陆地棉品种“珂字201”胚性与非胚性愈伤组织生化代谢产物的比较研究

利用生理生化分析技术对陆地棉品种“珂字201”体细胞胚胎发生中生化代谢产物进行了初步研究。胚性愈伤组织中主代谢物质,如蛋白质和 RNA 的含量较高,它们可能由其它主代谢物质如糖和淀粉转化而来。而次生代谢物质如酚类物质和色素类物质等在胚性愈伤组织中含量较低。胚性愈伤组织中某些特定氨基酸的含量高于非胚性愈伤组织。     

苗期遮荫对棉花功能叶光合特性和光合产物代谢的影响

研究苗期遮荫对棉花不同生育时期功能叶光合特性和光合产物代谢影响的结果表明:蕾期光合速率较高、生理代谢较强、光合产物以淀粉形式有所累积,苗期遮荫棉花的光合速率、可溶性糖含量和淀粉累积量低于其不遮荫的对照.花铃期光合速率最高、生理代谢最强、光合产物以淀粉形式累积量最少,苗期遮荫棉花光合速率、可溶性糖含量和淀     

棉花早、中熟品系营养器官碳氮含量变化的差异及与干物质积累的相关性

为探究不同生育期棉花品种的干物质积累及产量与其碳氮代谢相关性,采用生育期不同的2个陆地棉近等基因系早熟系4003-10和中熟系4003-6,测定生殖生长阶段蕾期至吐絮期根、茎、叶的全氮、氨基酸、非结构性碳水化合物（己糖、蔗糖和淀粉）含量及棉株各部位生物量,比较2个品系的差异,并分析营养器官含氮量与生物量的相关性。结果表明,4003-6比4003-10具有更大的铃重、衣分及皮棉产量。生殖生长阶段4003-6叶片比4003-10具有较高的全氮、氨基酸、非结构性总碳、淀粉含量及碳氮比,表明前者叶片具有较强的碳氮代谢活性和碳水化合物生产能力;4003-6的根系氨基酸水平高于4003-10,且具有更高的氮素吸收效率。在营养器官中,根系含氮量对棉花植株地上部、根系、营养器官和生殖器官的生物量积累影响最大。早熟系4003-10单株根、茎、叶的含氮量与生殖器官生物量的相关系数均高于中熟系4003-6,表明早熟品系的吸氮能力对产量影响更大。     

5个木薯品种生理特性与主要农艺性状的研究

对木薯品种西选07、桂垦09-11、辐选01、南植199和华南205的生理特性和主要农艺性状进行比较研究。结果表明,5个木薯品种的叶片叶绿素、蔗糖、可溶性糖含量、农艺性状、产量和淀粉含量有显著差异。西选07块根产量最高,其次是桂垦09-11和辐选01;南植199淀粉含量最高,其次是辐选01和西选07;西选07淀粉产量最高,其次是辐选01和桂垦09-11;西选07单株块根数、块根长、块根粗和块根重最高,其次是桂垦09-11和辐选01;南植199叶片蔗糖和可溶性糖含量最高,其次是西选07和辐选01。叶片蔗糖、可溶性糖含量均与块根淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,可作为高淀粉木薯品种评价的生理指标。淀粉产量综合反映木薯淀粉生产能力,可作为木薯品种品质评价的指标。     

植物生长调节剂S3307对绿豆源库生理代谢的影响

为从源、库的角度阐释植物生长调节剂S3307对绿豆碳水化合物代谢与氮素代谢的影响机制,以冀0816毛-3和安绿7号2个不同基因型的绿豆品种为试验材料,在始花期叶面喷施60 mg/L植物生长调节剂烯效唑（S3307）,以喷施等量清水作为对照（CK）。结果表明,始花期叶面喷施S3307后,绿豆叶片与荚皮中叶绿素含量均显著增加。2个参试绿豆品种叶片中蔗糖、还原糖和可溶性糖含量与荚皮中可溶性糖、淀粉和总糖含量均在籽粒建成中期比CK降低,在后期增加。S3307处理增加了参试绿豆品种籽粒中蔗糖、淀粉和总糖含量,而对绿豆籽粒还原糖含量的调控存在基因型差异。针对氮代谢相关指标的结果表明,叶片、荚皮与籽粒中可溶性蛋白和总氮含量在调节剂处理后籽粒建成时期整体增加。综上,S3307可有效促进绿豆籽粒建成中期“源”端同化物的合成和输出,增加“库”端同化物的积累,同时增加了绿豆各器官氮素含量,通过调控不同品种绿豆器官生理代谢实现增源扩库。     

