Aerobic versus Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Etofenprox in a California rice field soil

The microbial degradation of etofenprox, an ether pyrethroid, was characterized under anaerobic (flooded) and aerobic (nonflooded) California rice field soil conditions by determination of its half-life (t1/2) and dissipation rate constant (k) and identification and quantification of degradation products at both 22 and 40 °C using LC-MS/MS. The overall anaerobic t1/2 at 22 °C ranged from 49.1 to 100 days (k=-0.0141 to -0.0069 days(-1)) compared to 27.0 days (k=-0.0257 days(-1)) at 40 °C, whereas under aerobic conditions the overall t1/2 was 27.5 days (k=-0.0252 days(-1)) at 22 °C compared to 10.1-26.5 days (k=-0.0686 to -0.0262 days(-1)) at 40 °C. The biphasic dissipation profiles were also fit to a first-order model to determine the t1/2 and k for both the fast and slow kinetic regions of the dissipation curves. Hydroxylation at the 4'-position of the phenoxy phenyl ring was the major metabolic process under anaerobic conditions for both 22 °C (maximum% yield of applied etofenprox mass=1.3±0.7%) and 40 °C (max % yield=1.2±0.8%). Oxidation of the ether moiety to the ester was the major metabolite under aerobic conditions at 22 °C (max% yield=0.5±0.1%), but at 40 °C increased amounts of the hydroxylated form were produced (max% yield=0.7±0.2%, compared to 0.3±0.1% for the ester). The hydrolytic product of the ester, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), was not detected in any samples. Sterilized control soils showed little etofenprox degradation over the 56-day incubation period. Thus, the microbial population in a flooded soil was able to transform and contribute to the overall dissipation of etofenprox. The simulated summer temperature extreme (40 °C) increased the overall degradation.     

Soil photolysis of herbicides in a moisture- and temperature-controlled environment

The problem of maintaining the moisture content of samples throughout the course of a soil photolysis study is addressed. The photolytic degradations of asulam, triclopyr, acifluorfen, and atrazine were independently compared in air-dried soils and in moist (75% field moisture capacity at 0.33 bar) soils maintained at initial conditions through the use of a specially designed soil photolysis apparatus. Each pesticide was applied at 5 microg/g. The exposure phase extended from 144 to 360 h, depending on the half-life of the compound. A dark control study, also using moist and air-dried soils, was performed concurrently at 25 degrees C. The results showed significant differences in half-life. The dissipations generally demonstrated a strong dependence on moisture. In most cases, photolytic degradation on air-dried soil was longer than in the moist dark control soils. Half-lives in dry soil were 2-7 times longer, and in the case of atrazine, the absence of moisture precluded significant degradation. Moist soil experiments also tended to correlate more strongly with linear first-order degradations. The dark control experiments also demonstrated shorter half-lives in moist soil. Moisture was also observed to affect the amount of degradate formed in the soils.     

Microbial degradation of penoxsulam in flooded rice field soils

The degradation of penoxsulam [2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-5,8-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-C]pyrimidin-2-yl-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-sulfonamide] was studied in flasks simulating flooded rice field conditions using four representative rice field soils from the Sacramento Valley. Degradation half-lives (t(1/2) values) ranged between 2 and 13 days. Increased degradation rates were observed in flask systems with steeper redox gradients between the flooded soil layer and the overlaying water. Two transient metabolites were identified that were temporarily formed in amounts exceeding 5% of the total initial mass of penoxsulam. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography/(14)C radiodetection studies indicate that the degradation of the triazolopyrimidine system and its substituents is the main pathway of microbial transformation processes. Microbial activity, as measured by dehydrogenase activity, was not affected by penoxsulam concentrations corresponding to the proposed maximum annual use rate of 40 g active ingredient/ha.     

