Indigenous parasitoids as effective natural enemies of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllocnistis citrella</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Korea

This study is aimed to investigate the occurrence of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (citrus leafminer; CLM), which has recently caused increasing damage to citrus farms in southern South Korea, and its natural enemies, which can act as biological control agents. In the present study, CLM monitoring using sex pheromone traps were conducted in the major citrus farms in the Jeju region in South Korea. Also a survey of parasites was carried out to detect the effective control agent for CLM. During the investigation from 2011 to 2015, a relatively large number of adult CLM (2,386,990) were observed in the sex pheromone traps. The mean annual occurrence of CLM was 477,398, which showed an increasing trend with the increase in temperature. A survey of parasites was conducted in November 2015. Six parasites were found, of which, Quadrastichus sp. and Sympiesis sp. showed the highest rates of parasitism. The mean rate of parasitism during the survey period was 3.97 %. We discovered four new species of parasites of CLM in South Korea.     

Die Verbreitung der Roßkastanien-Miniermotte Cameraria ohridella Desch. & Dimic (Lepid., Gracillariidae) in der Region Südtirol-Trentino

A survey on the present distribution of the horse chestnut leafmining moth, Cameraria ohridella Desch. & Dimic 1986, in Europe and in Italy is given: In Europe, within a period of 15 years, the leafminer – recently introduced into Central Europe – has settled in an area that spreads over 13 latitudinal and about 20 longitudinal degrees; in Northern Italy, an area of approximately 50,000 km² has been afflicted in the 5 years since the leafminer's introduction in South Tyrol and Julian Venetia in 1993.The development of the distribution in the region of South Tyrol and Trentino is shown: In the province of Bozen-South Tyrol, between 1995 and 1999 the moth has spread in all the three principal valleys (Eisacktal, Pustertal, Etschtal); in the Trentino province, first local attacks began only in 1998, near Trento and Riva, but spread over the entire Etschtal/Adige Valley in 1999. While in South Tyrol C. ohridella was introduced from the North (North Tyrol), the introduction into the Trentino occured from the South (Verona).At present the attacks in Trentino province are preponderantly low (resulting heavy only in the city of Trento and in Riva del Garda) and limited to altitudes ranging from 70 to 700 in. In South Tyrol, attacks are mainly heavy in altitudes ranging from 250 to 900/950 m, while they are low in the increasingly affected higher altitudes of 1,000 to 1,230 m. Numeric attack parameters are given to show attack intensities.The number of generations per year depends on the respective climatic conditions: in lower-altitudes, usually three generations develop in a year, but in higher altitudes (800 to 1,100 m) only two generations; in the climatically favoured area around the Lake Garda a (partial) fourth generation appears possible.The question of host plants (Aesculus sp., Acer sp.) and the larval parasitism of C. ohridella is discussed. The parasitism of the larvae, principally by Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), was ascertained already in the first years of attack: In South Tyrol, 16 species of parasitoids appeared, and 8 in the Trentino province, but only two species were dominant: Minotetrastichus sp. and Pnigalio sp. The level of parasitism reached was low, comparable to other Central European countries.     

Seasonal population dynamic and within-plant distribution of the whitefly,Aleurotuberculatus takahashi David et Subramaniam (Hom., Aleyrodidae), and its parasitoid,Eretmocerus longipes Compere (Hym., Aphelinidae) in citrus and jasmine plantations in Fuzhou region of the southeastern China

