气干材导热系数的温度特性

本文依据气体分子运动论与传热学的基本理论，在２０～１００℃温度范围内，讨论了气干材传热过程中，木材内部水分的蒸发与水蒸汽扩散的行为，研究了温度变化对气手材导热系数发生影响的规律．在理论分析与实验数据分析的基础上，推广和扩充以往关于气干材导热系数的讨论，提出了一个描述气干材导热系数温度特性的公式，计算结果与实验值比较符合     

木材导热系数的理论表达式(英文)

本文从木材的微观结构出发，应用物理力学导出木材弦向和径向导热系数的理论表达式 ，计算20种左右木材导热系数并与相同条件下的实验值比较，平均误差在5%附近，两者吻合 程度令人满意。     

木材弦向导热系数的理论表达式

分析木材细胞结构形态,以长匣子形作为木材细胞模型,根据材料导热与导电规律的相似性,应用类比推理方法,从欧姆电阻定律推出材料导热的热阻公式;依据该细胞模型和热阻公式推导木材弦向导热系数的理论表达式,从而揭示木材弦向导热系数是木材孔隙率的函数。孔隙率越大的木材,导热系数越小,并实际计算了24种木材的弦向导热系数,与试验值比较,理论值的最大误差12.6%,平均误差小于6.4%。     

木材导温系数的理论表达式(英文)

本文从木材的化学组成和微观结构出发,从理论上推导出木材导温系数的理论表达式,应用该表达式计算20种左右木材弦向和径向导温系数,并与实验值对照,得出木材弦向导温系数与理论值的平均误差在7.2%,木材径向导温系数与理论值得误差为6.2%。     

进口辐射松木材主要物理性能径向变异研究

为了提高进口辐射松木材加工利用效率,扩展其使用范围,参照国家标准对新西兰辐射松木材的气干密度、干缩性、湿胀性径向变异进行了研究。结果表明:辐射松木材近树皮、中部和近髓心的气干密度分别为0.502,0.480和0.452 g/cm~3,自树皮至髓心气干密度呈现出逐渐减小的趋势,并且在0.05水平达到了显著差异,平均气干密度为0.478 g/cm~3,属于低密度木材;辐射松木材在气干状态下,其径向、弦向及体积干缩率自近树皮至近髓心呈现出逐渐减小的趋势,并且弦向和径向干缩率在0.05水平上达到了显著差异,体积干缩率在0.01水平上达到了极显著差异;辐射松木材在全干至气干状态下,其径向、弦向及体积湿胀率自近树皮至近髓心呈现出逐渐减小的趋势,并且径向湿胀率在0.05水平达到了显著差异,弦向和体积湿胀率在0.01水平达到了极显著差异。在同一环境条件下,辐射松径向的干缩率和湿胀率均小于弦向。研究结果为进口辐射松木材的加工利用及径向不同部位木材尺寸稳定性能评价提供了重要的数据支撑。     

莎丽格木材解剖学特征及物理力学性能研究

以莎丽格木材为研究对象,对其解剖特征、密度、干缩率及关键力学性能等材性指标进行测试和分析,并与改良处理前的山杨做了对比,以期为莎丽格木材的应用提供理论依据。实验结果表明,莎丽格木材纤维长度和宽度平均分别为1 284.26、25.91μm,纤维长宽比为50.62,纤维的壁腔比和腔径比分别为0.27、0.67。莎丽格木材基本密度、气干密度和全干密度分别为0.41、0.49、0.46 g/cm~3。莎丽格木材弦向、径向、体积的气干干缩系数为0.322%、0.128%、0.476%;弦向、径向、体积的全干干缩系数为0.054%、0.031%、0.385%,气干差异干缩为2.612、全干差异干缩为1.818。莎丽格木材的抗弯强度为72.85 MPa、抗弯弹性模量为10 984.17 MPa、顺纹抗拉强度为89.66 MPa。综合来看,莎丽格木材主要物理力学性能优良,具有在木器企业广泛应用的基础。     

杉木人工林幼龄材与成熟材木材干缩性能指标的比较

测定了建始长岭岗林场 32年生杉木人工林的干缩性能指标 ,并分析了各指标在立地与木材径向部位上的差异 ,结果表明 :来自两样地的木材干缩性能指标均无明显差异 ;木材在径向部位上按 16年为界划分的成熟材与幼龄材相比较 ,全干状态和气干状态下的径向干缩率均具有极显著差异 (α =0 0 1) ,全干和气干体积干缩率、全干和气干差异干缩、全干弦向干缩率等指标的差异达显著水平 (α =0 0 5 ) ,气干弦向干缩率在径向部位上差异不显著。     