Long‐term non‐flooded mulching cultivation influences rice productivity and soil organic carbon

A field experiment was conducted for 10 years to examine the long‐term effects of non‐flooded mulching cultivation on rice yield and soil organic carbon on Chengdu Plain, south‐west China. Compared with traditional flooded cultivation (TF), non‐flooded plastic film mulching (PM) resulted in a 14% higher average rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield. However, non‐flooded straw mulching (SM) decreased the average rice yield by 11% compared with TF. After 10 years, PM led to similar or higher (SM) soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil N (TN) in the top 5 cm of the soil profile compared with TF. No differences were found among the three cultivation systems in SOC or total N at 5–12 and 12–24 cm soil depths. Small macroaggregates (0.25–2 mm) were predominant in the top 5 cm of the soil (58–63% of whole soil) across the three cultivation systems. However, the proportion of large macroaggregates (>2 mm) from SM and PM was significantly larger than from TF in the top 5 cm of the soil. Non‐flooded mulching cultivation led to increased C and N contents in large macroaggregates and mean weight diameter of aggregates in the 0–5 cm soil depth. This suggests that non‐flooded mulching cultivation increased soil aggregation concomitant with soil C stabilization within the improved soil structure.     

Cyanobacterial communities of rice straw left on the soil surface of a paddy field

To estimate diversity, seasonal variation, and phylogeny of the cyanobacterial communities in rice straw placed in nylon mesh bags and left on the soil surface of a paddy field, total DNA was extracted from straw, amplified by polymerase chain reaction targeting 16S rRNA genes of cyanobacteria, and the amplicons were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). These DGGE bands were sequenced. The paddy field was under flooded condition after transplanting of rice (Experiment 1) and under drained conditions after harvest (Experiment 2). The residual samples on the soil surface under upland conditions were collected just before spring plowing and were placed again on the soil surface after transplanting under flooded conditions. DGGE band patterns of cyanobacterial communities of rice straw were different under drained conditions, under flooded conditions when fresh rice straw samples were placed (Experiment 1), and under flooded conditions when residual rice straw samples were replaced (Experiment 2), indicating that the communities were influenced by both water regime of the paddy field and the degree of the rice straw decomposition. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands indicated that most of the cyanobacteria in rice straw on the soil surface in the paddy field were filamentous members belonging to Subsections III and IV. Filamentous cyanobacterial cells were observed in rice straw under flooded conditions by epifluorescence microscopy.     

工程排水和农业措施改良鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田的效果

【目的】潜育化水稻土存在渍、冷、烂、闭(气)、毒及缺素等障碍因素。开沟排水是改良潜育化稻田最有效的方法,而垄作、湿润灌溉及冬季晒阀等栽培管理措施也具有调控水分、改善土壤结构和氧化还原状况的作用。本文研究开沟排水与农业措施相结合改良鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田的效果,旨在为湖区潜育化水稻土改良提供技术参考。【方法】2012 2013年在鄱阳湖区潜育化双季稻田以工程排水(Ditching Drainage,D-D)为主处理,持续淹水(对照,Continuously Flooded,CF)、垄作(Ridge Culture,RC)、湿润灌溉(Wet Irrigation,WI)、冬季晒阀(Winter Plough,WP)4个农业措施为副处理,通过2年4季的田间试验研究了工程排水与农业措施相结合对鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田水稻产量、土壤还原物质总量及土壤物理化学性质的影响,分析了工程排水及农业措施相结合改良鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田的潜力。【结果】工程排水及优化农业措施可以明显提高水稻产量。工程排水条件下持续淹水、垄作、湿润灌溉和冬季晒阀处理的早晚稻产量分别比对应的无工程排水处理增加12.8%、10.1%、13.3%和13.3%,农业措施中垄作处理的产量最高;其中工程排水与垄作相结合增产效果最明显,每季增产1.11-1.89 t/hm2。受排水造成田内养分流失等因素影响工程排水和农业措施对水稻收获期秸秆和籽粒中的养分含量影响没有明显规律。工程排水显著降低了潜育化稻田0—15 cm土壤还原物质总量,冬季晒阀和垄作处理也显著降低了土壤还原物质总量,工程排水与优化栽培模式相结合降低土壤还原物质总量的作用更明显,其中也以工程排水与垄作相结合作用最好,可减少1.11 1.87 cmol/kg。潜育化稻田耕层土壤还原物质总量随着土壤深度增加而增高。工程排水显著提高了潜育化稻田的土壤阳离子交换量、速效磷、全氮含量,农业措施中垄作对提高土壤养分含量及改善养分供应状况的作用最明显。工程排水还提高了垄作、湿润灌溉和冬季晒阀等农业措施土壤腐殖质碳和富里酸碳含量。【结论】工程排水可以显著降低土壤还原物质总量,提高土壤阳离子交换量、速效磷、土壤全氮含量,垄作、湿润灌溉和冬季晒阀等农业措施也可降低土壤还原物质总量,提高土壤养分含量及改善养分供应状况,其中垄作的作用最明显。因此,在采用工程排水措施改良鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田时,还应采取适当的栽培措施。     