Field investigations on seasonal population dynamic and within-plant distribution of the whiteflyAleurotuberculatus takahashi David et Subramaniam (Hom., Aleyrodidae), and its parasitoid,Eretmocerus longipes Compere (Hym., Aphelinidae) in citrus and jasmine plantations were conducted at Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China in 1996. Population levels of the whitefly and its parasitoid were approximately one times higher on jasmine plantation than on citrus. The seasonal trend of the whitefly parasitization rate on citrus was similar to that on jasmine. Maximum parasitization rates on citrus and jasmine were determined on 30. Sept. valuing 17.5% and 32.0%, respectively. Later in the season this rate gradually dropped gradually down to zero level till the end of sampling period. Populations ofA. takahashi andE. longipes were differently distributed in regard to leaf age on citrus and to plant layers on jasmine.A. takahashi was most abundant on youngest citrus leaves (age class I) averaging 14.03 indiv./leaf and on leaves in the top layer of jasmine with 20.02 indiv./leaf, whileE. longipes preferred to settle on youngest citrus leaves (age class I) (3.41 indiv./leaf) and on leaves in the middle layer of jasmine (2.95 indiv./leaf). Beside the whitefly population was distributed in a contagious pattern with K>8 on mature citrus leaves (age class III), the whitefly and parasitoid populations displayed an aggregated distribution pattern with 0<K<8 on all the leaf ages of citrus and all 3 layers of jasmine. Furthermore, the distribution of the parasitoid was even more aggregated than that of the whitefly within all leaf position tested. Regression analysis was used to fit a model of the parasitism related to the indices of whitefly (K1)/parasitoid (K2) (Y=0.1770–0.0048X, r=0.7850, p<0.05), where a=0.1770 represented the average saturation parasitism byE. longipes and b=0.0048 indicated a negative relation between the parasitism and the indices of K1/K2. From the equation it was concluded that the fitness of spatial distribution pattern between the whiteflyA. takahashi and its parasitoidE. longipes was optimal with of K1/K2-indices below 5 resulting in the highest parasitism in the field.     

模毒蛾性信息素应用技术研究

模毒蛾Lymantria monacha是内蒙古大兴安岭林区重大森林害虫。通过对模毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术的研究显示:不同类型的诱捕器诱虫效果不同,圆筒型和船型诱捕器的诱捕效果较好,方形的较差;诱捕器设置高度对诱虫效果的影响不同,设置在树冠下层和中层的诱捕器诱捕效果较好,上层的较差;不同设置距离的诱捕器的诱虫效果不同,随着设置距离的增加,诱捕器的诱捕量逐渐下降,设置于距林缘50 m的诱捕器诱虫效果最好,性信息素诱捕器的最远引诱距离可能为280 m。研究结果为利用性信息素对模毒蛾进行种群监测和防治提供了依据。     

Revitalizing Mountain Ginseng Cultivation in North Jeolla Province,South Korea

A study was made of measures to revitalize mountain ginseng cultivation in the eastern mountainous area of Muju, Jinan and Jangsu municipalities of North Jeolla province, South Korea. The targeted area is typical forested land and is utilized for the cultivation of ginseng. Access to seeds and seedlings for mountain ginseng cultivation is relatively easy in North Jeolla province, and the species is cultivated widely (on 63 % of the area of the province and by 74 % of farmers). This study investigated the current state of mountain ginseng cultivation and business management, including production costs and subsidy, sales and distribution system, and other business management concerns. A survey was conducted on 86 mountain ginseng-cultivating farming households living in the targeted area in 2013. It is concluded that to achieve greater production an aggressive government policy promoting the renting out of suitable sites for mountain ginseng cultivation in national and public production forestland to individual farms and farming cooperatives is necessary. Further research on increasing the survival rate of cultivated mountain ginseng (CMG) until harvesting and preventing damage by wild animals is also deemed necessary. More effective use of related municipal budget subsidy needs to be supported selectively to the enterprising farmers who aggressively pursue mountain ginseng cultivation and business management. Opening CMG retail stores to realize sustainable income growth and developing various processed products will increase farm income. The government needs to introduce policies to sustain consumer trust in CMG through initiatives such as establishing a CMG quality management system for growers, distributing government-approved seeds, and implementing a government-based CMG purchase system.     

Anämie bei freilebenden Erdmäusen (Microtus agrestis L.)

Anaemia of freeliving Field Voles (Microtus agrestis L.) Investigations about the population dynamics of the Field Vole in forest plantations in southern Bavaria were conducted during the period 1975–75. During the course of the investigations, periods of crisis in the development of the animals, especially at summertime, were observed. After a period of rapid increase of body weight and fertility in spring a decrease of body weight, increase of parasitism, low blood glucose content and splenomegaly were found. In this phase of development the overwintered parent generation disappeared and the increase of weight and number of the juvenils were restricted. The observed symptoms showed disturbances in haematopoesis which could be verified in a haematological survey. The number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin content and haematocrit value were affected with increasing of weight of the animals (Abb. 1–3). The observed anaemia was of hypochromic type (Abb. 4). It is to be noted that this anemia was conditioned by parasitism apart from other idiopathic factos such as pathogens or stress in over-crowded populations.     