初花期源库比变化对棉花下部"铃-叶系统"生理特征的影响

对棉花初花期进行去叶和去蕾处理,研究改变棉花源库比对早期"铃-叶"系统生理状态的影响.结果表明,源库比改变明显地影响着棉叶和棉铃中蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉的含量,但蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉的含量对源库比变化的反应程度不同.减库处理可以提高叶片中蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉的含量,促进子棉中碳水化合物的积累,提高单铃重,并促进后期果枝叶中叶绿素的合成,延长叶片功能期,但是不利于棉子中蛋白质的合成;减源处理促进前期果枝叶中叶绿素含量,但是使后期果枝叶中叶绿素含量快速下降,表现出早衰迹象;并且减源处理不利于叶片中蛋白质的合成.     

不同基因型大豆糖分积累规律的研究(I)——可溶性总糖含量积累规律的研究

大豆光合作用的主要产物是糖类,本文选用6个不同基因型的大豆品种,运用框栽的方法,研究了大豆可溶性总糖含量的动态变化,结果表明,不同营养器官的可溶性总糖的最大含量值出现在结荚期,荚果中的可溶性总糖表现出持续降低的变化规律.在大豆生育过程中,叶柄是各器官中糖类代谢比较旺盛的部位,可溶性总糖含量为叶柄＞叶片＞根＞茎,秣食豆总糖含量最高;小金黄、丰收10和绥农14叶柄和根中总糖含量呈极显著正相关(r值分别为0.971、0.905、0.932),龙选1号、不结瘤大豆和秣食豆的叶柄和根中的总糖含量达到显著正相关(r值分别为0.874、0.850、0.657).     

大豆豆荚与叶片的光合特性比较

以东农42、东农163二个大豆品种为试材,对鼓粒期大豆叶片和豆荚的叶绿素含量、氨基酸含量、碳水化合物含量、光合速率和蒸腾速率等生理指标进行了比较。结果表明：豆荚叶绿素总含量平均占叶片叶绿素总含量的1%~2%, 豆荚的光合速率与其叶绿素含量呈正相关;豆荚的还原糖含量和淀粉含量都较叶片含量高,蛋白质和氨基酸含量都比叶片低。豆荚的蛋白质、还原糖、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率等指标存在品种间差异。     

鲜食糯玉米室温货架期间籽粒糖代谢规律研究

为探寻鲜食糯玉米采后籽粒糖代谢规律,以不同熟期的鲜食糯玉米品种为试材,测定了不同货架期糯玉米籽粒中几种可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量及相关酶的活性。结果表明,随着货架期的延长,3种熟期鲜食糯玉米籽粒中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖和山梨醇含量均呈明显下降趋势,其中晚熟玉米下降幅度较大,果糖、葡萄糖和麦芽糖含量下降幅度达到97.3%~99.8%,而总淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈明显上升趋势,其中早熟玉米上升幅度最大,货架8 d时其含量上升幅度均超过了20%,淀粉合成关键酶腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）和尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UDPGPPase）活性主要呈单峰曲线变化趋势,其峰值出现在货架2~4 d,其趋势在变化时间上与几种可溶性糖含量的变化能够契合;室温货架期间,不同熟期的鲜食糯玉米籽粒中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的变化规律不完全一致。上述研究结果可为筛选适于贮藏的鲜食糯玉米品种和贮藏时间提供理论依据。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉与常规陆地棉种内杂种主要性状的基因效应分析

利用生育期不同的转Bt基因抗虫陆地棉和非抗虫陆地棉进行品种间杂交,配制成中熟组合(中棉所19×中棉所32)和早熟组合(中棉所24×中棉所30)的6个世代(P     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.