进程而逐渐降低;色木槭和拧筋槭种子最大脱水耐性分别出现在花后100 d和120 d;在整个发育过程中,两树种种子的ABA(脱落酸)含量均较低;拧筋槭种子中ABA含量在脱水过程中呈下降趋势,而色木槭种子中ABA含量在脱水过程中虽有升高但变化不显著.推测ABA含量低可能为色木槭和拧筋槭种子不耐脱水的主要原因之一.     

发育和冷层积过程中色木槭种子发芽能力与ABA含量的变化

色木槭(Acer mono)又名色树、色木(东北)、五角槭、水色树等,属槭树科(Aceraceae)槭属(Acer)植物,落叶乔木,树高15～20m,胸径可达30cm,自然分布于我国东北、华北与长江流域中下游,朝鲜半岛、蒙古、东西伯利亚、日本亦有分布,为槭属树种中分布最为广泛的种(陈嵘,1937;高风华,2009)。色木槭树势优美,枝叶浓密,叶形秀丽,嫩叶红色,入     

Changes in carbon stock following soil scarification of non-wooded stands in Hokkaido,northern Japan

To restore non-wooded stands dominated by dwarf bamboo species (Sasa kurilensis or S. senanensis) into forests, mechanical soil scarification has been applied in northern Japan since the 1960s. The treatment is followed both by natural regeneration and artificial planting. In this study, we quantified the total carbon stock (plants plus 0.3 m depth of soil) of these stands over 35-year age-sequences. The natural regeneration stands were gradually dominated by Betula ermanii. The carbon stock increased linearly to 215.1 ± 35.2 Mg C ha⁻¹ for a 37-year-old stand formerly dominated by S. kurilensis, and 181.1 ± 29.8 Mg C ha⁻¹ for a 34-year-old stand formerly dominated by S. senanensis. The latter was similar to that of a Picea glehnii plantation, formerly dominated by S. senanensis, with comparable stand age (160.3 ± 6.7 Mg C ha⁻¹ for 35-year-old stands). Although the carbon stock in plants quickly offset the untreated level, that in the soil remained depressed even in the older stands. This resulted in small differences in carbon stock of these stands with untreated dwarf bamboo stands. We conclude that natural regeneration following scarification could be a prime option for carbon sink management in the region. However, we should take a long rotation period (i.e., >50 years) to ensure a carbon sink state. A potential of further improvements of the practice, including that reduce intensity of soil disturbance, was presented.     

Abundance and use of cavity trees at the tree- and stand-levels in natural and plantation forests in Hokkaido, Japan

The conservation of cavity trees in plantations is important for maintaining biodiversity because cavity trees are one of the forest attributes most strongly affected by forestry operations. We surveyed the occurrence of cavities at the tree-level and the abundance of cavity trees and the number of uses by secondary cavity users at the stand-level in natural and conifer plantation forests in Hokkaido, Japan. We classified cavities into two types by their formation processes: excavated and non-excavated. Excavated cavities were more common in dead trees than in live trees. Non-excavated cavities showed high occurrence in dead and live broad-leaved trees. The abundance of non-excavated cavity trees was two times greater than that of excavated cavity trees in natural forests, but, in plantations, excavated cavity trees were dominant. The abundance of non-excavated cavity trees was lower in thinned plantations than in not-thinned plantations. The number of cavity uses increased with the number of cavity trees, indicating the importance of maintaining cavity trees. Conifer plantations are established by removing native broad-leaved trees, which results in a lower abundance of non-excavated cavity trees in these locations. The conservation of broad-leaved trees is important for maintaining the current and future resource of non-excavated cavity trees in plantation forests, as is the conservation of dead trees, which showed a high occurrence of excavated cavities.     

Tradeoff between shade adaptation and mitigation of photoinhibition in leaves of Quercus mongolica and Acer mono acclimated to deep shade

We investigated susceptibility to photoinhibition in leaves acclimated to different light regimes in intermediately shade-tolerant Japanese oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Turcz. var. crispula (Blume) Ohashi) and shade-tolerant Japanese maple (Acer mono Maxim. var. glabrum (Lév. et Van't.) Hara), to elucidate adaptability to gap formation in leaves differing in shade acclimation. We hypothesized that there is a tradeoff between shade adaptation and capacity to mitigate photoinhibition associated with leaf morphology. We simultaneously measured chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange in seedlings that had been grown in full sunlight (open), 10% of full sun (moderate shade) and 5% of full sun (deep shade). Shade-tolerant A. mono adapted to deep shade through changes in leaf morphology, lowering its leaf mass per area (LMA), but Q. mongolica showed little change in LMA between moderate and deep shade. Photochemical quenching (qP) did not differ between species in full sunlight and moderate shade; however, in deep shade, qP of Q. mongolica was higher than that of A. mono, suggesting that Q. mongolica grown in deep shade is less susceptible to photoinhibition at gap formation. This is consistent with the finding that chronic photoinhibition 3 days after the transfer to full sunlight, indicated by the decrease in maximum photochemical efficiency, Fv/Fm, at predawn, was less in deep-shade-grown Q. mongolica than in deep shade-grown A. mono. In deep shade, the electron transport rate (ETR) of Q. mongolica was higher than that of A. mono, whereas thermal energy dissipation through photosystem II antennae, indicated by non-photochemical quenching, was lower in Q. mongolica than in A. mono. In deep shade, the greater ETR capacity in Q. mongolica in association with higher LMA and higher leaf N content could contribute to maintaining high qP and mitigating photoinhibition. These results indicate that, by maintaining a high electron transport capacity even in deep shade, the gap-dependent and intermediate-shade-tolerant Q. mongolica trades improved shade adaptation for higher growth potential when a gap event occurs.     

