Comparisons of yield performance and nitrogen response between hybrid and inbred rice under different ecological conditions in southern China

In order to understand the yield performance and nitrogen(N) response of hybrid rice under different ecological conditions in southern China, field experiments were conducted in Huaiji County of Guangdong Province, Binyang of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Changsha City of Hunan Province, southern China in 2011 and 2012. Two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and Y-liangyou 1) and two inbred rice cultivars(Yuxiangyouzhan and Huanghuazhan) were grown under three N treatments(N1, 225 kg ha–1; N2, 112.5–176 kg ha–1; N3, 0 kg ha–1) in each location. Results showed that grain yield was higher in Changsha than in Huaiji and Binyang for both hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yield in Changsha was attributed to larger panicle size(spikelets per panicle) and higher biomass production. Consistently higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars was observed in Changsha but not in Huaiji and Binyang. Higher grain weight and higher biomass production were responsible for the higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars in Changsha. The better crop performance of rice(especially hybrid cultivars) in Changsha was associated with its temperature conditions and indigenous soil N. N2 had higher internal N use efficiency, recovery efficiency of applied N, agronomic N use efficiency, and partial factor productivity of applied N than N1 for both hybrid and inbred cultivars, while the difference in grain yield between N1 and N2 was relatively small. Our study suggests that whether hybrid rice can outyield inbred rice to some extent depends on the ecological conditions, and N use efficiency can be increased by using improved nitrogen management such as site-specific N management in both hybrid and inbred rice production.     

Effect of side deep placement of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of single season late japonica rice

Side deep placement of nitrogen plays an important role in improving rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Few studies have examined the effects of reducing the times of nitrogen(RTN) application and reducing the nitrogen rate(RNR) of application on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency under side deep placement of nitrogen in paddy fields. Therefore, a field experiment of RNT and RNR treatments was conducted with nine fertilization modes during the 2018–2019 rice growing seasons in a rice–wheat cropping system of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated under side deep placement of nitrogen. We found that under the same nitrogen application rate, the yield of RTN3 increased by 9.64 and 10.18% in rice varieties NJ9108 and NJ5718, respectively, compared with the farmers' fertilizer practices(FFP). The nitrogen accumulation of RTN3 was the highest at heading stage, at 11.30 t ha–1 across 2018 and 2019. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the N agronomic use efficiency(NAE), N physiological efficiency(NPE) and N recovery efficiency(NRE) of RTN3 were 8.1–21.28%, 8.51–41.76% and 0.28–14.52% higher than those of the other fertilization modes, respectively. RNR led to decreases in SPAD value, leaf area index(LAI), dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency. These results suggest that RTN3 increased rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency under the side deep placement of nitrogen, and RNR1 could achieve the goals of saving cost and increasing resource use efficiency. Two fertilization modes RTN3 and RNR1 both could achieve the dual goals of increasing grain yield and resource use efficiency and thus are worth further application and investigation.     

Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization to P Uptake and Dry Matter Accumulation in Soybean with Different P Efficiencies

Phosphorus （P） is an essential element for plant growth and yield. Improving phosphorus use efficiency of crops could potentially reduce the application of chemical fertilizer and alleviate environmental damage. Soybean （Glycine max （L.） Merr.） is sensitive to phosphorus （P） in the whole life history. Soybean cultivars with different P efficiencies were used to study P uptake and dry matter accumulation under different P levels. Under low P conditions, the P contents of leaf in high P efficiency cultivars were greater than those in low P efficiency cultivars at the branching stage. The P accumulation in stems of high P efficiency cultivars and in leaves of low P efficiency cultivars increased with increasing P concentration at the branching stage. At the late podding stage, the P accumulation of seeds in high and low P efficiency cultivars were 22.5 and 26.0%, respectively; and at the mature stage were 69.8 and 74.2%, respectively. In average, the P accumulation in whole plants and each organ was improved by 24.4% in high P efficiency cultivars compared to low P efficiency cultivars. The biomass between high and low P efficiency cultivars were the same under extended P condition, while a significant difference was observed at late pod filling stage. At the pod setting stage, the biomass of high P efficiency cultivars were significant greater （17.4%） than those of low P efficiency cultivars under high P condition. Meanwhile, under optimum growth conditions, there was little difference ofbiomass between the two types of cultivars, however, the P agronomic efficiency and P harvest index were significant higher in high P efficiency cultivars than those in low P efficiency cultivars.     