Enhancing Soil Quality through Residue Management in a Rice-Wheat System in Fukuoka,Japan

A long-term experiment (LTE) on a rice-wheat system was initiated in 1963 at the Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station, in Fukuoka, Japan, to determine the effects of continuous application of rye grass/wheat straw, rice straw and rice straw compost, alone or in combination with inorganic N on crop yields. Increase in rice yields and enhancement of total soil C and N contents with the application of organic residues in this LTE have been reported earlier. However, evaluation of the changes in the soil microbiological properties and the decomposable C fraction of soil organic matter that is needed for soil quality assessment is still lacking. Soil samples were collected after rice harvest in 2003 from the organic residue treatments and unfertilized control, air-dried and incubated for 1 month under aerobic [50% water-filled pore space (WFPS)] and flooded conditions prior to the analysis of the amount of microbial biomass C (MBC), soil respiration and the amount of potential mineralizable N (PMN). The contents of total C (TC), total N (TN), organic C (OC), hot water-extractable C (HWEC) and permanganate-oxidizable C (POC) were determined from air-dried soils. Organic residue incorporation brought about significant increases in the contents of TC, TN, OC, POC, HWEC and PMN. The largest accumulation of total C (23%) and N (72%) in the soil was from rice straw compost, compared with that from rice straw (C, 7% and N, 33%) and rye grass/wheat straw (C, 9% and N, 29%). Incorporation of rice straw compost also increased the amount of MBC under both aerobic and flooded conditions and basal soil respiration under aerobic conditions only. An efficient utilization of C by microorganisms was indicated by a significantly lower metabolic quotient (qCO₂) in the composted and uncomposted rice straw treatments compared with the control in the “-” N treatment under aerobic conditions. Similarly, the flush of CO₂ after rewetting of dry soil per unit of HWEC was lower in the organic matter treatments, indicating a more efficient C utilization and lower C losses per unit of available C. The content of HWEC was significantly correlated with the basal soil respiration (at 50% WFPS), the amounts of MBC, PMN and with the increase in the content of soil organic C in the residuetreated soils. In the treatments without inorganic N fertilizer, grain yield was significantly correlated with the amounts of total organic C, HWEC, MBC (at 50% WFPS), basal soil respiration (at 50% WFPS) and the amount of PMN.     

斜发沸石对干湿交替稻田土壤速效钾和产量的影响

为了进一步探究斜发沸石在干湿交替稻田中的应用潜力,设置不同灌溉模式(淹灌和干湿交替灌溉)和不同斜发沸石用量(0、5、10t/hm2)的大田裂区试验,对2017-2018年稻田土壤速效钾动态变化和产量进行了研究。结果表明:稻田增施斜发沸石显著提高了水稻产量,在10t/hm2水平下产量最高,增产率达8.7%～22.3%。斜发沸石对稻田表层土壤速效钾含量和植株地上部钾素积累的提高有显著正效应,干湿交替灌溉显著提高了各生育期植株地上部钾素积累量,提高幅度分别为11.81%～21.42%(2017年)、9.69%～23.79%(2018年)。通径分析表明,斜发沸石增产是因为其显著增加了分蘖肥期和穂肥期土壤速效钾含量,提高了抽穗开花期和黄熟期地上部钾素积累。研究可为揭示干湿交替灌溉下提高钾肥利用效率的应用潜力,并一定程度上缓解稻田缺钾的局面提供依据。     