The effects of selective logging on stand structure and the regeneration of subboreal forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan

We investigated the effects of selective logging on stand structure and regeneration in selectively logged subboreal forests in Taisetsuzan National Park in Hokkaido in northern Japan. The basal area decreased and the size structure of trees altered in the stands studied due to repeated, intense selective logging, in which larger trees were cut down as a priority. Sapling density in the stands was much lower than that in primary forests. In the simple and multiple regression analyses that were used to estimate the effects of selective logging on sapling density, sapling density had a significant positive correlation with tree density and had little correlation with the density of logged stumps or the height ofSasa (dwarf bamboo) growing on the forest floor. These results suggest that the establishment sites around canopy trees influenced the establishment of saplings, rather than the gaps caused by selective logging. However, both the coefficient of determination and the standardized partial regression coefficient of multiple regression analysis were higher for the stand with a dense cover ofSasa than for the stand with a sparse cover ofSasa. Thus, the success of regenerating forests with selective logging depends on both the site of advanced regeneration and the light conditions that regulate growth.     

燕山山脉西伯利亚杏的遗传多样性和遗传结构

以西伯利亚杏分布的核心区域燕山山脉地区的17个群体为材料,利用9对微卫星标记进行遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。在533个个体扩增得到203个等位基因,每位点平均等位基因数为22.556个。分析表明燕山山脉西伯利亚杏群体具有较高的遗传多样性,每位点平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为5.714,多态位点百分率(P)为100%,期望杂合度(He)为0.788。根据有效等位基因数(Ne)、期望杂合度(He)和Shannon信息指数(I)3个遗传多样性参数,遗传多样性最高的群体为北京八达岭,其次为平泉榆树林子,而最低的群体为崇礼驿马图。群体间总的遗传分化系数FST为0.065,总的基因流Nm为3.836。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示燕山山脉地区西伯利亚杏群体的遗传变异主要存在于群体内(95.62%)。Mantel检验发现遗传距离与地理距离呈显著相关性(r=0.5894,P<0.0001)。UPGMA聚类结果显示,地理距离接近的群体聚在一起,进一步验证了Mantel检验结果。基于上述分析结果,提出西伯利亚杏的种质收集策略。研究结果为西伯利亚杏可持续利用与保护提供一定的理论依据。     

Chemical modification of rain water byAlnus japonica wetland forest in Kiritapp mire, eastern Hokkaido, Japan

A survey was made of seasonal changes in pH and electronic conductivity (EC) of precipitation inAlnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. forest in Kiritapp mire, Hokkaido, Japan. The average pH of throughfall and stem flow was higher than that of bulk deposition. When the pH of bulk deposition exceeded 5.5, however, pH of throughfall and stem flow was lower than that of bulk deposition. The EC of stem flow was always higher than throughfall, and that of throughfall higher than that of bulk deposition. The EC of stem flow was highest during the first defoliation period ofA. japonica. On the other hand, the differences in the EC of throughfall and bulk deposition was very few just after the first defoliation period ofA. japonica. This implies that the chemical properties of throughfall and stem flow are strongly affected by the phenology of the plants.     

Water relations of Yezo spruce and Todo fir in declined stands of boreal Forest in Hokkaido, Japan

Recently, symptoms of decline have been widely observed in Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis) and Todo fir (Abies sachalinensis) in Hokkaido. In order to clarify the mechanism of decline, the water status of Yezo spruce and Todo fir trees in the Tokyo University Forest in Hokkaido were investigated. The decline is observed mainly in stands damaged by Typhoon XV of 1981 (D-stands), but is not observed in undamaged stands (C-stands). Sampled trees in both types of stands were selected, the severity of their decline estimated, diurnal water potentials measured and water relation parameters such as water potential at turgor-loss point ( ) and osmotic potential at full saturation ( ) were estimated by pressure-volume analysis. The diurnal trends of leaf water potential and midday water potential ( ) of the sample trees were clearly different between the D-stands and the C-stand. Water stress in trees was much more severe in the D-stands than in the C-stand. and of the declining trees were lower in the D-stands than in the C-stand. However, and were not significantly different between declining trees and healthy-looking trees in D-stands. It was concluded that stand-level water stress, induced by the destruction of the canopy by the typhoon, was associated with the decline symptoms. The measurement of water relation parameters proved to be useful for diagnosis and prediction of decline at a stand level in this area.     

A preliminary study on the effects of line and selective thinning on bird communities in Hokkaido, northern Japan

In Japan, selective thinning is a common thinning method, though line thinning receives much attention because of its economic merits. In this study, we examined effects of the two thinning methods on bird communities in Todo fir (Abies sachalinensis) plantations in Hokkaido, Japan. We surveyed bird species in forests under four different management types — unthinned, selectively thinned, line-thinned plantation, and naturally regenerated forest (here after referred to as natural forest) stands — using a line-transect method. We also investigated vegetation structure (canopy tree and understory) of these stands. Bird species richness did not differ between natural forests and plantations, while bird total abundance was greater in plantations than in natural forests. Bird species richness and total abundance were comparable among the three management types for plantations. Abundances of 10 bird species were different among the four management types, and five species were more abundant in line-thinned plantations. However, two species were more abundant in selectively thinned stands than in line-thinned stands, and they frequently appeared in natural forests. There were no distinct differences in vegetation structure among the management types for plantations. Our results suggest that line thinning could be beneficial for some bird species in plantations.