松黄叶蜂寄生性和捕食性天敌研究

发现了松黄叶蜂的５种寄生性天敌,即松黄叶蜂尖胸青峰、松黄叶蜂翠金小蜂和邻凹姬蜂、田猎姬、恩姬峰。其中幼虫－蛹寄生４种;蛹寄生蜂１种,并研究了主要种生物学特性探索了捕食性、寄生性天敌及致病微生物对松黄叶蜂蛹发育的影响。     

韩国松材线虫病防治进展及其启示

韩国是世界上松材线虫病主要发生国，通过20多年的研究和治理，对松材线虫病有较丰富的管理经验和先进的防治技术。通过对该国实地考察，较系统地了解了松材线虫病在韩国的发生危害、研究现状和实用控制技术，并针对湖南省的实际情况，提出了有效预防、治理的措施和方法。     

Do Farm Characteristics Explain Differences in Tree Species Diversity among Western Kenyan Farms?

With the objective of planning diversification of on-farm tree species composition, a survey was conducted in western Kenya involving a complete tree census (trees were defined as all woody or ligneous plants, including shrubs and lianas) and collection of ethnobotanical information on 201 farms. Differences between farms in diversity of the 12 most frequent use-groups were analysed by species richness, Shannon, Simpson and Berger-Parker diversity indices, and Shannon evenness and equitability. A large range of values was detected among farms and use-groups. Multiple linear regression of diversity statistics on household characteristics indicated significant relationships. However, these relationships generally explained low percentages of variation (ranging 2-44%). The connection between household characteristics and use-group diversity allows targeting specific household types with lower diversity. Farm size had a positive relationship with diversity of most use-groups. However, accumulation curves revealed that the same area carried a larger abundance and diversity when it was composed of a greater number of smaller farms. If the pattern of further subdivision of farmland in the survey area continues and the same differences between smaller and larger farms prevail, then larger diversity per unit area can be expected. Because smaller farms contain smaller diversity, however, diversification with the aim of enhancing or stabilising productivity of individual farms may become an important priority in the survey area. The results presented allow for the identification of individual farms, use-groups, and household types for which diversification is more relevant, and at the same time allow for impact monitoring.     

性信息素诱杀山地果园梨小食心虫效果比较

在浙南云和县重河湾山地果园,采用不同类型诱捕器、不同药剂和不同浓度性信息素比较了梨小食心虫的田间诱捕效果。结果显示,不同类型诱捕器中,以粘胶型诱蛾效果最好,其次是水盆型,其它诱捕器不适合诱捕梨小食心虫;纯梨小食心虫性信息素诱蛾效果最好,加入梨酯后,诱蛾效果显著下降,梨果中提取出的梨酯诱蛾效果最差;同一性引诱剂诱捕效果随浓度的增加显著提高,但浓度增加到一定程度后,会显著下降。     

Natural biological control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halyomorpha halys</Emphasis> by native egg parasitoids: a multi-year survey in northern Delaware

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is a highly polyphagous plant pest native to eastern Asia. Since its accidental introduction to the USA in the mid-1990s, it has spread across North America and caused serious economic damages. Chemical control has been a widely applied management strategy which is not sustainable on a long-term basis. A nine-year survey using sentinel and naturally laid H. halys was conducted to investigate the extent of natural biological control by parasitoids in managed and non-managed landscapes in northern Delaware, USA. Naturally laid egg masses of native pentatomids were collected to compare the resident parasitoid complex to the one attacking H. halys eggs. Mean parasitism rates of sentinel eggs were below 6% in any given year of the survey with a grand mean of 1.79%. Parasitism of naturally laid H. halys eggs was higher than that of sentinel eggs, but there was no significant difference in parasitism between years and the grand mean was 4.31%. Parasitoid species richness on sentinel and naturally laid H. halys eggs was similar but both were lower than the richness on native pentatomid eggs. H. halys eggs were parasitized by eight species in the genera Anastatus, Trissolcus, Telenomus, and Ooencyrtus. The level of parasitism by native egg parasitoids is insufficient to provide long-term control of H. halys. Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), an Asian egg parasitoid that has been recovered in the USA in several locations since 2014, may be the most promising candidate for long-term biological control of H. halys.     