香椿木材物理力学性质及抽提物含量研究

对香椿木材的物理力学性质及抽提物含量进行了系统研究。结果表明:香椿木材为轻质木材,气干密度0.45 g/cm3;气干材径向、弦向、体积干缩率分别为1.53%、3.21%、4.85%;全干材径向、弦向、体积干缩率分别为3.33%、6.56%、10.46%;饱水径向、弦向、体积湿胀率分别为3.45%、7.01%、11.67%;香椿木材顺纹抗压强度25.64 MPa,抗弯强度75.01 MPa,抗弯弹性模量6331.24 MPa,端面、径面、弦面的硬度分别为2.90 k N、1.91 k N、2.08 k N;香椿木材的热水抽提物含量为5%、苯醇抽提物含量为4.47%、1%No OH抽提物含量为20%。     

邓恩桉木材物理性质的研究

对广西沙塘林场22年生邓恩桉木材的主要物理性质进行测定和分析。结果表明：邓恩桉木材气干密度、全干密度分别为0.751、0.707 g＆#183;cm-3;其径向、弦向和体积湿胀率分别为3.8%、4.7%、8.9%;径向、弦向和体积干缩率分别为3.9%、10.0%、13.8%;192 h的吸水率为83.5%。除木材密度外,邓恩桉木材的主要物理指标处于国产阔叶树材的中下水平,对其进行改性处理后可作为轻型建筑和家具用材。     

人工林米老排木材的物理力学性质

对23年生人工林米老排木材物理力学性质进行了测定和分析.结果表明:木材气干密度、全干密度和基本密度分别为0.577 g/cm3,0.554 g/cm3,0.463 g/cm3,属中等级别.木材全干差异干缩和气干差异干缩分别为1.963和2.442,弦向和径向干缩湿胀差异较大;木材端面、弦面和径面的硬度分别为5 717.0 N,3 963.7 N和3 822.8 N,弦面和径面的抗劈力分别为16和14 N/mm,弦面和径面的顺纹抗剪强度分别为11.6 MPa和11.3 MPa,抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量分别为132.3 MPa和13 092 MPa,冲击韧性为62.5 kJ/m2,顺纹抗压强度为48.7 MPa;木材综合品质系数为3 909×105Pa,品质系数非常高,属高等级材.     

Diffusion of bound water in wood

Summary Choong's (1963) data for isothermal sorption of water vapor by wood are used to compute pressures, chemical potentials, and entropies of water in the wood specimens of his nonisothermal mass equilibrium experiments. Entropies of both the bound water and water vapor were reasonably constant. A balance existed between thermal diffusion and mass diffusion, as indicated by gradients in temperature and chemical potential. This balance also is suggested by opposing gradients in spreading pressure and vapor pressure. Equal chemical potentials showed that the vapor and bound water were in equilibrium. The model proposed by Siau (1980) for nonisothermal diffusion is consistent with these results. Expressions are given for the two unknown parameters in this model: moisture conductivity and heat of transfer. The constant entropy of water vapor is used to show that the heat of transfer exceeds the activation energy for bound water diffusion by about 25 percent.The author wishes to thank Dr. Christen Skaar for his helpful comments during preparation of this paper for publication     

A THEORY OF DETERMINING MASS TRANSFERPARAMETERS FOR WOOD PARTICLE MATERIALS

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The effect of openings on combined bound water and water vapor diffusion in wood

This study was undertaken to estimate the effect of openings between cell walls on combined bound water and water vapor diffusion in wood. Using a newly developed model, the radial and tangential moisture diffusion coefficients can be predicted depending on the opening area. The new model explicitly involves a term for water vapor diffusion through the openings, as well as a term for the combined diffusion of bound water and water vapor. A classical model developed by Stamm and Choong had higher longitudinal moisture diffusion coefficients than that in the parallel model at higher moisture content, which is inconsistent with the Wiener bound rule. The new model suggested in this article is useful for analyzing the experimental results and understanding the variability of the diffusion coefficients.     

木材横纹导热系数的类比法研究

分析导热与导电间某些属性的相似性 ,应用类比法推出导热系数具有导电系数的某些属性 ,可用导电系数类似的定义式定义导热系数 ,即木材导热系数等于木材单位长度单位截面的热阻的倒数。根据木材微观细胞形态 ,选用圆柱形模型推导木材横纹导热系数的理论计算式。应用该公式计算 2 0种木材的横纹导热系数 ,理论值的最大误差 14 1% ,平均误差 7% ,理论值与试验值较为吻合 ,为理论研究木材热学性质提供一种可适用的方法。     