Influences of Mo on Nitrate Reductase,Glutamine Synthetase and Nitrogen Accumulation and Utilization in Mo-Efficient and Mo-Inefficient Winter Wheat Cultivars

The objective is to study whether the accumulation and utilization of plant N are controlled by Mo status in winter wheat cultivars. Mo-efficient cultivar 97003 （eft） and Mo-inefficient cultivar 97014 （ineff） were grown in severely Mo-deficient acidic soil （Tamm-reagent-extractable Mo 0.112 mg kg^-1） with （＋Mo） and without （-Mo） the application of 0.13 mg kg^-1 Mo. The accumulation and use efficiency of plant total N were significantly higher in ＋Mo than that in -Mo and in eft than that in ineff under Mo deficiency. N use efficiency was remarkably higher in maturity but it was forwarded to jointing stage after Mo supply, thus indicating that Mo supply promoted the N use efficiency besides N uptake and eff was efficient in N uptake and utilization. The overall activity of nitrate reductase （NR, EC 1.6.6.1） was significantly higher in ＋Mo than in -Mo and ratio of ＋Mo/-Mo was even to 14.8 at filleting stage for ineff. Activity of glutamine synthetase （GS, EC 6.3.1.2） was significantly lower in ＋Mo than in -Mo. Concentration of nitrate and glutamate were also significantly lower in ＋Mo than in -Mo, thus provided evidences for enhancing N use efficiency by Mo supply. Activities of NR and GS were significantly higher and concentrations of nitrate and glutamate were significantly lower in eff than ineff under Mo deficiency, thus indicated eff was more efficient in N reduction and utilization. It is therefore concluded that Mo could promote N accumulation and utilization in winter wheat which was directly related to NR and feedback regulated by GS. Higher Mo status also results in higher accumulation and utilization of plant N in eft.     

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.     

The Differences of Physiological Characteristics and Yield of Northern Japonica Rice in Different Nitrogen Application Patterns

The research performed analysis on differences of physiological property and yield of Tiejing No. 11 by different nitrogen fertilization patterns. The results indicated that while the nitrogen of basal: tillering: panicle was 6 ∶3∶1, the higher amount of nitrogen improved the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, effective panicle, grain weight and yield; the medium nitrogen level had advantage under the ratio 4:3:3; nitrogen application at lategrowth stage was suitable for low or medium nitrogen level,which could increase photosynthetic capacity and optimize the yield components and increase yield; under the same ratio for basic tiller and ear fertilizer, the increase of nitrogen could improve total nitrogen uptake and protein content, decrease nitrogen physiological efficiency and milled rice and tasting, but nitrogen recovery and harvest index changes had difference; as application at late growth stage in same nitrogen rate, total nitrogen uptake and protein content increased, nitrogen physiological efficiency and milled rice and amylose content and tasting decreased, nitrogen recovery and harvest index increased under low or medium nitrogen level and decreased under high nitrogen level. Nitrogen application 210 kg/hm~2 and the ratio 4 ∶3 ∶3 of basal:tillering: panicle made the yield increase by 2.8%-11.3%, and this is the optimal mode of nitrogen fertilizer application.     

Comparative analysis on grain quality and yield of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed high yield potential and poor tasting quality when compared with common japonica rice cultivars. Large panicle is a prominent factor of high yield for indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars, and the panicle weight varies greatly among different indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. It is important to research on yield and grain quality of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. In this study, two different panicle types indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were used to research on the relation of yield and grain quality. The yields of two heavy panicle weights indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were significantly higher than that of two medium panicle weight rice cultivars. The cooking and eating quality and starch properties of different panicle type cultivars were evaluated. Yongyou 6715(medium panicle) and Yongyou 1852(heavy panicle) got the relatively higher cooking and eating quality. Rice cultivars with medium panicle weight had more large starch granules and higher relative crystallinity than cultivars with heavy panicle weight. Transition temperature and retrogradation enthalpy(ΔHret) of medium panicle type cultivars were significantly higher than that of heavy panicle type cultivars. There was no significant difference in amylose content among different panicle type cultivars. Protein content of heavy panicle type cultivar was higher than that of medium panicle type cultivar, and protein content is the main factor affect cooking and eating quality in this study. The cultivar Yongyou 6715 got the highest taste value with the lowest protein content. Thus, it is suggested that the emphasis on improving rice cooking and eating quality of indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars is how to reduce the protein content in rice grain. According to the results of this study, medium panicle type with high grain weight is the desired panicle type for high quality indica-japonica hybrid rice breeding.     