阿特拉津在土表的紫外光降解行为研究

本文研究了阿特拉津在土壤表面的紫外光光解的动力学,并研究了各种因素对光解的影响。实验表明,土壤粒度、湿度、pH值、有机质、腐殖酸和表面活性剂都影响阿特拉津在土壤中的降解。在紫外光辐射下,阿特拉津在土壤表面降解速率常数为(0.09~0.17)/min,光解深度为0.1~0.3mm,半衰期为4~8min。     

Mild drying of sandy soil can physically limit the uptake of phosphorus by rainfed lowland rice in northeast Thailand

ABSTRACT

Poor response of rice to phosphorus (P) fertilization and low phytoavailability of soil P have been reported in sandy rainfed fields in northeast Thailand. In order to evaluate the effects of mild soil drying on the uptake of P by rainfed lowland rice, we carried out nutrient omission trials for nitrogen (N) and P at Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center under rainfed and flooded conditions. The surface soil was classified as sandy loam. To avoid severe soil drying and drought stress in the rainfed field, soil water potential at a depth of 20 cm was maintained at the field capacity (> ?20 kPa) by flush irrigation. The effects of flooding and drying on the soil properties were also evaluated in the laboratory using soils with diverse textures in and around the center. In the field experiments, the above-ground biomass of rice plants (RD6) did not respond significantly to P fertilization in the rainfed field, although it responded positively to N fertilization. Root length in the surface 10 cm under the rainfed condition was significantly smaller than that under the flooded condition due partly to the increased soil hardness upon drying, but this could not quantitatively explain the large discrepancy of P uptake observed between the rainfed and flooded conditions. Under the rainfed condition, the P uptake did not increase significantly, even when the concentration of soil Bray P was tripled by transferring the surface soil from the flooded to the rainfed field. From the laboratory experiments, it was further suggested that soil P was supplied mainly by diffusion and that the effective diffusion coefficient for P can become less than one-tenth of the value in the flooded field when the sandy soil with clay at around 10% dried to ?100 kPa. Our results suggest that the uptake of P by the rainfed lowland rice grown in sandy soil can be limited physically by mild soil drying that reduces the supply of P to roots by diffusion rather than the chemical extractability of soil P.     

厌氧土壤灭菌法对西瓜连作土壤性质的影响

对旱田和水田西瓜连作土用厌氧土壤灭菌法(ASD)处理,分别设对照(H1和S1,H指旱田土,S指水田土)、淹水对照(H2和S2)、添加1%稻草(H3和S3)、1%稻草+0.1%硫磺(H4和S4)、1%稻草+300 mg/kg氨水(H5和S5),混匀后淹水、密封,户外处理20 d。分别测定土壤pH值、EC值、NO_3~-、NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)和土壤可培养微生物等指标。结果表明,ASD法可显著提高土壤pH值(P0.05),淹水对照和各处理土样的pH6.5(除H4和S4的pH6.5外),均显著高于对照(P0.05);有效调节土壤EC值,旱田土的淹水对照和各处理EC值均低于对照H1(除H5高于对照H1外),水田土S2和S3的EC值低于S1,S4和S5高于S1,但淹水对照和各处理EC值与对照相比,差异不显著(P0.05);降低土壤中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)含量,淹水对照和各处理土样中NO_3~-含量较对照降低79.4%~99.9%,除H4和S4中SO_4~(2-)含量较对照分别增加155.7%和58.9%外,淹水对照和其它各处理土样中SO_4~(2-)含量较对照降低38.2%~91.0%;尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp.Niveum,FON)数量显著降低(P0.05),旱田土和水田土中FON含量与对照H1和S1相比,分别由10~5和10~4CFU/g降至10~3CFU/g(其中各旱田土样中FON含量大小依次为H4H3=H5H2H1,各水田土样中FON含量大小依次为S4S3S5S2S1)。可见,ASD法可调节西瓜连作土理化性质,抑制FON,改善退化土壤质量。     

