非洲养蜂业 北非、东非、东北非和西非国家养蜂

本文阐述北非的阿尔及利亚、埃及、利比亚、摩洛哥、突尼斯 ;东非的肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚、乌干达 ;东北非的吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、索马里兰、苏丹 ;西非的贝宁湾、布基纳法索、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚、几内亚比绍、象牙海岸、利比里亚、马里、尼日尔、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、多哥 2 6个国家的最新养蜂情况 ,包括蜜蜂种类、蜜源植物、蜜蜂活动、蜜蜂病虫害、传统养蜂、现代养蜂、蜂蜜猎取、蜂蜜生产等。概述各国的养蜂历史、研究活动、养蜂研究先驱者、养蜂组织机构、培训、会议等情况。非洲全称阿非利加洲 ,位于东半球的西南部 ,地跨赤道…     

畜皮深加工与综合利用——皮革的国内外比较

皮的利用主要是制革和食用。某肉食品厂将猪皮以肉的半价处理 ,真正可惜。制革可用于靴鞋、手套、衣裤、帽子、皮箱、裤带、表带、皮包、皮夹、皮面笔记本、皮面像册、皮球、皮枪套、刀鞘、子弹夹……至于皮毛、可以做皮衣、毛毯……皮的综合利用是传统的手工业 ,主要以牛皮、猪皮、羊皮、马皮、兔皮、狗皮 ,另外还有各种野生动物的皮张如貂皮、獭皮、鹿皮、狐皮、狼皮、虎皮、象皮、鳄鱼皮、豹皮……虽然从 40年代起步的人造革来势颇猛 ,但天然皮那透气、排湿、保暖、御寒、润泽、耐老化等得天独厚的功能 ,使它仍处于领导地位。自古以来 ,…     

维生素添加剂对鸡蛋成份的影响

美国俄亥俄州立大学的E．C．Nawer关于饲料对鸡蛋营养成分的影响综合如下：无变化或极少变化的成分：水分、热量。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、钙、磷、铁、钠、钾、氯。镁、铜、硫、灰分、维生素已胆碱、硬脂酸、棕桐酸、胆固醇、氨基酸、酸度。有影响的成分：碘、氟、锰、维生     

法国温室制造业中的一朵奇葩──访法国瑞奇公司

瑞奇公司（ＲＩＣＨＥＬ）是法国专门设计和制造温室设备的实业公司。３０多年来,瑞奇公司在与用户的密切合作中稳步发展。如今,公司在温室制造业中占有欧洲地区的领导地位,已经在世界各地修建完成超过３０００公顷以上的温室。它们分布在：阿尔及利亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、加拿大、智利、希腊、丹麦、埃及、芬兰、几内亚、德国、英国、匈牙利、印度、肯尼亚、韩国、马达加斯加、荷兰、爱尔兰、日本、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、利比亚、南非、马耳他、墨西哥、摩洛哥、挪威、波兰、澳门、葡萄牙、新西兰、西班牙、沙特阿拉伯、瑞典、…     

常用饲料原料干物质及蛋白质在大足黑山羊瘤胃内降解规律的研究

选用4头体重相近的安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的周岁大足黑山羊阉羊,采用瘤胃尼龙袋法,测定常用的3类17种饲料原料干物质及蛋白质在瘤胃内的有效降解率。结果表明:干物质有效降解率由大到小的顺序为小麦、玉米、大米、高粱、麸皮、豆粕、菜粕、棉粕、玉米酒糟、花生秸、苜蓿干草、鱼粉、玉米秸、小麦秸、稻草、棉花秸、稻谷壳,蛋白质有效降解率由大到小的顺序为麸皮、小麦、玉米、大米、高粱、苜蓿干草、花生秸、玉米酒糟、豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、鱼粉、玉米秸、小麦秸、稻草、棉花秸、稻谷壳。     

石家庄地区及周围县区鸡病发生和流行情况的调查

随着我国农村经济体制改革的深入和菜篮子工程的实施,我省养鸡业发展十分迅速。为保障其健康发展,了解当前鸡病的发生情况,以便及时有效地控制其流行。我们对河北省养鸡业最发达的石家庄地区周围二十九个县(包括正定、藁城、无极、隆尧、栾城、元氏、高邑、赵县、晋县、束鹿、新乐、行唐、获鹿、定县、安国、深泽、柏乡、临城、南宫、宁晋、武强、任丘、内丘、井陉、平山、唐县、曲阳等)的集体和个体专业养鸡户的鸡病发生情况作了系统的调查统计。     

