Erratum

The article "Back to the energy crisis" by Mark Crawford (News & Comment, 6 Feb., p. 626) overstated American imports of petroleum and petroleum products for the years 1977 and 1985. Imports in 1977 averaged 8.8 million barrels per day as opposed to 8807 million barrels as stated. By 1985 imports had fallen to 5.07 (rounded) million barrels per day, not 5067 million barrels daily. The United States' use of petroleum-not foreign consumption as stated in the article-is projected to hit 17.7 million barrels per day in 1995. U.S. imports could then reach 9.8 million barrels a day.     

Letter to the editor

Morris Muskat (Letters, 6 June, p. 973) refers to "the only certain new net [oil] supplies we can count on by 1985 ... when the Alaskan pipeline is operating." The amount cited should have been "1 to 2 million barrels per day."     

The international decline in household oil use

In this article estimates are made of the permanent and reversible components of changes in heating oil use in major countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The components of the increase in oil use through the mid-1970's, and of the subsequent decline, are revealed. For seven countries, residential oil use decreased by 40 percent between 1972 and 1983, for a savings of about 1.2 million barrels per day (59 million metric tons of oil equivalent per year). One-third of this resulted from reductions in the number of homes heated with oil, the rest from reductions in oil use per oil-heated home. During that time, however, the size of these homes and the penetration of central heating increased significantly, so these figures underestimate the actual conservation achieved. Of the total oil savings, at least 46 percent are of a permanent nature, while the rest could be reversed with a continued slide in oil prices, although it seems likely that most of the savings will be maintained and may even increase.     

微生物清防蜡提高原油采收率技术的研究与现场应用

试验室经分离得到了 5株能以蜡为唯一碳源生长的微生物菌种 ,在室内对其生长、降粘、降凝、清蜡等性能进行评价后 ,应用于克拉玛依油田进行清防蜡现场实验。结果表明 ,混合菌的清防蜡效果显著 ,11口井在 4个月试验期共增产原油 5 14 8.6t,节约热洗 36次 ,创直接经济效益 36 0 .4× 10 4元。成功地解决了该区块油井结蜡严重、热洗周期短、生产管理难度大、成本高的生产问题     

Airborne studies of the smoke from the kuwait oil fires

Airborne studies of smoke from the Kuwait oil fires were carried out in the spring of 1991 when approximately 4.6 million barrels of oil were burning per day. Emissions of sulfur dioxide were approximately 57% of that from electric utilities in the United States; emissions of carbon dioxide were approximately 2% of global emissions; emissions of soot were approximately 3400 metric tons per day. The smoke absorbed approximately 75 to 80% of the sun's radiation in regions of the Persian Gulf. However, the smoke probably had insignificant global effects because (i) particle emissions were less than expected, (ii) the smoke was not as black as expected, (iii) the smoke was not carried high in the atmosphere, and (iv) the smoke had a short atmospheric residence time.     

Magnitude of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil leak

To fully understand the environmental and ecological impacts of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, an accurate estimate of the total oil released is required. We used optical plume velocimetry to estimate the velocity of fluids issuing from the damaged well both before and after the collapsed riser pipe was removed. We then calculated the volumetric flow rate under a range of assumptions. With a liquid oil fraction of 0.4, we estimated that the average flow rate from 22 April 2010 to 3 June 2010 was 5.6 × 10(4) ± 21% barrels/day (1.0 × 10(-1) meter(3)/second), excluding secondary leaks. After the riser was removed, the flow was 6.8 × 10(4) ± 19% barrels/day (1.2 × 10(-1) meters(3)/second). Taking into account the oil collected at the seafloor, this suggests that 4.4 × 10(6) ± 20% barrels of oil (7.0 × 10(5) meters(3)) was released into the ocean.     