秸秆覆盖旱作对稻田甲烷排放和水稻产量的影响

为较全面评价秸秆覆盖旱作水稻栽培模式的生态意义,采用田间试验研究了常规淹水（F）、秸秆覆盖旱作（NF-M）和无覆盖旱作（NF-ZM）3种栽培模式稻田甲烷排放、水稻产量及土壤养分的变化规律。结果表明：3种水稻栽培模式的甲烷排放均集中在水稻生育期的前20d;在水稻生育期内,秸秆覆盖旱作稻田甲烷的排放总量为11.12g·m^-2,显著高于常规淹水稻田的7.78g·m^-2和无覆盖旱作稻田的4.23g·m^-2。秸秆覆盖旱作稻田的水稻产量为8.60t·hm^-2,与常规淹水处理没有显著差异,但二者均显著高于无秸秆覆盖旱作处理的6.78t·hm^-2;与常规淹水处理相比,秸秆覆盖旱作还可以提高水稻单株生物量10g以上。秸秆覆盖旱作还可以显著提高稻田表层土壤有机质含量,维持和改善表层土壤养分状况,对实现农业可持续性有重要意义。因此,在水资源缺乏地区,秸秆覆盖旱作是一种值得考虑的替代传统淹水栽培的水稻栽培模式,同时秸秆覆盖旱作还田也是一种值得推广的稻田秸秆管理技术。     

氨基酸增值尿素对水稻苗期生长及根际微生物菌群的影响

[目的]研究氨基酸增值尿素(AU)对不同稻作水稻生长、根际养分与微生物群落的影响机制,以期为水稻早期水氮合理调控及氨基酸增值尿素合理施用提供依据.[方法]以'两优华6'水稻和氨基酸增值尿素(AU)为试材,开展了水作/旱作盆栽试验.试验共设旱作不施尿素(GCK)、旱作施普通尿素(GU)、旱作施氨基酸增值尿素(GAU)、水...     

水分管理和施用石灰对水稻镉吸收与运移的影响

通过田间试验,研究了间歇灌溉和全生育期淹水2种水分管理结合水稻分蘖期施用石灰对不同水稻生育期的土壤和水稻各组织中Cd分布与运移的影响。研究结果表明,全生育淹水和施用石灰均能升高土壤p H值,降低土壤中有效态Cd含量;施用石灰能降低土壤中酸可提取态Cd所占比例而残渣态所占比例增加。在全生育期淹水条件下施用石灰有利于改善土壤性状并提高土壤中Fe质量百分含量。与不施用石灰相比,在间歇灌溉条件下,施用石灰处理的糙米中Cd质量分数从0.86 mg/kg降低到0.56 mg/kg,而在全生育期淹水条件下,施用石灰处理的糙米中Cd质量分数从0.77 mg/kg降低到0.34 mg/kg;无论间歇灌溉还是全淹水处理条件下,施用石灰均增加了水稻总生物量。施用石灰后,在灌浆期,水稻茎叶中Cd的富集系数显著降低(P0.05);在成熟期,根和稻米中Cd的富集系数显著降低(P0.05);在全生育期淹水条件下,成熟期水稻根到茎叶转运系数和茎叶到米中转运系数均显著降低(P0.05)。水稻糙米中Cd含量与土壤中有效态Cd含量、水稻地上部Cd累积量呈显著正相关,与土壤p H值呈显著负相关。上述研究结果表明,施用石灰能够显著降低稻田土壤中Cd的生物有效性;采用全生育期淹水结合在分蘖期施用石灰是降低稻米中Cd含量有效措施且不会导致水稻减产。     

Effects of Controlled Release Urea on the Yield and Nitrogen Nutrition of Flooded Rice