我国家养宠物类别状况

目前,我国家养宠物主要有犬、猫、鸟、斗鸡、兔、松鼠、豚鼠、鱼、龟、蜥蜴、蟋蟀、蝈蝈、猴子等等,也有养小型猪的,还有将家鸡和家鸭作为宠物饲养的。1.犬类:借鉴北京市限养犬高度的规定,适合家养的宠物犬主要有日本仲、吉娃娃、中国冠毛犬、蝴蝶犬、马尔济斯、迷你杜宾犬、八哥犬、北京犬、博美犬、西施犬、哈巴犬、狐狸犬、卷毛比熊犬、贵妇犬、英国斗牛     

国内肉骨粉营养成分的比较研究

对国内饲料工业中广泛使用的肉骨粉原料营养成分进行比较研究,为肉骨粉原料的合理使用提供依据。在调查国内主要肉骨粉产品的原料来源和加工工艺的基础上,采集10个有代表性的肉骨粉样品,对其营养成分进行测定。结果表明:干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷、总能和代谢能的平均值依次是91.94%、50.88%、9.05%、28.69%、8.33%、3.85%、15.98MJ/kg和11.04MJ/kg,其中粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷是主要变异指标。肉骨粉赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、组氨酸、总必需氨基酸、天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、酪氨酸、总氨基酸的含量依次是1.46%、0.49%、1.54%、2.18%、3.09%、1.4%、1.79%、3.12%、5.33%、4.04%、1.08%、25.53%、2.53%、2.38%、3.94%、3.06%、1.07%、1.26%和39.78%。其中变异程度最大的是丝氨酸,变异最小的是谷氨酸。     

早吃咸晚吃甜

古人早就总结出“朝朝盐水，暮暮蜜糖”的养生之道。适合早上吃的具有咸味的食物主要有大麦、小米、海带、紫菜等，而适合晚餐吃的为甜味的食物主要有茄子、芋头、西红柿、菠菜、白萝卜、胡萝卜、冬瓜、南瓜、黄瓜、藕、土豆、蜂蜜、牛奶、青鱼、白糖等。     

秋季适宜食物

主食及豆类的选择:大米、小米、玉米、荞麦、大麦、小麦、糯米、糙米、高粱、豆腐、豆浆、扁豆等。肉蛋奶的选择:羊肉、牛肉、鸭肉、鱼类、猪腰子、猪肺、鳖肉、乌骨鸡、鲍鱼、鳝鱼、蛋类、奶类等。蔬菜的选择:豆芽、菜花、菠菜、胡萝卜、茄子、莲藕、甘薯、马铃薯、山药、芋艿、芹菜、小白菜、莴笋、洋白菜、南瓜、菱角、百合、香菇等。     

Outbreak of disseminated zygomycosis and concomitant pulmonary aspergillosis in breeder layer cockerels

Disseminated zygomycosis and concomitant pulmonary aspergillosis were diagnosed in breeder layer cockerels. Five- to 9-week-old breeder layer cockerels with a history of an increased mortality rate were presented to a diagnostic laboratory for examination. On necropsy, large, multifocal, firm, tan, nodules were observed in the lungs, air sacs, peritoneum, livers, spleens and kidneys. On histopathology, mixed populations of zygomycetes and Aspergillus hyphae were observed in the granulomas in the lungs, and zygomycete hyphae were observed in the granulomas in the air sacs, peritoneum, livers, spleens and kidneys. No bacteria were isolated from any of the lesions. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from the lung lesions only and hyphae that were consistent with those of a Rhizopus spp. were isolated from the lesions in several organs. Pullets, which were kept together with the cockerels from the day they were hatched, were not affected. The absence of infection in the pullets, which were kept together with the cockerels, suggests that the cockerels were either infected during incubation, with the fungi penetrating the egg shell, or that they were infected during hatching before they were mixed with the pullets.     