Field surveys of egg mortality and indigenous egg parasitoids of the brown marmorated stink bug, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halyomorpha halys</Emphasis>, in ornamental nurseries in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species native to regions of China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. In its native and introduced range, H. halys is considered a pest of tree fruits, vegetables, legumes, and ornamental trees. The highly polyphagous nature of this insect as well as its vast dispersal capabilities, require an integrated approach to management. Here we focus on the potential impact of indigenous natural enemies on H. halys in woody ornamental nurseries in Maryland, USA. We sampled naturally field laid H. halys egg masses for mortality and parasitism rates in 2012 and 2013. Overall, egg mortality averaged 54% for both years, and increased within season and between years. The largest source of mortality was from egg parasitoids with mean parasitism rates of 30.73 and 39.63% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Mortality from predation was much lower and averaged 4.61% by chewing and 2.53% by sucking predators. We found seven species of Hymenopteran egg parasitoids attacking H. halys eggs, with Anastatus reduvii being the dominant species comprising 61.17 and 79.12% of all parasitoids in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The observed increase in parasitism over time and female biased sex ratio of parasitoids suggests that native parasitoids may be responding to the novel host, H. halys. Consequently, the use of these native eupelmid egg parasitoids in augmentative or conservation biological control may be a viable H. halys management strategy in ornamental nurseries.     

Density and phenology of the invasive mealybug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Delottococcus aberiae</Emphasis> on citrus: implications for integrated pest management

Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a new invasive citrus pest in Spain. It causes severe fruit distortions and, as a new invasive mealybug, there is a lack of information about its biology. This research aims to examine the seasonal trend of D. aberiae in citrus, using several sampling methods, as a first step to develop an integrated pest management program. Ten citrus orchards from Eastern Spain were periodically sampled during three years using absolute (plant material) and relative (corrugated cardboard band traps and sticky traps) sampling methods. The three sampling methods showed that D. aberiae completes multiple generations per year, two of them being clearly defined and resulting in high populations. D. aberiae peaked between May and June, damaging the developing fruit. Corrugated cardboard band traps were able to detect prepupa and pupa male instars and gravid females, providing a quantitative measurement of D. aberiae density at its first population peak. The use of corrugated cardboard band traps is recommended to monitor population levels and sticky traps to determine male flight periods, representing simple sampling techniques to monitor D. aberiae. These results will improve the sampling protocols and allow for the development of an integrated pest management program.     

韩国原麝分布区50年间的变迁

在南朝鲜于1999年的2月至12月间,根据有关文献,调查问卷和对原麝的种类,粪便,及其在有雪和无雪的季节里的野外踪迹的调查,作者概述了50年中原麝的数量和分布区的变化。结果表明:从50年代至1999间,原麝(Moschus moschiferus parvipes)的分布区呈明显缩减之势。由于在原麝分布区中大规模地进行公路及林道的建设,导致了其生境片断化和丢失。而且牟取利润的非法猎捕也是造成原麝的种群数量和分布区缩减的主要原因,在高海拔地区的林道也常被盗猎者所利用。为保护韩国原麝资源,急待严格禁止非法猎捕行为。原麝生活习性方面的研究,为合理的保护和管理原麝提供了重要的基础信息。图1参9。     

花椒绵粉蚧寄生性天敌的调查研究

1999—2001年在花椒绵粉蚧Phenacoccus azaleae Kuwana发生严重的山西省盂县对该虫的天敌昆虫进行了详细的调查研究，发现绵粉蚧长索跳小蜂Anagyrus shoenherri (Westwood)、蚜虫跳小蜂Syrphophagus aphidivorus(Mayr)、宽缘金小蜂Pachyneuton sp．、长盾拟金小蜂Eunotus sp．和荆腹拟金小蜂(Gastrancistrus sp．等5种寄生性小蜂类天敌昆虫，其中绵粉蚧长索跳小蜂是优势种，它1a发生2代，成虫出现于4月和6月，对蚧虫越冬期的若虫、春天出蛰的雌性若虫、雌成虫及卵均能寄生。在花椒纯林内对产卵期的蚧虫寄生率为8．7％，在花椒与农作物混种的林地，由于经常喷洒杀虫剂，寄生率只有0．56％。根据该小蜂在白蜡绵粉蚧上的高寄生率，提出从蚧虫多年发生区采集寄生蜂，释放到新发生区的建议。     

