鸭蛋壳与鸡蛋壳超微结构比较研究

电镜扫描显示,鸭蛋壳和鸡蛋壳由内向外均可分为壳膜层、锥体层、柱状层、晶体层和表层。鸭蛋壳与鸡蛋壳厚度分别为340μm、280μm。鸭蛋壳各层分别占总厚度的101%、176%、655%、47%和21%。鸡蛋壳各层则分别占102%、20%、64%、43%和15%。鸭蛋壳表面裂纹更粗、更深、更长,其气孔也更大、更深。鸭蛋壳膜纤维较粗、较长,交织较为均匀紧密,而鸡蛋壳膜纤维更为细短且呈放射状。两种蛋壳锥体层和柱状层的微观结构也存在较大差异。     

鸡蛋壳壳膜及表面角质层去除方法的优化与比较

本文拟对EDTA法、蛋白酶K法和NaOH法去除鸡蛋壳壳膜及表面角质层的条件进行优化并比较,以期获得分离蛋壳有机层和矿化晶体层的有效方法。通过SS-550扫描式电子显微镜观察发现,EDTA法中以5%EDTA处理鸡蛋壳30min的效果相对较好,能去除蛋壳内膜及尽可能多的外膜,但是表面角质层的去除效果较弱;蛋白酶K法中以50μg/mL蛋白酶K孵育鸡蛋壳48h的效果相对较好,能完全去除表面角质层和蛋壳内膜,但蛋壳外膜尚不能彻底去除干净;而NaOH法中则以2%NaOH于99℃中煮鸡蛋壳17min的效果最理想,既能彻底去除壳膜又能完全去除表面角质层。3种方法相比,去除鸡蛋壳壳膜及角质层的理想方法是于99℃的2%NaOH中煮17min。     

黑叉尾海燕卵壳的扫描电镜观察及元素组分分析

本文对黑叉尾海燕卵壳的超微结构进行了扫描电镜观察，并用美国产ＴＮ－５５００能谱仪对其元素组分进行分析，结果表明，壳膜可分为二层，含Ｓ、Ｋ、Ｃｌ、Ｃａ等多种元素。印之壳主要由钙结晶构成，表层有众多气孔外口和丘状突；海绵层中多而大小不等的气孔管内层为膜质、外层钙质；乳锥基层结构致密；乳锥层锥体有多角形、近圆形多种形态，其上花瓣状乳锥或发达或缺乏。     

常见禽蛋蛋壳中磷含量的测定

本试验旨在通过测定常见禽蛋蛋壳中磷的含量,以便更好地利用废弃蛋壳。以5种常见的废弃蛋壳(白鸡蛋壳、粉鸡蛋壳、褐鸡蛋壳、鸭蛋壳、鹌鹑蛋壳)为原料,采用钼蓝比色法,在波长400nm的分光光度计下进行比色测定磷含量。结果表明,5种蛋壳的磷含量分别为白鸡蛋壳0.13%、粉鸡蛋壳0.14%、褐鸡蛋壳0.15%、鸭蛋壳0.16%、鹌鹑蛋壳0.40%。     

扫描电镜下两种鸟卵结构的比较

本文描述并比较了池鸳和虎纹伯劳卵壳在扫描电镜下的显微结构。这两种鸟与其它鸟类的卵壳结构基本相似。由内到外依次是内壳膜、外壳膜、乳突层、蜂窝层和护膜层以及贯穿整个印壳的气孔道等。但两者的壳膜及印壳在构成上存在着差异。     

高邮鸭蛋壳超微结构观察

高邮鸭蛋壳的扫描电镜观察表明,由内向外可将蛋壳分为壳膜层、乳锥层、柱状层、表面晶体层和表层。青壳蛋与白壳蛋在超微结构上存在显著差异,从而导致青壳蛋的蛋壳强度明显高于白壳蛋。     

降低鸡破蛋率的综合措施

1选择优良品种蛋壳品质的好坏与破蛋率呈正相关,并受遗传因素的影响。不同品种或品系间总有一定的差异,通常褐壳蛋无论从蛋壳厚度还是蛋比重方面均明显好于白壳蛋;土种鸡蛋壳较厚,外来品种鸡蛋壳较薄、易破。应通过选种提高蛋壳质量,或引进鸡种时,应以高产的海兰、迪卡、伊沙褐、海赛克斯褐等褐壳蛋鸡为最佳。     