STRESS FRACTURES OF THE HUMERUS, RADIUS, AND TIBIA IN HORSES

The medical records, radiographic and nuclear scintigraphic findings of 26 racing horses with 27 stress fracture episodes of the humerus, radius, or tibia were reviewed. The purposes of this study were to describe the radiographic and/or scintigraphic features of stress fractures of the humerus, radius, or tibia, and to evaluate the signalment and history of horses in which stress fracture occurred. Stress fractures of the three long bones examined were primarily seen in 2-and 3-year-old male Thoroughbred horses; commonly, the onset of lameness was immediately following training gallops or racing. There were 13 humeral stress fracture episodes in 12 horses. Ten were in the proximal caudolateral cortex, and three were in the distal craniomedial cortex. Radial stress fractures were seen in three horses, all in the midshaft radius. Tibial stress fractures were diagnosed in 11 horses. They were located in the proximal lateral tibia in six horses, the distal caudolateral tibia in three horses, and the midshaft tibia in three horses. Fifteen stress fractures were diagnosed with radiographs alone, one was diagnosed with scintigraphy alone, nine were diagnosed with radiographs and scintigraphy, and, in two horses, radiographs were negative, but the scintigraphic findings were consistent with stress fracture.     

The Pulmonary Clearance of Bacteria by Calves and Mice

Using a modified aerosol generator, white mice and calves were exposed to aerosols of viable Staphylococcus aureus and Pasteurella haemolytica and the clearance of the inhaled organisms by the lungs of the experimental animals was measured. Fifty-seven percent of inhaled S. aureus were cleared in two hours by the mouse lungs, 79% were cleared in four hours and 93% were cleared in eight hours. Fifty-six percent of inhaled P. haemolytica were cleared in two hours by the mouse lungs, 76% were cleared in four hours and 93% were cleared in eight hours. Seventy percent of inhaled S. aureus were cleared in two hours by the calf lungs, 90% were cleared in four hours and 95% were cleared in eight hours. Seventy-five percent of inhaled P.haemolytica were cleared in two hours by the calf lungs, 90% were cleared in four hours and 92% were cleared in eight hours.     

家兔亚硒酸中毒的病理形态学研究

给家兔分别肌肉注射不同剂量的亚硒酸钠，历时入周，复制出亚急性硒中毒的动物模型。病理形态学变化为：家兔的生长受到明显抑制，肝，肾，心，脾等组织器官损害严重如肝实质细胞变性，坏死；肾实质退行病变；心肌纤维变性，充血，肺淤血，水肿：脾萎缩，淋巴细胞坏死，肝，肾，心细胞内线粒高度肿胀，嵴减少，断裂或消失成空泡。     

An immunohistochemical study of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the Korean tree squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris corea.

The regional distribution and relative frequencies of gastrointestinal endocrine cells were studied immunohistochemically in the gastrointestinal mucosa of Korean tree squirrels. Seven kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study. Although a large number of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive cells were seen throughout the gastrointestinal tract, they were most predominant in the duodenum. A moderate number of glucagon-immunoreactive cells which were restricted to the cardia and fundus of the stomach was also observed. Bovine chromogranin-immunoreactive cells were numerous in the cardia and pylorus of the stomach, found in moderate numbers in the fundus, duodenum and large intestine, but rare in the jejunum. Porcine chromogranin-immunoreactive cells were found in moderate numbers in the stomach but were rare in the duodenum. Gastrin/cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells were abundant in the pyloric gland region but scarce in the duodenum. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were observed to be rare and found only in the pyloric gland region. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed moderately in the stomach but were few in number in the intestine. No insulin-immunoreactive cells were found in the gastrointestinal tract of Korean tree squirrels. These results suggest that although the Korean tree squirrel is a herbivorous rodent, the distribution pattern of its gastro-entero-endocrine cells is rather similar to that reported for omnivorous animals.     