马尾松毛虫性信息素林间诱蛾试验

采用船型粘胶诱捕器和马尾松毛虫性信息素诱芯,在林间进行诱捕马尾松雄蛾试验。第1年林间平均诱捕率30.6(,平均诱捕量0.475头。同一批次的马尾松毛虫性信息素诱芯,经同一冰箱低温保存1a后,在林间开展诱蛾试验,平均诱捕率25.9(,平均诱捕量0.7头。调查结果表明:保存1a的诱芯没有影响诱捕效果,但同一批次的诱芯在相同条件下保存3a后,其诱捕效果明显降低。     

基于双对数模型的入境韩国游客旅游需求影响因素分析

借助双对数模型,使用SPSS20软件得出了对韩国游客旅华需求影响的主要因素有韩国与中国相对CPI、韩国人均GDP以及非典事件,而韩元兑人民币汇率、亚洲金融危机、全球金融危机对需求的影响不显著,其中对需求的作用为正相关的因素有韩国与中国相对CPI、韩国人均GDP以及韩元兑人民币汇率,其余因素表现为负相关作用。分析过程中提出了在符合一定条件的前提下不应将没有通过t检验的因素从模型中剔除的看法,同时对数据的选择进行了探索。     

宁波口岸进境木质包装线虫疫情分析

对宁波口岸2000年1月至2005年8月进境木质包装线虫截获情况进行了汇总与分析,结果表明,进境木质包装线虫携带率较高,平均线虫检出率高达21.3%;线虫种类十分复杂,最常见的是小杆目线虫、滑刃属线虫、伞滑刃属线虫;共截获14种伞滑刃属线虫,其中3种为世界新发现种,7种在我国没有分布的报道.共截获松材线虫48批次,除来自美国、日本、韩国、香港、台湾等疫区外,还来自巴西、泰国、比利时、荷兰、意大利、西班牙等非疫区.     

Influence of rubber trees on leaf-miner damage to coffee plants in an agroforestry system

The coffee leaf-miner (CLM) (Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Mèneville; Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), the main pest of coffee plants, occurs widely throughout the Neotropics where it has a significant, negative economic and quantitative impact on coffee production. This study was conducted in a rubber tree/coffee plant interface that was influenced by the trees to a varying degrees depending on the location of the coffee plants, i.e. from beneath the rubber trees, extending through a range of distances from the edge of the tree plantation to end in a coffee monocrop field. The most severe damage inflicted on coffee plants by the CLM (number of mined leaves) from April, which marks the start of the water deficit period, until September 2003 was in the zone close to the rubber trees, whereas the damage inflicted on plants in the monocropped field was comparable to that on coffee plants grown directly beneath the rubber trees, which received about 25–40 % of the available irradiance (I_r—available irradiation at a certain position divided by the irradiation received in full sunlight, i.e. in the monocrop). From May until July damage caused by the CLM nearly doubled in each month. In midwinter (July), the damage decreased perceptibly from the tree edge toward the open field. From September onward, with the rising air temperatures CLM damage in the coffee monocrop started to increase. Based on these results, we conclude that coffee plants grown in the full sun incurred the most damage only at the end of winter, with warming air temperatures. Coffee plants grown in shadier locations (25–40 % I_r) were less damaged by the CLM, although a higher proportion of their leaves were mined. The rubber trees probably acted as a shelter during the cold autumn and winter seasons, leading to greater CLM damage over a distance outside the rubber tree plantation that was about equal to the height of the trees. Future studies should attempt to relate leaf hydric potential to pest attack in field conditions. More rigorous measurements of shade conditions could improve our understanding of the relationship of this factor to CLM attack.