菲莱氏温扬球虫裂体生殖的发育过程及超微结构

菲莱氏温扬球虫（ＷｅｎｙｏｎｅｌａｐｈｉｌｉｐｌｅｖｉｎｅｉＬｅｉｂｏｖｉｔｚ，１９６８）的裂体生殖过程是在具皱褶膜的纳虫空泡中进行的。发育早期的滋养体外被单层界膜，胞质中含一些退化的运动期虫体特有的细胞器（如微线体等），以及丰富的内质网、线粒体、高尔基体等。裂殖子以外出芽方式形成于裂殖体表面。裂殖子外被３层单位膜，中层和内层组成内膜复合体。裂殖子中部表膜上有１～２个微孔。类锥体由５～６圈微管组成，内有１对棒状体颈部，２根锥体内微管和若干微线体。类锥体前为Ｒ１、Ｒ２。棒状体起于顶孔，止于虫体中部，分细的颈部和膨大的体部，虫体前部有大量微线体。膜下微管为２２根。核位于虫体后部，每代成熟裂殖子均有数个致密体和大量支链淀粉粒。     

褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳色泽性状探析

褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳色泽是蛋壳质量的一个重要性状指标,也是蛋鸡最直观的品种特异性性状。蛋壳色泽性状主要受控于蛋鸡遗传基因表达和鸡群健康状况,特别是造血与繁殖系统功能状态。蛋壳颜色与蛋的品质没有直接关系,但影响其卖相和售价。通过对蛋壳色泽主要影响因素的分析,探究褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳色素分泌形成机制,消除认识误区,达到精准有效改善蛋壳色泽,提高褐壳蛋鸡蛋品质量的目的。     

褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳色泽性状探析

褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳色泽是蛋壳质量的一个重要性状指标,也是蛋鸡最直观的品种特异性性状。蛋壳色泽性状主要受控于蛋鸡遗传基因表达和鸡群健康状况,特别是造血与繁殖系统功能状态。蛋壳颜色与蛋的品质没有直接关系,但影响其卖相和售价。通过对蛋壳色泽主要影响因素的分析,探究褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳色素分泌形成机制,消除认识误区,达到精准有效改善蛋壳色泽,提高褐壳蛋鸡蛋品质量的目的。     

高温条件下蛋壳结构变化的研究

蛋壳是鸡蛋保持新鲜、防止变质的重要组成部分。将高温条件下鸡蛋与新鲜蛋的蛋壳进行比较,结果发现,高温条件下蛋壳外表面的护膜局部脱落;乳锥层的纤维变细,乳锥减少;蛋壳结构也发生了变化,柱状层中孔的密度和直径均有所增大。     

Morphological and histochemical observations of the organic components of ostrich eggshell

The organic component of the avian eggshell can be divided into 3 portions, the shell membranes, the matrix and the cuticle. These have been well characterised in the chicken but little has been published with regard to the ostrich (Struthio camelus). A number of recent studies have indicated that the cause of intra-shell embryonic deaths in the ostrich is similar to intra-shell embryonic deaths that occur in the chicken. These deaths in the chicken are associated with the loss of or damage to the waxy cuticle and other organic components of the eggshell, which is reported to be absent in the ostrich eggshell. In this study, preliminary morphological and histochemical analyses, at the level of the light and electron microscope, have characterised the various organic components of the ostrich eggshell. The results of the histochemical and electron microscopical analyses suggest that there may only be 1 shell membrane in this species, which could play a major role in the limitation of bacterial penetration to the embryonic chamber The shell membrane has a distinct elemental profile as determined by EDS analysis. The matrix is shown to decrease in mesh size from the mammillary layer to the vertical crystal layer. The closer packing of the mesh may indicate the presence of a morphologically discernible termination signal to calcification or the remnants of an evolutionary calcified cuticle. The matrix of the pores may also form a defensive barrier against bacterial invasion, which could be damaged as a result of dipping the eggs before incubation.     

New approach of testing the effect of heat stress on eggshell quality: mechanical and material properties of eggshell and membrane

1. The effect of high temperature on eggshell quality was investigated by measuring the mechanical and material properties of shell and membranes. 2. Heat exposure resulted in a decrease in zootechnical performance and eggshell thickness, increase in egg breakage, and unchanged egg shape index. 3. The static stiffness (Kstat), dynamic stiffness (Kdyn) and modulus of elasticity of the eggshell were not significantly affected by high temperature. Membrane prolongation increased significantly while membrane attachment strength and breakage strength tended to decrease and increase, respectively. The relationships between these variables were changed by high temperature. 4. Neither Kstat nor Kdyn could give a reasonable explanation for the changed eggshell quality induced by heat stress. The decreased eggshell thickness and changed properties of shell membrane may be responsible, at least partially, for the decreased shell quality of eggs from heat-stressed hens.     