Genotypic variations in nitrogen use efficiency of rice cultivars at various levels of nitrogen under subtropical environment

Insufficient N supply is an important constraint to productivity of lowland rice. Studies on N nutrition of rice cultivars with different durations representing the north western part of Indo-Gangetic Plains are scanty. A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2006 and 2007 at PAU, Ludhiana to assess the differences in grain yield and N utilization of three popular rice cultivars at varying N doses. Significant differences among genotypes were observed in grain yield, N uptake, N use efficiency and N utilization efficiency. The cultivar PAU-201 was found to be superior among all the tested genotypes. Total N uptake and grain N uptake was highest in cultivar PAU-201 followed by cultivars PR-115 and PR-113. On an average, the response to applied N for grain yield was observed upto 90 kg N ha1. Grain yield increased significantly up to 90 kg N hal in cultivars PR-115 and PAU-201 and up to 120 kg N ha1 in PR-113. Apparent recovery efficiency （ARE） and Partial factor productivity （PFPN） of N was significantly reduced at higher level of N （150 kg N hal）. It was concluded that N uptake is predominant factor in grain yield formation and cultivars differ in NUE suggesting that it may be possible to develop cultivars that are efficient at low nutrient level or are capable of using N more efficiently when applied as fertilizer.     

Effects of Organic Manure Application with Chemical Fertilizers on Nutrient Absorption and Yield of Rice in Hunan of Southern China

To evaluate the effect of organic manure application with chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility under long-term double-rice cropping system, a six year field experiment was conducted continually in the paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay in Hunan Province of southern China. Four different treatments, i.e., no nitrogen with chemical P and K （PK）, swine manure only （M）, N, P and K chemical fertilizers only （NPK）, and half chemical fertilizers combined with half swine manure （NPKM） with four replications were included. Each N, P and K application rate was the same at all the treatments （except the N application rate at PK） and N application rate was 150 kg N ha^-1. All fertilizers were applied to soil tillage layer with once application as baseal fertilizers. The nutrients uptake rate, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil organic matter content at each treatment were investigated. The NPKM treatment achieved the highest mean annual yield of 12.2 t ha^-1 （68% higher than that of PK）. Higher dry matter accumulation and nutrients absorption were observed during the middle-late growth period in the NPKM treatment, with higher panicle number per unit and filled-grain number per panicle. Its average nitrogen use efficiency was 36.3% and soil organic matter increased by 18.5% during the experimental period in the NPKM treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the NPK treatment. Organic manure application with chemical fertilizers increased the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice, reduced the risk of environmental pollution and improved soil fertility greatly. It could be a good practical technique that protects the environment and raises the rice yield in this region.     

Comparison of grain yield and quality of different types of japonica rice cultivars in the northern Jiangsu plain,China

In recent years, an increasing number of different types of japonica rice cultivars have been released in the southern rice region of China. The grain yield and quality of these new cultivars showed significant differences in large scale planting. However, the causes of the differences remain little known. Therefore, three typical types of japonica rice cultivars were used in this study to investigate their grain yield and quality. A scanning calorimeter(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometer(XRD), rapid viscosity analyzer(RVA) and taste analyzer were used to evaluate the cooking and eating properties. The results showed that the yield of non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars and soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. Soft inbred japonica rice cultivars had a low amylose content and moderate protein content, which are the main reasons for the superior cooking and eating quality. In addition, the relative crystallinity of soft inbred japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred and non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars, which is considered the major factor resulting in higher transition temperature and gelatinization enthalpy(ΔHgel). Non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars had a higher number of large starch granules than soft inbred and non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. The setback value(SB) and breakdown value(BD), indirectly reflecting the cooking and eating quality of the three types of japonica rice cultivars, also confirmed that soft inbred japonica rice cultivars with a low SB value and a high BD value had better palatability than the other two types. This study provides guidance for future plantation of different types of japonica rice cultivars in large rice-producing areas.     