Nitrogen (N) loss is one of the key problems faced by rice farmers, and Nitrogen-use efficiency in rice is often poor as a result of high N loss through volatilization, leaching, and denitrification. One of the ways to improve N efficiency is by using controlled-release urea (CRU). The CRU generally outperformed granular urea fertilizer in reducing N losses, stimulating plant growth, and increasing N concentrations. A field experiment with the flooded rice variety MR220 was conducted to compare the effect of six different types of CRU fertilizers on yield and N nutrition of a flooded rice cultivar. Bakau series soil (Typic Tropaquept) was used in this study. Rice plants were grown in a cylindrical culvert measuring 90 cm in diameter by 60 cm in height, and all culverts were filled with soil (approx. 210 kg). The soil was flooded and preincubated for 3 weeks to stabilize physiochemical properties before sowing. The experiment was carried out over two planting seasons on the same plot using a completely randomized design (CRD) and was replicated three times. The CRUs evaluated were CDU Uber-10, Meister-20, Meister-27, humate-coated urea, Duration type V, and sulfur-coated urea (gold–N). Fertilizer was applied once throughout the study. For both seasons, CRU-treated plants had significantly greater rice yields [6 t ha^?1 (first planting harvest) and 6.2 t ha^?1 (second planting harvest)] than urea-treated plants [3.7 t ha^?1 (first planting harvest) and 2.2 t ha^?1 (second planting harvest)], respectively. The N accumulations in rice straw and rice grains of the CRU-treated plot were significantly greater than in the control. It can be inferred that CRU performs significantly better than granular urea. This finding is important, considering the usually high N losses in rice-growing areas.     

耕种制度对西南地区冬水田甲烷排放的影响

1995年5月15日～1997年5月15日两年在田间条件下研究我国西南地区冬水田甲烷排放量及耕种制度的影响。结果表明冬水田水稻生长期甲烷排放通量在0．47～171．12mg／m2     

Promotive effect of soil solution on germination of Monochoria vaginalis under paddy conditions

ABSTRACT

Growth of the weed Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Kunth under the conditions of organic rice production is a serious problem. The reason for the growth of M. vaginalis being dominant, especially in organic rice production, is not fully understood. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze soil and seed factors in relation to the promotion of germination. (1) After incubation of flooded soil with or without the addition of rice bran (0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% in an air-dried soil basis), soil solutions were recovered and seeds of M. vaginalis were incubated in the soil solutions. Germination in the soils solutions without and with 0.3% rice bran was greater than that in distilled water. However, germination was suppressed in the presence of 0.6% and 0.9% of rice bran. These findings indicate that the solution from the soils with rice bran has different effects that may either increase or decrease germination. (2) A mixture of air-dried soil and distilled water was filtered to obtain a soil solution. Seeds were incubated in the soil solution (same as above). Environmental and physiological factors affected germination: exposure of seeds to light was an environmental factor and high germination activity and shallow dormancy of seed were physiological. The recovered soil solution promoted germination when these factors were not optimized. (3) There was a negative and significant correlation between dissolved oxygen (DO) in the soil solution and germination, indicating that a low content of DO was a promotive factor for germination. (4) Based on an experiment using pH buffers, germination increased with decrease in pH of soil solution, as long as the pH ranged from 4.0 to 7.0. This finding indicates that pH is also a factor that promotes germination.     