盐穴型战略储油库参数选择及稳定性分析

随着我国石油资源对外依存度的逐年增加,建立完善的战略石油储备已经成为当务之急.针对盐穴型战略储油库储存运行的关键技术,结合盐岩力学特性和我国地质状况,对战略储油库造腔设计、建腔参数选择、运行参数确定以及影响储油库稳定性因素等问题进行了详细分析.研究结果表明：当储油库安全运行时,注采速率不超过4.5 m/s,并确保运行压力符合储油库的最大内压准则;溶腔内流体的热压膨胀对战略储油库前期运行安全影响较大,在长期稳定储油后,容易造成储油库内压增大,导致储存原油发生泄漏,在储油库安全运行时应尤为重视.研究成果可为今后我国盐穴战略储油库工程实践提供理论依据和技术支持.（表1,图2,参14）     

微生物在重油开采中的应用

微生物采油技术近几十年已在世界各地投入应用 ,是一项投入少 ,产出大的采油技术。应用微生物方法开采重质原油 ,是微生物技术在采油领域的延伸 ,也是人们对重质原油开采的一种新的尝试。就其机理来说 ,主要有两个方面 ,一是微生物能够利用原油中的胶质、沥青质等重组分 ,对重油进行降解 ,使得重油粘度变小 ;或者 ,微生物能够在繁殖过程中产生表面活性物质 ,使得重油能够很好的乳化分散 ,降低原油的粘度 ,从而有利于原油的采出     

大庆油田低渗透油藏假单胞菌的筛选及性能评价1）

从来自大庆油田低渗透油藏采出液中筛选出1株以原油为唯一碳源的细菌菌株,命名为QSJU002。QSJU002菌株的生理生化特征和16S rDNA分子生物学鉴定等结果表明,菌株QSJU002与Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain JBP－16亲缘关系最近,属于假单胞菌属。 QSJU002菌株液体培养基石油的降解试验、排油圈试验、产酸试验、乳化性能试验和矿化度耐受性试验结果表明,QSJU002菌株具有降解原油、产表面活性剂、产酸、乳化原油和耐盐等采油性能。     

海洋石油污染物微生物降解的研究

[目的]探讨微生物降解海洋石油污染物的最佳条件。[方法]选择大庆原油为降解底物,以分离的优势石油降解菌为研究对象,首先通过单因素试验研究了初始盐度、pH和营养盐等因素对菌株SY1和SY2降解石油的影响,然后通过正交试验确定最佳降解条件。[结果]单因素试验表明,初始pH和氮源浓度对菌株降解石油的影响较显著,同时添加氮、磷营养盐能取得更好的降解效果。正交试验表明,菌株SY1在最优组合下石油降解率达59.0%,主要影响因素是磷浓度;菌株SY2在最优组合下石油降解率为57.4%,主要影响因素是盐度和pH。[结论]该研究为菌株对石油降解性能的研究提供了理论参考。     

Ecological effects of a major oil spill on panamanian coastal marine communities

In 1986 more than 8 million liters of crude oil spilled into a complex region of mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs just east of the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal. This was the largest recorded spill into coastal habitats in the tropical Americas. Many population of plants and animals in both oiled and unoiled sites had been studied previously, thereby providing an unprecedented measure of ecological variation before the spill. Documenation of the spread of oil and its biological begun immediately. Intertidal mangroves, algae, and associated invertebrates were covered by oil and died soon after. More surprisingly, there was also extensive mortality of shallow subtidal reef corals and infauna of seagrass beds. After 1.5 years only some organisms in areas exposed to the open sea have recovered.     

非牛顿原油的管道摩阻特性

通过分析具有假塑性流体特性的原油在加热输送管道中的摩阻损失特点,提出了随输油温度降低,非牛顿原油摩阻损失下降的临界有效管流剪切率的概念和计算公式。相对牛顿流体,当流量增大时,非牛顿原油的摩阻损失增加幅度减小,并且原油流变指数越小,这种趋势越大;对于热输非牛顿原油管道,管道的临界有效管流剪切率只与所输原油的性质有关。     

土壤的石油污染

综述了土壤石油污染的研究方法 ,石油类物质进入土壤的途径、存在形态及其在土壤环境中的归宿。同时指出 ,在进行土壤污染研究中 ,首先必须正确选择研究对象 ;然后要对污染方式做深入的调查 ,以确定其在土壤中的分布方式 ;最后 ,根据石油类物质在环境中的迁移转化途径 ,结合不同污染现场的实际情况 ,制定科学合理的污染防治规划。     