轻型木结构墙体稳态传热性能及其保温材料影响比较

轻型木结构墙体的热工性能对建筑节能至关重要,其稳态传热性能是节能效率评估指标之一。工程调研发现,轻型木结构墙体墙骨柱热传递过程易产生冷热桥,改善墙体保温构造并通过试验测试,对得到不同构造的墙体传热系数等指标进行分析研究,有利于设计人员优选墙体设计参数、研发墙体新型保温材料。试验采用标定热箱法与热流计法相结合的试验方法——控温箱-热流计法对改善保温措施的墙体进行试验,分析了12种墙体试件的热流密度、传热系数、热阻以及日传热量参数,并与理论计算结果进行比较验证,试验结果与理论计算结果吻合性较好。研究发现:气凝胶毡放置在墙骨柱位置能够有效降低平均传热系数3.8%~15.0%,随厚度增加可逐渐减弱或消除墙骨柱冷热桥效应;聚苯乙烯保温板可有效降低传热系数32.4%~35.1%,墙体蓄热能力较好;纳米纤维保温材料可有效降低传热系数5.9%~8.7%,提高墙体冷热面温差,平衡室内温度。选取的3种保温材料中,聚苯乙烯保温板相比气凝胶毡和纳米纤维保温材料,对墙体整体热工性能的提升更为显著。     

Water vapour diffusion and adsorption characteristics of sugar maple (Acer saccharum,Marsh.) wood polymer composites

Summary Water vapour diffusion characteristics and adsorption isotherms were determined for cell-lumen and cell-wall treated wood polymer composites (WPC). The diffusion coefficients of the cell-lumen WPC were lower than untreated wood and the cell-wall WPC coefficients were lower than cell-lumen. Using the Hailwood and Horrobin sorption model, it was found that the unimolecular layer is formed at lower moisture contents in WPC than in wood. The amount of free dissolved water was reduced only in the cell-wall WPC. The polymer reduces the water vapour accessibility in both types of WPC.     

Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of wood

Summary Transient simultaneous measurements of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of Swedish wood have been performed with the plane source technique on oven-dry hardwood (birch) samples at room temperature and at 100 °C. The influences of temperature, density, porosity and anisotropy on thermal conduction were investigated. The measurements were done in longitudinal (parallel to the grain) and transverse (intermediate between radial and tangential) directions. As the temperature increased from 20 to 100 °C, the thermal conductivity of each sample increased slightly for both longitudinal and transverse directions. The effect of density and porosity on the thermal conductivity may be related to the presence of other scattering mechanisms such as voids and cell boundaries. It seems that the dominant mechanism of heat transfer across the cell lumina in these types of wood is the heat conduction through the voids. An attempt was made to explain the behaviour of the effective thermal conductivity by adopting a model based on the ratio between heat conduction in parallel and serial layers of gas, liquid, and solid phases. Received 7 May 1997     

Some considerations in heterogeneous nonisothermal transport models for wood: a numerical study

This study compares a number of coupled heat and mass transfer models and presents numerical comparisons of phenomenological coefficients between the four models (Stanish, Perre, Pang, and Avramidis) that are most frequently used in the literature to describe wood-drying processes. The USDA sorption isotherm, the Hailwood-Horrobin model, was adopted to calculate the relations between moisture content in wood and water vapor pressure at any temperature. Due to different assumptions about the driving forces of heat and mass transfer, coefficients in each model represent different values for moisture content and temperature and are closely related to each other. In the case of isothermal mass transfer, the moisture diffusion coefficient in the transverse directions from the Stanish and Pang models increased with decreasing moisture content. This contradicts the Avramidis and Perre models and numerous experimental results. Thermal diffusion effects on the drying process may not be predominant because the nonisothermal state is relatively short. Therefore, the Perre model, which does not consider the thermal diffusion effect, has been used successfully in the drying simulation. However, it may be erroneous in certain cases when the nonisothermal state prevails over the system, such as building physics. The Pang model cannot explain the phenomena of thermal diffusion and moisture thermodiffusion. It might be reasonable to modify the thermal diffusion of the Avramidis model, which is lower than that of the Stanish model. The apparent heat diffusivity was higher than the true heat diffusivity.     

利用热压还原法制备3D-W/rGO导电材料

利用木材天然多孔的网状结构及富含活性基团羟基和羧基的特性,通过冷热水循环结合冷冻处理的方式,提高了木材的渗透性;利用脉冲式真空浸渍法将氧化石墨烯(GO)与木材充分结合,再使用热压法将木材内部的GO还原,使木材具有三维导电性能。结果表明:当GO质量浓度为3 mg/m L,压缩率为45%,热压温度为220℃,热压时间为45 min时,木材/石墨烯三维导电材料(3D-W/r GO)性能最佳,纵向、径向和弦向体阻率分别为3.0×10²,7.0×10²和3.9×10³Ω·cm。对3D-W/r GO的形貌、结构和性能进行研究,激光共聚焦显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析结果表明,还原性氧化石墨烯(r GO)在木材管道中均匀分布;X射线光电子能谱和傅里叶红外光谱表明,GO以酯键和氢键的形式与木材紧密结合,且r GO在木材机体中的还原程度较大;X射线衍射光谱分析显示,材料结晶度数值减小;综合热分析表明,材料的热稳定性有所提高。和木材相比,3D-W/r GO的力学性能及尺寸稳定性均有明显提升,是一种极具前景的导电材料。