水稻秸秆降解复合菌系的筛选构建及其田间应用效果

  【目的】  筛选并构建适宜原位还田水稻秸秆快速腐解的高效多功能复合菌系,以提高秸秆原位还田的腐解速率。  【方法】  秸秆原位腐解菌株从水稻田带有腐烂秸秆的表层土壤中筛选分离,分别采用DNS法、摇瓶培养观察法和失重法测定了腐解菌株的羧甲基纤维素酶活性、滤纸崩解能力及水稻秸秆降解能力,对降解效果较好的菌株进行了16S rRNA或18S rRNA鉴定。选取无拮抗作用的菌株构建复合菌系,并在实验室条件下测定各复合菌系的滤纸酶活性和秸秆降解率。挑选降解效果较好的复合菌系进行田间试验,分析了秸秆降解率、土壤有机质及速效养分含量,调查了水稻产量。  【结果】  从土壤中共分离到秸秆降解率均高于19.8%的菌株有6个,包括B2、B5、B6、F1、F5、F12,经鉴定分别为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis,B2)、耐盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans,B5)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,B6)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae,F1)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger,F5)、长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum,F12),其中F12 (长枝木霉)的秸秆降解率最高(29.1%)。以该6个菌株构建了7组复合菌系,复合菌系B2+F12、F1+F5+F12、B2+F5+F12的秸秆降解效果较好,在液体培养基中,对秸秆的降解率分别达到32.9%、29.8%、40.3%。利用这3组复合菌系进行田间试验,结果表明,复合菌系B2+F5+F12表现最好,与未施菌剂相比,原位还田的水稻秸秆降解率提高了37.1个百分点,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别增加了2.1 g/kg、1.9 mg/kg、0.6 mg/kg、1.7 mg/kg,水稻产量提高了6.3% (P<0.05)。  【结论】  施用复合菌系B2+F5+F12不仅具有良好的水稻秸秆降解能力,同时能增加土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,并促进作物产量的提高,具有较好的应用潜力。     

干湿交替灌溉下水氮耦合对沸石处理稻田产量和水氮利用的影响

为了明确斜发沸石在干湿交替稻田中的应用潜力,运用离心机法测定不同斜发沸石处理下稻田土壤水分特征曲线,分析了斜发沸石对土壤持水性能的影响;运用自动遮雨棚蒸渗仪进行了灌溉-施氮-沸石的综合水稻栽培试验,明确了斜发沸石和氮肥对干湿交替稻田阳离子交换量、产量、水氮利用率及稻米蛋白质含量的影响及机理。结果表明:稻田土壤基质势在-35~0 k Pa范围内,增施斜发沸石可明显提高土壤持水性能,改善土壤水分状况,在持续淹灌和干湿交替灌溉条件下均能提高水分生产率,且后者更为明显;增施斜发沸石可增强土壤阳离子交换量,从而提高保肥能力和氮肥利用率,尤其是10~15 t/hm2的斜发沸石同105 kg/hm2的氮肥混施可显著提高氮肥农艺利用率和稻米蛋白质含量;增施斜发沸石可增产4.7%~16.8%,且可优化水肥耦合,避免在高氮水平下干湿交替灌溉增产效果低于持续淹灌的现象。与常规施氮的淹灌稻田相比,干湿交替灌溉稻田施用10 t/hm2斜发沸石和105 kg/hm2的氮肥,可减少27.8%的耗水量和33.3%的施氮量,增产10.6%,进而显著提高氮肥利用效率(89.2%)和水分生产率(52.5%),且这些正效应至少可持续2年。     

洱海北部地区水稻氮肥投入阈值研究

为了研究洱海北部地区水稻合理的氮肥投入阈值。本试验通过连续两年的大田定点监测和室内分析, 研究了不同施氮处理条件下对水稻产量、 水稻氮肥利用率、 田面水可溶性总氮（DTN）、 土壤氮素表观盈余率（SNASR）等的影响。结果表明,施氮量对水稻产量的影响呈二次曲线关系,施氮能显著提高水稻产量,但当施氮量达到304.34 kg/hm2后,水稻有减产风险;增施氮肥能显著提高水稻地上部分器官对氮素的吸收,但收获指数逐渐减少;在施入氮肥后的9 d内,施氮量与田面水DTN浓度相关系数在0.609**以上;当施肥量在228.26~304.34 kg/hm2时,水稻产量范围在9969~10212 kg/hm2,SNASR在50.05%~79.65%之间,田面水DTN在施肥后9 d内的平均含量为78.40 mg/L~108.58 mg/L。因此,在当前生产条件下,水稻推荐施氮量为228.26~304.34 kg/hm2,能保证水稻稳定高产,且环境可承受。