不同氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种氮素吸收利用的差异

[目的]研究不同氮素籽粒生产效率类型品种氮素吸收利用的基本特点。[方法]在群体水培条件下,以国内外不同年代育成的常规籼稻代表品种(2001年88个2、002年122个)为材料,测定干物重、氮素含量、产量及其构成因素等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种的氮素籽粒生产效率(NUEg)从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、EF、6种类型。[结果]供试品种间NUEg的差异很大;高氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种成熟期全株、根系、茎鞘叶、穗含氮率低;高氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种抽穗前吸氮量、成熟期总吸氮量较小;高氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种成熟期氮素干物质生产效率和氮素收获指数高。[结论]高氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种吸氮量小、植株含氮率低、氮素利用效率高。     

氮素高效吸收型粳稻品种物质生产与分配的基本特征研究

[目的]明确氮素高效吸收型粳稻品种物质生产与分配的特点及影响粳稻品种氮素吸收的主要物质生产因素,以期为粳稻品种氮素高效吸收利用的遗传改良提供参考依据。[方法]2008～2009年,在群体水培条件下,以国内外不同年代育成的94个常规粳稻品种为供试材料,测定植株各器官干物重和含氮率、产量等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按吸氮量的大小从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6类,研究不同氮素吸收型粳稻品种物质生产与分配的差异。[结果]供试品种间吸氮量的差异很大。氮素高效吸收型粳稻品种平均产量极显著高于氮素低效吸收型品种;氮素高效吸收型粳稻品种各生育阶段群体及单穗干物质生产量大,根干重、茎鞘叶干重、穗干重也显著大于氮素低效吸收型品种,但经济系数无明显差异;成熟期群体干物质生产量对总吸氮量的作用大于经济系数的作用;抽穗前物质生产量、抽穗后物质生产量对成熟期物质生产量均有重要的作用,前者略大于后者;单穗干物质生产量对群体干物质生产量的作用大于单位面积穗数的作用,抽穗前更明显;提高抽穗前后茎鞘叶干重和成熟期穗干重有利于成熟期干物质生产量提高。[结论]促进单穗干物质生产量尤其是抽穗前单穗干物质生产量,促进抽穗前后茎鞘叶干重和抽穗后穗干重的提高可显著提高氮高效吸收型品种成熟期群体物质生产量。     

不同生育期水稻品种氮素吸收利用的差异

 【目的】研究不同生育期类型水稻品种氮素吸收利用的差异,分析提高其氮素吸收利用的途径。【方法】在群体水培条件下,以88—122个常规籼稻品种（2001—2002）、94个常规粳稻品种（2008—2009）为材料,测定生育期、各器官干物重和氮素含量、产量及其构成因素等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按播种到抽穗日数（为方便描述本文统称为生育期）从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 六类,研究各类品种氮素吸收利用的差异及其原因。【结果】生育期长的品种抽穗期和成熟期氮素累积量大（籼稻）或较大（粳稻）,但结实期吸氮量并无优势;生育期长的品种植株含氮率较低（粳稻）或品种间差异较小（籼稻）,单位面积穗数较少（籼稻）或品种间差异较小（粳稻）,但其生长日数多、干物质生产量大、单穗吸氮量较大、单穗吸氮强度大（籼稻）或较大（粳稻）,干物质生产量、单穗吸氮量、单穗吸氮强度对吸氮量的作用分别大于植株含氮率、单位面积穗数、生长日数对吸氮量的作用;生育期长的品种氮素籽粒生产效率低（籼稻）或中等偏大（粳稻）,氮素干物质生产效率较大（粳稻）;生育期长的品种抽穗期、成熟期茎鞘叶中氮素分配比例大,穗中氮素分配比例小或较小（成熟期粳稻）。【结论】生育期长的品种吸氮能力强（籼稻）或较强（粳稻）,氮素籽粒生产效率低（籼稻）或中等偏大（粳稻）。生育期长的品种植株含氮率、穗数或小或无优势,但生长日数、干物质生产量、单穗吸氮量、单穗吸氮强度大。促进干物质生产,提高单穗吸氮强度和单穗吸氮能力有利于提高生育期长的品种氮素吸收量。无论是籼稻品种还是粳稻品种,促进营养器官中氮素向穗部运转,减少茎鞘叶中氮素分配比例,均有利于生育期长的品种氮素利用效率的提高。对粳稻品种而言,成熟期较低的植株含氮率也是生育期长的品种氮素利用效率高的重要因素。     