混合原油粘度计算模型

高粘原油降粘通常采用稠油与轻质原油混合输送的方式。针对目前混合原油粘度的计算还没有普遍适用的粘度计算模型问题,通过参考各种文献,给出了常用的混合原油粘度计算式及其适用范围。以吐哈—南疆—北疆(重质油)混合原油为例,给出了粘度模型筛选过程,从而为实际应用提供了参考。     

利用地下盐穴实施战略石油储备

论述了我国利用盐穴建设战略石油储备库的重要性和必要性.从建设盐穴石油储备库的基本条件、工艺流程、关键技术等方面,对我国利用盐穴建造地下储油库的可行性进行了分析.提出国内很多含盐盆地具备了建设盐穴石油储备库的基本地质条件和技术基础.提出应开展建库选址的分析和研究并进行前期规划,以加快我国盐穴储备库的建设步伐.     

原油分子筛非临氢浅度裂化改质中试研究

介绍了原油分子筛非临氢浅度裂化改质降凝减粘新工艺由小试到中试的研究实践。研究结果表明,在小试基础上放大１０００倍的中试试验结果和小试试验结果基本一致,验证了该工艺放大试验在技术上是可行的,可以进一步扩大成工业试验和生产。改质原油用于现有管道输油生产可降低输油温度,减少燃耗,尤其可以解决低输量管道的输送问题。原油分子筛改质工艺流程简单,操作简便,投资低,降凝减粘幅度大,改质油性质稳定,内含潜在的经济     

产生原油途耗的原因分析

原油途耗是石油化工行业经济考核的一个重要指标，途耗的产生主要与装贷港、载货船、采样方法、罐内明水、密度、油温等因素有关。针对一些石化企业原油需要油船运输的特点来分析途耗形成的原因，通过采取相应措施，可以减少计量误差，降低途耗，减少经济损失。     

超稠原油降粘剂的应用性能

根据超稠原油组成分析的结果研制出富含胺基类基团聚合物型流动改进剂,将其应用于辽河超稠原油试样,进行粘温性能测试,并建立不同剪切速率下的粘温预测模型。模型验证结果表明:研制的胺基类共聚物型流动改进剂,由于具有与超稠油较为相似的结构组成,使得系统内部难以形成集团聚集结构,分散性能显著提高,显示出较好的降粘性能,平均降粘率可达55%～85%。经预测模型回归和计算分析,指数关系预测模型的相关性较好,相关系数为0.988,可以较准确地评价原油的粘温性能和低温流动性能,为提高超稠原油低温流动性能研究提供了理论依据。     

原油加剂改性过程中蜡晶形态变化的研究

利用Ｘ射线衍射仪与差势分析仪分别研究了大庆原油与加剂原油的蜡晶结构和结晶动力学。研究表明,大庆原油与加剂原油的蜡晶均为斜方晶体,但加剂原油的晶体体积要比未加剂原油的晶体体积大;大庆原油的结晶速率常数最大,原油中分离出的蜡的结晶速率常数次之,加剂原油的结晶速率常数最小,并且大庆原油加剂后,蜡晶的致密度较未加剂时增大。     

熔喷聚丙烯非织造布对不同原油的吸油效果

以熔喷聚丙烯非织造布为吸附材料,考察其对不同原油的吸油性能.试验结果表明,熔喷聚丙烯非织造布对原油的饱和吸油量大,对高密度高粘度的原油饱和吸油率可达20%以上,尤其是对于低粘度的原油吸油速率快.随着油品粘度的升高,熔喷聚丙烯非织造布吸油速率相应下降.油品的密度和粘度越大,熔喷聚丙烯非织造布的饱和吸油率越大.同时,熔喷聚丙烯非织造布具有吸水量小和吸油选择性强等特点,适合低凝点、高粘度、高密度原油溢油的处理.