调整作物结构，推广“五年二蔗”轮作制—徐闻县城北乡推广甘蔗轮作制的调查

徐闻县城北乡经过多年生产实践证明，调整作物结构，推广“五年二蔗”轮作制是培肥土壤、农民增产增收、致富的一条好途径。调整作物结构要注意遵循经济和自然规律，加大良种良法推广力度，开发名、优、特、稀农产品，发展特色农业、生态农业。     

调整作物结构、推广“五年二蔗”轮作制—徐闻县城北乡推广甘蔗轮作制的调查

本文论述了徐闻县城北乡经过多年生产实践证明，调整作物结构，推广“五年二蔗”轮作制是培肥土壤，增产增收，农民致富的一条好途径。调整作物结构要注意遵循经济和自然规律；加大良好推广力度；开发名、优、特、稀农产品；发展特色农业，生态农业等几个问题。     

几种稻田耕作制度模式及效应分析

针对桃源县稻田种植结构不合理、效益低等问题，大力实施粮、经、饲结构战略性调整、优化种植制度，推广以优质稻为主体、多种高效作物合理搭配的资源配置型稻田耕作制度改革模式。重点对几种适宜当地的稻田耕作制度模式及效应进行了分析。     

冀中南部地区马铃薯早熟高产栽培技术

<正>冀中南地区是河北粮棉主产区,历来以小麦、玉米、棉花为主要种植作物。随着市场经济的发展,农业产业结构的调整,小麦、玉米、棉花的种植面积在逐年减少。     

稻田种植结构的生物多样性及对害虫和天敌种群的影响

农田作物种植结构的调整必然导致益害生物多样性的变化。在永州冷水滩两年的试验结果表明：与常规种植相比较,西瓜、蔬菜或其他作物与大面积水稻镶嵌式或插花式种植,可使水稻主要害虫稻飞虱、二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟高峰期虫量分别减少314头／百丛,24300头／hm2,25800头／hm2,蜘蛛和捕食性天敌等高峰期数量增加64头／百丛;套间作辣椒的主要害虫茶黄螨危害率只有7．1％。合理的作物种植结构,可促使生物多样性向有利于作物高产稳产、降低农药使用量、改善生态环境的方向发展。     

中国水稻研究所试验场稳步调整农业结构努力提高农业效益

近年来 ,围绕完成中国水稻研究所领导任期责任目标 ,中国水稻研究所试验场在场长汪森煜的带领下积极、稳妥地推行内部改革 ,调整农业生产结构 ,采取了一系列新的措施 :取消了农田生产的指令性计划 ;扩大了农业承包户的经营自主权 ;经济上扶持农业规模较大、生产效益较好的承包户 ,并给予表彰 ;为农户提供生产技术指导、市场供求信息等方面的服务。通过上述举措 ,大大激发了农业承包户的生产积极性和投资热情 ,使全场农业产业结构得以稳步调整 ,农业经济效益显著提高。目前 ,通过调整农业产业结构 ,调整粮经作物和养殖业的比例。稻田养虾达20…     

基于间套作弱光胁迫下作物源库协调与产量研究进展

光能在作物进行光合作用和籽粒产量形成中起着重要作用。随着我国种植结构和区划的调整,间套作种植模式在一些适宜地区得到广泛应用,增加了农田生产力。然而,间套作种植方式下,由于受高位作物荫蔽影响,低位作物在某一生长阶段常常处于弱光胁迫环境中。弱光胁迫不仅会引起作物生长发育不良,而且会制约作物产量潜力的提升。本文以间套作荫蔽环境下的大豆源库关系为例,综述了弱光胁迫调节作物源库器官生长发育的国内外研究现状;阐述了源库协调与作物产量之间的关系以及现有间套作作物产量研究概况与存在的不足;探讨了未来间套作种植下作物在源库关系与产量研究的发展方向。     

龙海市稻田土壤养分变化的调查分析

龙海市于1982年完成了全国统一部署的第2次土壤普查,查明土壤养分状况.其后利用这一成果,推广了测土施肥、平衡配套施肥和作物专用肥,促进农业生产的发展.20多年来,随着稻田种植结构的调整,肥料品种、施用数量和施用方法都发生较大变化,由此可能引发土壤养分状况的变化.为此,2001年对龙海市有一定代表性的东园镇,按第2次土壤普查的样点和方法,调查了稻田土壤养分状况,为指导作物施肥提供依据.     