不同库容量类型常规籼稻品种氮素吸收与分配的差异

 【目的】研究不同库容量类型水稻品种氮素吸收与分配的差异,为大库容量类型品种的氮素遗传改良提供参考依据。【方法】在群体水培条件下,以国内、外不同年代育成的常规籼稻代表品种（2001年为88个、2002年为122个）为材料,测定干物重（包括根系）、产量及其构成因素、氮素含量等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按库容量从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6类,研究各类品种氮素吸收与分配的基本特点。【结果】供试品种间库容量的差异很大（426%、817%）。A、B、C、D、E、F类品种的平均库容量,2001年分别为426.37、642.53、770.96、903.73、1 064.32、1 213.90 g?m-2,2002年分别为359.36、574.11、764.98、962.43、1 200.11、1 455.59 g?m-2;大库容量品种抽穗期全株含氮率较高、结实期全株含氮率下降幅度较大;大库容量类型品种吸氮能力强,抽穗后更明显吸氮能力显著受到生育期与吸氮强度的影响,但吸氮强度的作用要大于生育期的作用。;大库容量类型品种氮素在根中比例小、成熟期氮素在茎鞘叶中比例小、穗中氮素比例大、结实期茎鞘叶氮素运转量大;增加吸氮量,促进茎鞘叶中的氮素运转有利于库容量的提高。【结论】大库容量类型品种吸氮能力特别是抽穗后的吸氮能力强,成熟期氮素在营养器官中比例小、穗中氮素比例大、结实期茎鞘叶氮素运转量大。     

不同氮素累积量类型籼稻品种有关源库指标的基本特点

2001、2002年,在群体水培条件下,分别以国内外的籼稻代表品种88个和122个为材料,于抽穗期和成熟期测定植株的干物重（包括根系）、全氮含量及产量,采用组内最小平方和动态聚类方法对供试品种成熟期的氮素累积量进行聚类,分析不同氮素累积量类型籼稻品种间有关源库指标的特点。结果表明,供试品种成熟期氮素累积量差异很大,可聚类为A、B、C、D、E、F等6类,类型间的差异均达到了显著水平。高氮素累积量类型籼稻品种有关源库指标的基本特点为：抽穗期和成熟期叶面积系数大、结实期叶面积系数减少量大、结实期叶面积系数减少比例较低、抽穗期单位面积绿叶重大、比叶重高、结实期净同化率较高、单位面积颖花量和库容量大。     

不同穗型常规籼稻品种源库性状的差异

 【目的】研究不同穗型常规籼稻品种源库性状的差异,为大穗型品种遗传改良及从栽培角度调控源库提高穗重提供参考依据。【方法】在群体水培条件下,2001年、2002年分别以88个、122个常规籼稻品种为材料,测定叶面积、干物重（包括根系）、产量及其构成因素、氮素含量等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按单穗重从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6类,研究各类品种源库性状的差异。【结果】大穗型籼稻品种抽穗期和成熟期叶面积系数、绿叶重及比叶重均较大,但结实期叶面积系数下降比例小。在一定的范围内,增大叶面积系数有利于提高单穗重;大穗型籼稻品种结实期净同化率大于小穗型品种;大穗型品种库容量较大,适当增大穗重有利于库容量的提高;大穗型品种单位叶面积籽粒产量、单位叶面积库容量、单位干物质库容量、单位氮素库容量较大;影响穗重的主要叶源性状是抽穗期绿叶重、净同化率;影响穗重的主要库性状是库容量、单位叶面积库容量、单位氮素库容量、单位叶面积籽粒产量。【结论】大穗型品种叶面积系数及其构成、库容量及其构成（或库源比）显著大于小穗型品种,绿叶重、结实期净同化率是影响穗重的主要叶源性状,库容量、单位叶面积库容量、单位氮素库容量、单位叶面积籽粒产量是影响穗重主要库容性状。     