Identification of the major proteins of the organic matrix of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and rhea (Rhea americana) eggshell calcified layer

1. The eggshell is a composite consisting of 95% calcite and an organic matrix. 2. While many proteins of the chicken eggshell matrix have already been identified, little is known about the matrix of other birds. 3. Isolation of the emu and rhea eggshell matrix and analysis of its major constituents showed that the predominant components were C-type lectin-like proteins related to those of ostrich, chicken and goose. 4. Serum albumin, vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I) and the turpentine-induced acute phase serum protein 18-B were identified as minor components of the emu shell matrix. Both eggshell matrices also contained a novel proline- and alanine-rich protein. 5. Like ostrich, and unlike chicken and goose, both emu and rhea eggshell matrix contained two different C-type lectin-like proteins as major components, indicating that the occurrence of two proteins of this family may be widespread among ratites.     

中草药复合添加剂对高龄蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及蛋壳超微结构的影响

研究旨在探讨中草药复合添加剂对高龄蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及蛋壳超微结构的影响.选取900只440日龄海兰褐蛋鸡,分为对照组、试验组,每组各5个重复,每个重复90只鸡.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加0.2％中草药复合添加剂,预饲期7d,试验期56 d.结果 显示:与对照组相比,试验组死淘率与破(软)蛋率分别降低...     

Soluble protein constituents of the domestic fowl's eggshell.

1. The protein components of the domestic fowl's eggshell are believed to influence appreciably the mechanical properties of the shell and/or its biomineralisation. The purpose of this study was to compare the protein species composing the eggshell matrix in different parts of the shell structure, by SDS-PAGE and chromatography, utilising eggshell cleaned by different methodologies. 2. Protein species were identified whose absence was associated with the removal of the mammillary knobs. In particular, a prominent 81 kDa protein, as well as 38 and 54 kDa calcium-binding proteins, were concentrated within the mammillary layer, as was a 129 kDa insoluble protein. By contrast, soluble proteins of 54, 33, 22, and 14 kDa were enriched in the palisade layer. 3. Our results demonstrate that the mineralised layers of the fowl's eggshell possess a complex array of distinct proteins. The different proteins which have been detected in the mammillary and palisade layers may be related to the distinct crystallisation patterns of calcium carbonate in these zones of the eggshell.     

Correlation between shell colour and ultrastructure in pheasant eggs

1. The histochemistry and ultrastructure of pheasant eggs were compared on the basis of blue or brown shell colour. 2. Differences in lectin histochemistry of the outer shell membrane calcification surface indicate a biochemical disruption of the calcification sites in blue eggs. 3. Significant differences were observed in all aspects of eggshell ultrastructure with blue eggs having thinner shells with structural defects. 4. Poor hatchability of blue eggs may reflect high rates of weight loss associated with a defective eggshell.     

Eggshell characteristics and penetration by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis through the production period of a layer flock

1. Egg weight, shell thickness, number of pores, cuticle deposition and ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) to penetrate the shell were determined for eggs from one layer flock through the entire production period. 2. Penetration was assessed by filling the eggs with a selective medium that allowed visualising Salmonella growth on the inside of the shell and membrane complex. After inoculation of each shell with on average 2.59 log cfu, the eggs were stored for up to 20 d at 20 degrees C and 60% relative humidity (RH). 3. On average 38.7% of the eggshells became penetrated. Mostly penetration occurred on d 3. Although it affected all shell characteristics studied, hen age did not significantly influence eggshell penetration. 4. No correlations were observed between any of the shell characteristics studied and the ability of SE to penetrate the shell. The growth of SE on the shell is of major importance because shell contamination at 20 d of storage and SE penetration were highly correlated.     

蛋壳表型性状与蛋壳质量间的相关与通径分析

本文旨在研究蛋壳表型性状与蛋壳强度之间的相关与通径分析。试验选用40~43周龄的新鲜珍珠鸡蛋100枚,测定了其蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳重、蛋壳比例、单位面积蛋壳重、蛋壳强度6个指标,计算其性状间的相关系数;采用通径分析方法计算以表型性状为自变量对蛋壳强度作因变量的通径系数、决定系数对各性状的影响大小进行分析。从通径分析结果看出,直接影响最大的是蛋壳厚度（P=0.657）,间接影响最大的是蛋壳比例（0.746）,并以蛋壳厚度指标建立回归方程为y=44.145x-9.229。在生产实践中,为获得好的蛋壳质量应着重注意蛋壳厚度和蛋壳比例,同时要协调蛋形指数、蛋重、蛋壳比例、单位面积蛋壳重与蛋壳强度之间的关系。