抗A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素单链抗体的基因克隆及核苷酸序列分析

应用 RT-PCR技术 ,从分泌具有中和活性的抗 A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素单克隆抗体 ( Mc Ab)的杂交瘤细胞 2 E3中 ,扩增出抗体 VH 和 VL 基因 ,用 linker( Gly4Ser) 3基因 ,将 VH 和 VL 基因连接成 Sc Fv基因 ,并将其克隆至 p GEM-T载体中。经核苷酸序列分析证实 ,VH、VL 基因和 linker基因拼接正确 ,基因全长为 72 6bp。经计算机分析 ,VH 和 VL 基因均为新发现的基因序列 ,符合功能性重排的鼠抗体可变区基因特征。VH 和VL 基因分别属于鼠免疫球蛋白重链 ( B)和轻链κ 家族     

抗隐孢子虫子孢子表膜单链抗体基因的克隆和核苷酸序列分析

应用RT－PCR技术，从分泌具有抗隐孢子虫子孢子表膜单克隆抗体（McAb)的杂交瘤细胞3D6中扩增出抗体VH和VL基因，用linker(Gly4Ser)3基因，将VH和VL基因连接成ScFv基因，并将其克隆至pMD-18T载体中。经核苷酸序列分析证实，VH、VL基因和linker基因拼接正确，基因全长为720bp。经计算机分析，VH和VL基因均为新发现的基因序列，符合功能性重排的鼠抗体可变区基因特征。VH和VL基因分别属于鼠免疫球蛋白重链Ⅱ（A）和轻链κⅢ家族。     

抗脂肪细胞特异膜蛋白单链抗体基因的克隆及序列分析

从分泌抗40ku脂肪细胞特异膜蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞中提取纯化mRNA，经RT—PCR扩增抗体轻、重链可变区基因，然后与Linker连接组装成单链抗体基因(scFv)。结果，成功地构建了scFv基因，其排列方式为VH—linker—VL。经序列分析表明，scFv基因全长741bp，VH基因全长369bp，VL基因全长327bp。抗脂肪细胞膜蛋白单链抗体基因的构建为进行该抗体基因的表达奠定了基础。     

抗堆型艾美耳球虫子孢子表膜单链抗体基因的构建

应用RT-PCR技术,从稳定分泌抗堆型艾美耳球虫子孢子表膜抗原的单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞Easp-3G3中扩增出抗体VH和VL基因,再通过重叠延伸拼接（Splice overlap extension）PCR方法在VH和VL可变区基因之间引入连接肽（Gly4Ser）3,体外构建抗堆型艾美耳球虫的单链抗体基因,并将其克隆至pMD18-T载体中进行测序。经测序,基因全长为744bp,编码248个氨基酸残基;经计算机分析,VH和VL基因均为新发现的基因序列,符合功能性重排的鼠抗体可变区基因特征。结果表明,成功构建了抗堆型艾美耳球虫子孢子表面蛋白抗体的ScFv基因。     

抗盐酸克伦特罗单链抗体基因的克隆、序列分析及表达

提取分泌抗盐酸克伦特罗单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的总RNA,通过RT-PCR技术,扩增VH和VL,用一段柔性肽链-(G4S)3将VH和VL连接成ScFv。测序后经NCBI Blast分析,所得ScFv具有重组功能性鼠抗体可变区基因的特征。将所得目的基因与pET-22b( )连接,转化E.coli BL21,用IPTG诱导表达,表达蛋白经SDS-PAGE分析,37℃培养5 h表达量较大,25℃诱导表达以可溶性为主。     

抗口蹄疫病毒单克隆抗体1C7重轻链可变区基因的克隆及序列分析

应用分子生物学技术，从分泌抗O型口蹄疫病毒单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞1C7中提取总RNA，经反转录，PCR扩增及克隆，分别得到VH基因及VL基因。序列测定结果表明：1C7的VH基因为368bp,VL基因为323bp。用NCBI GenBank分析表明，VH和VL均符合小鼠抗体可变区特征，为功能性重排的抗体可变区基因。根据Kabat分类体系，1C7的VH基因中的VH基因片段隶属于抗体重链第7183家族，其VL基因中的VL基因片段隶属于抗体K轻链20家族，VH基因由VH76－1BG－DFL16．1－JH4重排而形成，VL基因由KVbw20-JK2重排而形成。1C7的VH和VL基因的克隆为抗FMDV scFv的构建与表达奠定了基础。     