甘蓝型油菜氮素籽粒生产效率的杂种优势分析

[目的]研究甘蓝型油菜N素籽粒生产效率的杂种优势,为生产上N高效品种的选育提供理论参考。[方法]测定2个N肥水平下6个甘蓝型油菜亲本（浙双3号、扬油7号、ZJ1、史力佳、宁油14号和沪油16）及其完全双列杂交组合成熟期干物质生产及N素含量;分析并计算N素籽粒生产效率的杂种优势、配合力效应以及遗传力大小。[结果]N素籽粒生产效率存在明显的杂种优势;配合力方差分析表明N素籽粒生产效率受加性效应、非加性效应和细胞质效应的共同影响;遗传方差分析表明低N条件下N素籽粒生产效率的基因加性作用和非加性作用都比较重要,而高N条件下则以基因的非加性效应为主。[结论]油菜N素籽粒生产效率存在明显的杂种优势。     

甘蓝型油菜氮素籽粒生产效率的杂种优势分析(摘要)(英文)

[目的]研究甘蓝型油菜N素籽粒生产效率的杂种优势,为生产上N高效品种的选育提供理论参考。[方法]测定2个N肥水平下6个甘蓝型油菜亲本(浙双3号、扬油7号、ZJ1、史力佳、宁油14号和沪油16)及其完全双列杂交组合成熟期干物质生产及N素含量,各器官N素含量采用凯氏定氮法测定;分析并计算N素籽粒生产效率的杂种优势、配合力效应以及遗传力大小。[结果]N素籽粒生产效率存在明显的杂种优势,离中亲优势全为正值。低N条件下杂交种N素籽粒生产效率与亲本相比,增加幅度为9.44%。高N条件下杂交种N素籽粒生产效率与亲本相比,增加幅度为14.77%;配合力方差分析表明GCA、SCA和反交效应均达到极显著水平,说明N素籽粒生产效率受加性效应、非加性效应和细胞质效应的共同影响;N素籽粒生产效率在低N和高N条件下的广义遗传力分别为96.97%和97.09%,说明N素籽粒生产效率主要由遗传因素决定,受环境影响比较小。低N和高N条件下的狭义遗传力分别为46.06%和29.56%。由此可见,低N条件下N素籽粒生产效率的基因加性作用和非加性作用都比较重要,而高N条件下则以基因的非加性效应为主。[结论]油菜N素籽粒生产效率存在明显的杂种优势。     

籼稻品种间氮素吸收利用的差异及其对产量的影响

2001~2002年,在群体水培条件下,以不同年代育成的籼稻代表品种国内88个和国外122个为材料,成熟期测定植株的干物重(包括根系)、全氮含量及产量,分析籼稻品种间成熟期氮素累积量、氮素干物质生产效率和氮素籽粒生产效率的差异及其对产量的影响。结果表明:成熟期氮素累积量、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮素干物质生产效率,品种间差异很大,均达到极显著水平,其中,氮素累积量的差异明显大于氮素籽粒生产效率,氮素籽粒生产效率的差异又明显大于氮素干物质生产效率。相关分析表明,成熟期氮素累积量、氮素籽粒生产效率与籼稻品种的产量水平关系密切,氮素干物质生产效率与籼稻品种的产量水平关系不密切。逐步多元回归分析表明,成熟期氮素累积量和氮素籽粒生产效率对籼稻品种的产量水平均有显著影响(R2=0.957~0.974),提高成熟期氮素累积量和氮素籽粒生产效率均可提高籼稻品种的产量水平。通径分析显示,籼稻成熟期氮素累积量对产量的直接影响比氮素籽粒生产效率大40%~70%。作者认为,籼稻品种的选育应在保持较高氮素累积量的基础上,重点改良提高氮素籽粒生产效率,有利于实现籼稻品种高产与高效的有机统一。     

不同产量类型籼稻品种氮素吸收利用特征的研究

在群体水培条件下，于2001和2002年分别以国内外不同年代育成的88、122个具代表性的籼稻品种(品系)为供试材料，采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法对供试品种的产量进行聚类，研究不同产量类型籼稻品种氮素吸收利用的基本特征。结果表明：抽穗期植株含氮率高，抽穗前、后的氮素吸收量大，抽穗后吸收的氮素比例大，成熟期运转到穗部的氮素比例高，氮素籽粒生产效率及氮素收获指数高是高产品种氮素吸收利用的基本特征。多元回归分析表明：在9个氮素吸收和利用的性状中，对产量有显著影响的为抽穗前吸氮量、抽穗后吸氮量和氮素籽粒生产效率，随着抽穗前吸氮量、抽穗后吸氮量和氮素籽粒生产效率的增加，供试籼稻品种的产量显著提高。