福安市溪潭镇马铃薯优质高效栽培技术

<正>近年来,随着农业结构的调整和订单农业的完善,福安市溪潭镇内陆半山区积极发展冬种农业,脱毒马铃薯成为农村经济发展的重要作物。但品种较为单一、老化,当家品种克新3号经多年种植,种性退化、产量低下、商品性差,无法适应市场需     

强化豆科作物在北方现代农业结构中的作用

针对我国日趋严峻的粮油安全形势,近年来《中央一号文件》对农业种植结构进行了全面的、科学的调整：“生产上重点是保口粮,油料重点发展油菜和花生;东北地区扩种大豆杂粮薯类和饲草作物,构建合理轮作制度;黄淮海地区重点是扩种花生、大豆和饲草作物”。以豆科作物为主体的北方现代农业种植制度对保障粮油安全生产、饲草的供应以及农民增收具有重大意义。首先,从生产布局看,北方区域（东北、西北及黄淮海）是油料作物大豆、花生、杂豆以及饲草作物苜蓿主要产区。其中,大豆种植面积和产量分别约占全国68%和66%、花生分别占全国的63%和70%。其次,从豆科作物的生态效益来看,可实现用地与养地相结合、充分利用生态位优势、提高资源利用率。目前,北方豆科作物种植模式主要有：单作、间套作（玉米‖大豆、花生,玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖豌豆等）、 轮作（大豆-冬小麦,夏花生-冬小麦,绿豆-冬小麦等）等生态友好型耕作制度。其中,玉米‖大豆、花生宽幅间作是农业部在黄淮海区域主要推广模式,具有经济、社会、生态效益,能有效缓解“粮油争地、人畜争粮”矛盾,大幅提高 粮油综合生产能力。通过加大国家农业政策调控,培育和推广大豆和花生耐阴、抗旱、高产及玉米矮秆、抗旱、高产 新品种,提高农业全程机械化水平和科技服务效率等措施,进一步提高农民生产积极性,强化豆科作物在北方现代农业结构中的比重和作用。     

夏花生重施前茬肥效果研究

夏花生重施前茬肥比重施后茬肥增产十分显著。即在冬小麦,夏玉米和夏花生两年四茬作物,施肥总量相同的条件下,常规施肥的冬小麦,夏玉米和夏花生,比重施后茬花肥的分别增产８．００％、６．４９％和１０．４８％;重施前茬粮食肥的比重施后茬花生肥的依次增产１９．４７％,２５．０４％和１８．７６％。粮食和花生混合总产,常规施肥和重施前茬肥,分别比重施后茬肥增产８．１８％和１８．６３％,纯增效益分别增加８．６２％和     

长期定位施肥对作物产量及土壤有效养分的影响

通过对棕壤土有机肥和化肥长期定位施肥的研究表明,长期施肥对作物产量和土壤耕层中的有效养分有显著性影响（P〈0．05）。与试验前土壤相比,施用有机肥能显著增加作物产量和土壤中的养分含量;当有机肥和无机肥配合施用时,其促进作用明显大于单施化肥。单施化肥能够提高作物的产量和土壤的有效养分,但增加幅度不大。经过27年施肥,不同处理的作物产量和土壤中的有效养分有一定程度的变化,随着年份的延伸,作物产量和土壤中的有效养分的含量有一定程度的增加,各处理之间无明显差异。     

百香果连作对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

细菌群落在土壤健康和植物的生长中起着重要作用,而作物的连作对其有着显著的影响。为探明百香果连作对土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,本研究以种植‘台农1号’百香果1年（TF）、2年（TS）、3年（TT）、4年（TFo）及0年（撂荒地,TZ）的土壤为材料,利用Illumina高通量测序技术对不同种植年限土壤细菌群落结构及多样性开展分析研究。结果表明,所有土壤样本共检测出2418个OTUs,分属28门、70纲、170目、269科、465属、963种,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）是主要的优势菌门,细菌群落的丰富度和多样性指数随连作年限的增加表现为先增加后降低。分析发现,百香果连作对土壤细菌群落结构有显著影响,其中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）的相对丰度随连作年限的增加而显著升高,研究结果可为百香果连作障碍发生机制的进一步研究提供依据。     

Risks of the release of transgenic herbicide-resistant plants with respect to humans, animals, and the environment

Cultivation of transgenic herbicide-resistant crops has become very attractive in the last 2–3 years. The potential risks and benefits on cultivation of such crops depend on the type of crop modification, herbicides to be used, but also of variable environmental conditions. Data on the use of herbicides on transgenic crops grown on a large scale are scarce. The safety of foods and animal feeding stuffs derived from transgenic crops is assessed through application of the concept of substantial equivalence. This process includes a thorough comparison of the composition of the modified foods with the proper traditionally grown product, a toxicological assessment of newly introduced gene products, and an evaluation of possibly unintended alterations. This information provides a solid basis for food and feed safety assessment.     