鸡源 Bursin-ScFv 噬菌体展示文库的构建及初步筛选

本研究利用抗三肽囊素(Bursin)单克隆抗体免疫SPF来航鸡,获得产生抗独特型抗体的脾细胞,从中提取总RNA,经反转录合成cDNA第一链.以cDNA第一链为模板,根据来航鸡 IgG 抗体重链(VH)、轻链(VL)可变区基因FR设计引物,进行PCR扩增.在体外扩增出该抗体的可变区VH和VL基因(大小分别约为370和320 bp).通过重叠延伸反应(SOE),以(Gly4Ser)3为连接肽,将VH和VL基因连接成为VH-Linker-VL ScFv,将ScFv DNA与噬菌粒载体pHEN1的连接产物转化于大肠杆菌TG1,经辅助噬菌体M13K07感染后,获得重组的鸡源抗三肽囊素独特型抗体全套单链噬菌体抗体库.并测得该库容量约为5×105,噬菌体中ScFv基因的插入率为80%,用辅助噬菌体援救后,得到滴度为1011PFU/mL的初级噬菌体抗体库.用抗Bursin单克隆抗体(2F9-4/HU2)进行4轮"吸附-洗脱-扩增"的淘筛,出现特异性富集.经ELISA、动物试验表明所筛选的5个阳性克隆可与抗Bursin单克隆抗体(2F9-4/HU2)特异性结合,并能促进抗体的生产.     

鸡源抗血清4型Ⅰ群禽腺病毒单链抗体文库构建及筛选

为构建鸡源抗血清4型Ⅰ群禽腺病毒(FAdV-4)单链抗体(scFv)文库并筛选出具有高亲和力的单链抗体。本研究从FAdV-4免疫鸡的外周血淋巴细胞中提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR的方法分别扩增出鸡抗体的VH和VL基因,通过Linker接头将VH和VL基因连接成scFv,将scFv基因连接至噬菌粒载体pComb3XSS中,构建单链抗体文库,通过噬菌体展示技术筛选抗FAdV-4单链抗体,并采用Phage ELISA方法检测抗体的亲和力。结果成功构建鸡源抗FAdV-4单链抗体文库,库容量为9.5×10~(10) PFU/mL,通过4轮"吸附-洗脱-富集"筛选,最终鉴定出1株与FAdV-4具有较高的亲和活性的单链抗体。该研究结果为进一步研究FAdV-4抗体奠定了基础。     

抗蓖麻毒素单链抗体基因的构建及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

为构建和表达抗RT单链抗体(ScFv)蛋白,用RT-PCR方法从能分泌特异性抗RT单克隆抗体(McAb)的杂交瘤细胞中分离纯化抗体VH和VL基因。用重叠延伸PCR方法将VH和VL拼接在一起,构建抗RT-ScFv基因。将ScFv基因连接到pMAL-p2X表达载体,转化TB1表达菌。阳性克隆用IPTG诱导18h,Western blotting鉴定重组蛋白。结果表明,试验成功扩增出了ScFv基因,长度约为750bp。通过DNA序列测定和分析,构建出VL-(Gly4Ser)3-VH。其VH全长363bp,可编码121个氨基酸,VL全长324bp,可编码108个氨基酸。SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析结果表明,抗RT-ScFv在TB1表达菌中获得高效表达,pMAL-p2X表达的ScFv加上同时融合表达的MBP标签分子质量约为75ku。本试验成功构建了pMAL-RT-ScFv表达载体,并获得了高效表达。     

抗诺氟沙星噬菌体单链抗体库的构建与筛选

应用噬菌体展示和重组抗体技术制备抗诺氟沙星(NFLX)单链抗体库,筛选获得抗NFLX高特异性、高亲和力的单链抗体scFv。将NFLX与BSA化学偶联获得的免疫源,免疫Balb/C小鼠,提取脾细胞RNA,反转录获得cDNA。以针对鼠源重链可变区(VH)及轻链可变区(VL)基因的特异性引物,扩增获得VH基因和VL基因。通过SOE-PCR法将VH基因和VL基因通过柔性多肽Linker((Gly4Ser)3)拼接成VH-Linker-VL片段,酶切(sfiⅠ+NotⅠ)处理后,插入噬粒载体pCANTAB5E,并转化宿主菌TG1,通过辅助噬菌体M13K07拯救,构建抗NFLX噬菌体单链抗体库。以包被抗原NFLX-OVA包被96孔板,亲和富集法,经三轮淘筛,间接Elisa初步检测重组scFv的特异性抗原结合活性。成功构建噬菌体单链抗体库,获得鼠源抗NFLX特异性的scFv,噬菌体中scFv插入率为90%,获得库容约为1.3×106的抗NFLX噬菌体单链抗体库,筛选得到5株抗NFLX的scFv。为运用噬菌体展示抗体技术制备特异性抗药物单抗及进一步建立药残检测新技术奠定了基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -