模拟酸雨对砖红壤盐基离子迁移和释放的影响

对发育于玄武岩的砖红壤进行了室内模拟酸雨淋溶试验,结果表明：（1）酸雨淋溶土壤会引起土壤盐基离子的大量淋失。以土壤中的K＋最易于淋失,Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋的淋失量最大。酸雨pH愈低,Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋的迁移量愈大。酸雨淋溶土壤的时间越长,盐基离子的迁移量越大。（2）土壤经≥5d的酸雨淋溶后,土壤交换性盐基离子的含量均随淋溶时间的增加而减少。酸雨的pH不同,则土壤交换性盐基离子所受的影响不同。（3）与原土壤相比较,短期（≤5d）的酸雨淋溶,可使土壤交换性Ca^2＋、K^＋以及强酸性（pH≤3.0）酸雨淋溶的交换性Mg^2＋增加;土壤被酸雨较长时间（≥10d）淋溶后,则会降低土壤交换性Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋的含量;不同时间的酸雨淋溶,均会降低土壤交换性Na^＋的含量。（4）土壤经酸雨淋溶后,某些矿物会发生风化,释放出盐基离子,也会使部分交换性盐基离子转成非交换态。     

模拟酸雨对果园土壤主要形态酸变化的影响研究

采用室内淋溶的方法研究了模拟酸雨对果园土壤pH（H2O）、pH（KCl）、交换性酸（EA）、交换性铝（EAl）、可滴定酸度（BNC）等各形态酸的变化影响,并依据淋溶前后各形态酸的含量评价了土壤酸度的变化。试验结果表明：以土壤pH（H2O）值作为供试土壤酸化指标,pH≤4．5的模拟酸雨淋溶促进了土壤酸化,而pH≥5．5的酸雨淋溶缓冲了土壤的酸化;以土壤pH（KCl）值、交换性酸（EA）、交换性铝（EAl）或可滴定酸度（BNC）作为土壤酸化的指标,pH2．5的酸雨淋溶促进了土壤酸化,而pH≥3．5的淋溶处理缓冲了土壤的酸化,土壤酸度减弱。     

模拟酸雨对荔枝园土壤氮素迁移和土壤酸化的影响

采用短期室内淋溶方法研究了模拟酸雨对供试荔枝果园土壤全N、碱解N、硝态N、铵态N含量变化的影响。结果表明．各处理土壤淋出液的全N、硝态N、铵态N含量随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强而依次增加，其中pH2．5酸雨淋溶处理与其它处理间的淋出液含量差异显著，而pH≥4．5酸雨淋溶处理与对照（pH6．5）间的差异大部分不显著；各处理的土壤较淋溶前其全N、NOjN（pH2．5酸雨处理例外）、NH1＋-N的含量均有增加趋势。引进土壤的实际酸化速率H＋产生值衡量供试土壤的酸化，只有pH2．5的模拟酸雨淋溶促进了土壤的酸化，而pH≥3．5的模拟酸雨处理对土壤的酸化具有一定的缓冲作用，且土壤酸度减弱。     

控释肥硫膜对酸性棕壤淋溶特性的影响

为预测硫包膜控释肥施用后大量硫膜残留对土壤生态系统造成的危害，设置硫膜材料添加量不同的室内淋溶试验，以研究控释肥硫膜材料对土壤淋溶特性的影响。研究结果表明；成分和量等同于硫膜的粉状硫磺可显著改变酸性棕壤淋溶液的pH和EC值及K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、SO42-的浓度，5次淋溶累计淋失的K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、SO4^2-随粉状硫磺加入量的增加而增加。而硫包膜尿素处理除对土壤SO4^2-、K^＋淋溶影响不明显外，对其他指标的影响较明显。试验同时发现，由于硫膜和粉状硫磺的物理形态不同，短期内对土壤淋溶特性的影响也有较大差异，但粉状硫磺的表现可以反映硫膜积累并转化后对土壤的影响。     

我国酸雨中盐基离子的重要性

从中国南方两城市与欧洲两城市酸雨化学组成的比较，南方森林土壤浸泡试验，MAGIC模型模拟预测3个方面讨论了我国酸雨中盐基离子的重要性，尤其是对土壤酸化过程的影响。结果表明，我国酸雨中高含量的盐基离子（Ca^2 、Mg^2 、NH4^ 等）既缓冲了酸雨本身的酸度，也缓解了土壤的酸化过程。虽然作用的效果相反，但盐基离子与酸性阴离子（SO4^2-、NO3^-等）一样，都是土壤酸化的重要影响因素。     

森林生态景观土壤酸化及修复技术研究

2010年在鼎湖山自然保护区,通过野外原位模拟酸雨控制实验和施用石灰、污水污泥和联合施用石灰＋污水污泥3种土壤酸化改良剂,研究了保护区内三种森林土壤在受到酸沉降影响后,土壤pH值和交换性Al3＋、H＋浓度的动态变化以及投加修复剂后混交林土壤酸度的变化情况。结果表明：三种森林土壤酸化严重（pH〈4.5）,pH值随处理酸度降低而下降;土壤交换性酸（H＋、Al3＋）含量随处理酸度降低而增加。酸沉降中H＋的输入,导致土壤铝被活化。三种改良剂的施用均可以缓解土壤酸化,降低土壤交换性酸（H＋、Al3＋）含量,从而降低植被铝中毒风险。三种修复技术中,联合施用石灰＋污水污泥修复技术效果最好。     

咸水结冰灌溉对盐化潮土盐基离子剖面迁移规律的影响

利用土柱模拟试验,设置淡水、咸水灌溉、咸水结冰和咸水结冰覆盖4个灌溉方式,研究咸水结冰灌溉条件下盐分运移及盐基离子Cl^-、SO4^2-、HCO^3-、Na^＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋和Ca^2＋的土层剖面迁移规律。结果表明：咸水直接浇灌使各土层土壤盐度提高,且盐分具有明显表层聚集特性,而咸水结冰后灌溉则显著降低表层0-40 cm土层的盐分盐度,配合秸秆覆盖措施则使表层的脱盐率进一步提高,特别是0-10 cm土层,土壤盐度仅为0.15 dS/m,与淡水处理尚未达显著性差异（P〉0.05）。咸水结冰灌溉显著改变盐基离子Cl^-、SO4^2-、HCO^3-、Na^＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋和Ca^2＋的土壤剖面分布特征,但不同离子的响应方式和影响程度存在差异。咸水结冰灌溉显著（P〈0.05）降低表层危害性较高的Na^＋、SO4^2-和Cl^-浓度,而对危害性较小的Mg2＋、K＋和Ca2＋则影响较小。咸水结冰灌溉可促进表层土壤的脱盐作用,淋洗主要危害性离子Na^＋、Cl^-等,保持土壤根系分布密集层较低盐分水平和盐基离子平衡,缓解或消除盐分和盐基离子对作物生长的危害,配合秸秆覆盖则效果更加明显。     

电渗析与酸淋洗模拟紫色土酸化的效果比较

为了比较电渗析与酸淋洗试验模拟紫色土酸化的效果,在重庆地区采集了不同pH(5.00和7.06)的2个紫色土,分别进行不同天数(1,2,5,7,10天)的电渗析和酸淋洗试验处理,并分析了试验处理前后土壤的酸度特征和交换性盐基成分含量变化。结果表明,在整个10天的淋溶处理过程中,2种紫色土的pH均无显著变化,说明紫色土具有一定的酸缓冲能力,短期的酸雨淋溶不能实现紫色土的严重酸化。而采用电渗析处理10天后,中性紫色土和酸性紫色土的pH分别降低3.4和1.1个单位。在整个电渗析处理过程中,土壤的交换性酸含量显著升高,盐基离子大量淋失。电渗析可以实现对紫色土的快速酸化处理。2种紫色土中,电渗析处理后中性紫色土的酸化程度大于酸性紫色土。这是由于中性紫色土的表面负电荷量更高,导致更多致酸离子吸附在土壤胶体表面,最终造成中性紫色土的酸化程度更加严重。因此,电渗析处理比酸雨淋溶处理对紫色土酸化效果更好,且可用于紫色土的酸化机理研究。进一步结合2种方法的技术可操作性,认为电渗析法是研究紫色土酸化问题的一种有效技术手段。     

酸沉降与我国南方森林土壤的酸化

通过模拟酸沉降土壤连续浸泡试验，研究了我国南方5种森林土壤的酸化过程，并讨论了影响土壤酸化的几个因素。结果表明，土壤对酸沉降H^ 的中和能力，对酸沉降阴离子（SO4^2-和NO3^-）的吸附，土壤阳离子（Ca^2 ,Mg^2 )等盐基离子以及Al^3 )的风化，土壤pH和BS的变化，都在土壤酸化过程中有着重要作用。同时，酸沉降的酸度（pH值）是决定土壤酸化的主要因素，而酸沉降中高含量的盐基离子可能缓解土壤的酸化过程。结合土壤本身物理化学基本特性可以得知，福建土壤对酸沉降引起的酸化最为敏感；江西、湖南土壤次之；重庆土壤的酸化敏感性较弱；而贵州土壤对酸沉降不太敏感。     

几种低分子量有机酸淋溶对土壤铝、硅及盐基离子淋失的影响

采用50cm原状土柱进行模拟淋溶实验,比较研究了模拟酸雨和几种低分子量有机酸对红壤Al、Si及盐基离子淋失的影响。结果表明,模拟酸雨淋洗后土壤中有极少量的Al和一定量的Si及盐基离子淋出。与去离子水对照相比,pH3.5和pH4.5模拟酸雨处理Si的淋出总量分别增加了6.52%和3.26%;K 、Na 、Ca2 和Mg2 等盐基离子淋出量增加了2.41%~96.80%。100μmol/L的柠檬酸、苹果酸和草酸处理Al、Si的淋出量与模拟酸雨处理相差不大,而10mmol/L的柠檬酸、苹果酸和草酸处理则比模拟酸雨处理有显著的增加。有机酸淋洗后淋出液中各盐基离子含量均要高于模拟酸雨处理,盐基离子淋出总量是模拟酸雨处理的1.58~9.27倍。实验结果说明低分子量有机酸在酸化土壤方面比酸雨有更大的威胁。由于盐基离子的大量淋失,模拟酸雨和有机酸淋洗后淋出液pH均要高于原淋洗液pH。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.