云南省豆类作物生产的现状及发展前景分析

由于土壤养分胁迫和优良品种匮乏等原因,长期以来豆类作物在云南农业生产中扮演着"补缺作物"的角色,种植面积历年变化不大,单产水平增长缓慢,总产量一直徘徊不前.对云南省最近7年来豆类作物生产、消费和科研等情况进行了调查和分析,并就豆类作物的发展提出了具体的意见和建议.     

环介导等温扩增技术在转基因作物成分检测中的应用

转基因作物成分检测为农业转基因生物安全管理提供了重要技术支撑.环介导等温扩增(Loop-mediat-ed isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术操作简便、灵敏度高、特异性强,在转基因作物成分检测中得到了广泛应用.本文针对近年来LAMP技术在转基因大豆、玉米和油菜成分检测中的应用情况进行了分析...     

以花生为主体作物的立体种植高效农业配置

以覆膜花生为优势布局的小麦     

Potato production and incidence ofVerticillium dahliae following rotation to nonhost crops and soil fumigation in the state of Washington

For three years, potato yields, tuber quality, and incidence ofVerticillium dahliae were measured in field plots previously cropped for one year to the following nonhosts: sudan grass, green peas followed by sudan grass (same year), spring wheat, spring wheat followed by sudan grass (same year), sweet corn and field corn. One year rotation to nonhosts did not reduce the population ofV. dahliae propagules in the soil and in only one of the three years wereV. dahliae propagule numbers in potato stems significantly reduced in plots following nonhost crops, compared with plots following potatoes. Verticillium wilt symptoms in potatoes were not reduced by one year rotation to any of these crops and only in one year in three was yield significantly increased. In two of three years, percent U.S. No. 1 tubers was increased following one-year rotation with green peas plus sudan grass, and in one of the two years, specific gravity was increased by rotation. Rotational cropping to nonhosts for two years between potatoes significantly reduced preplant soil populations ofV. dahliae propagules in the soil and in potato stems the following fall. However, soil populations in these two year rotational plots the spring following potato were not reduced compared to plots previously cropped to potatoes two consecutive years. Cropping to nonhosts for two years had no consistent effect on incidence of Verticillium wilt in subsequent potato crops. Two years’ rotation to nonhosts increased plant height and yield compared to continuous cropping to potato but not percent U.S. No. 1 tubers. The various nonhost crops all had about the same non-significant effect on yield. In two out of three years’ trials, fumigation significantly reduced both the incidence of Verticillium wilt and number ofV. dahliae propagules in stems in plots compared to plots non-fumigated. In only one trial, fumigation significantly increased tuber yields and percent U.S. No. 1 tubers.     

中国农作物生产及其贸易现状分析

运用中国2007~2017年FAO编码的农作物产量数据以及对应HS编码的农作物贸易数据,基于净进口依存度分析了谷类、豆类、薯类、纤维、油料、果类、蔬菜、其他等8类农作物的生产、贸易状况以及进出口安全状态,以期为我国从宏观上把握农作物的进出口及其生产安全提供参考。结果表明:(1)除了纤维、油料,其余农作物的产量均保持增长,其中粮食和果蔬的产量平均占整个农作物产量的87.47%;(2)大多年份,蔬菜和水果的进口量小于出口量,而其余农作物则相反;(3)纤维、油料类农作物的净进口依存度较大,处于危机状态,其余农作物的净进口依存度较小,处于安全状态。显然,我国在保持粮食类、果蔬类等大多数农作物产量增长的同时,需要关注油料类和纤维类作物的生产,至少应该保证一定的国内产量,在一定程度上避免过高的进口依赖。     

Break crop benefits in temperate wheat production

Changes in the sequence of crops grown on agricultural land are well known to enhance the yield of grain crops such as wheat. A survey of the literature gathered from around the world show mean yield benefits of up to 20% or more. Much is known about the principal mechanisms responsible for these benefits, including effects on disease control, improved nitrogen nutrition and water supply, although researchers continue to be challenged by inexplicable “rotation effects” that have yet to be documented or fully understood. This review summarizes our current understanding of the ‘better-known’ mechanisms of crop rotation, and discusses other mechanisms (e.g. changes in rhizosphere biology, allelopathy or soil structure) that may help to account fully for the rotation benefits that have been observed by agricultural producers for more than 2000 years. Where possible we emphasise new techniques employed to investigate these less well-understood aspects of the “rotation effect”. At the farm level, the inability to capitalize on the benefits of break crops may owe more to economics, the availability of suitable break crops and the complexity of the crop response. Computer-based decision support tools have been developed to assist growers to apply the information gathered from scientific studies, although efforts to integrate this information at whole-farm scales are embryonic.