Occurrence of mammary neoplasms in bitches in relation to breed, age, tumour type, and geographical region from which reported

Of 2075 mammary neoplasms in bitches reported by 14 veterinary schools in the United States and Canada, 1187 were histologically malignant, 557 were benign, and 331 were in the 'malignancy not determined' category. There were 12 breeds at significantly high risk for one or more of the major mammary tumour types; 7 of the 12 were hunting breeds. Mixed breeds were at low risk for all tumour types and categories, and collies were at low risk for benign neoplasms. Neutered bitches were only one-third as likely to have neoplasms as were entire bitches. There was no clear difference in distribution of the various tumour types in relation to age at first diagnosis. Among the four geographical regions studied separately, there were more similarities than differences in the rates of mammary neoplasms, especially when adenocarcinomas and malignant mixed mammary tumours were combined for analyses. There was, however, a marked excess of benign neoplasms in the south and west of North America.     

羔羊小肠pH及主要消化酶发育规律的研究

对小尾寒羊羔羊小肠不同部位(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)pH及淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶和乳糖酶的活性进行了测定，结果表明：羔羊小肠不同部位内容物pH不同，回肠pH显著高于空肠，空肠和回肠pH显著高于十二指肠，羔羊1月龄后，小肠各段pH变化不大；小肠不同部位淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性不同，空肠段淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性高于十二指肠和回肠段，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性增加，3月龄后各消化酶活性变化差异不显著(P＜O．05)；羔羊小肠不同部位乳糖酶活性不同，空肠乳糖酶活性显著高于十二指肠和回肠，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠乳糖酶活性逐渐降低。     

The regional distribution and relative frequency of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in SHK-1 hairless mice: an immunohistochemical study

The regional distributions and relative frequencies of some gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the eight portions (fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon and rectum) of the gastrointestinal tract of SKH-1 hairless mice were investigated using immunohistochemical methods and seven types of specific antisera against somatostatin, serotonin, glucagon, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastrin. In this study, somatostatin-, serotonin-, glucagon-, CCK-8-, secretin- and gastrin-immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified. Most of these IR cells in the intestinal portion were generally spherical or spindle-shaped (open-type cell) while cells that were round in shape (close-type cell) were occasionally found in the stomach regions. Their relative frequencies were varied according to each portion of gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin-IR cells were found throughout the gastrointestinal tract except for the large intestine. Serotonin-IR cells were detected throughout the whole gastrointestinal tract and were the most predominant endocrine cell types in this species of mouse. Glucagon-IR cells were restricted to the fundus, occurring rarely. CCK-8-IR cells were observed in the pylorus, duodenum and jejunum with frequencies that were numerous, moderate and few, respectively. Peculiarly, secretin-IR cells were demonstrated in the whole intestinal tract with either few or rare frequencies. Gastrin-IR cells were restricted to the pylorus and were numerous. However, no PP-IR cells were found in this study. In conclusion, some peculiar distributional patterns of gastrointestinal endocrine cells were found in SKH-1 hairless mouse.     

Effect of levamisole on the clinical and immunologic responses to oral vaccine of Treponema hyodysenteriae

Conventionally raised crossbred Hampshire pigs were vaccinated orally with attenuated Treponema hyodysenteriae in combination with an anthelmintic, levamisole or dichlorvos. Pigs in group I (n = 9) were treated with levamisole and vaccinated with attenuated T hyodysenteriae and those in group II (n = 9) were treated with levamisole and permitted to commingle (contact exposure) with group I. Pigs in group III (n = 9) were vaccinated in a similar manner and were treated with dichlorvos. Pigs in group IV (n = 9) were treated with dichlorvos and permitted to commingle with group III. Control pigs (group V; n = 9) were not given any anthelmintic, nor were they vaccinated; they were housed separately. During the 8-week interval between vaccination and challenge inoculation, 4 total days and 8 total days of diarrhea were observed in pigs in groups I and II, respectively. Likewise, 5 total days and 10 total days of diarrhea were seen in groups III and IV, respectively. In all groups, the pigs tended to shed the organism in their feces after they were vaccinated or challenge inoculated, as determined by a fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) and culture procedure (CP). Overall mean shedding patterns of 5.5% and 24.5% identified by CP and FAT, respectively, were seen in the 2 levamisole-treated groups (I and II). In contrast, mean shedding patterns of 4% and 18% of the isolation attempts were detected by CP and FAT, respectively, in the 2 dichlorvos-treated groups. Diarrhea and shedding of T hyodysenteriae in the controls (group V) did not occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)