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鱼类摄食量的研究方法 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16
鱼类摄食量的评估通常包括对个体摄食量的评估和对种群摄食量的评估。前者主要有室内直接测定法、基于消化道内含物的方法、生物能量学方法、化学污染物质量平衡法以及根据耗氧量间接计算法等5类方法。后者有生物能量学方法和多元回归模型。 相似文献
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脊椎动物性别分化和性腺发育的分子机制保守,但不同类群的最上游的性别决定基因却大不相同,尤其是鱼类,其性别决定基因表现出明显的多样性。性别决定包括环境性别决定和遗传性别决定,环境性别决定主要受温度、光照、激素和pH等的影响,而遗传性别决定一般由位于性染色体上的性别决定基因决定。转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factorβ, TGF-β)信号通路参与介导了多种生物学过程,近年来很多研究表明,鱼类有多个性别决定基因都是TGF-β信号通路的成员,且该信号通路对于鱼类的性别分化也有重要的作用。本文总结了鱼类已报道的性别决定基因或候选基因,详细综述了TGF-β信号通路在鱼类性别决定与分化中的各种功能,并探讨了该信号通路参与鱼类性别决定的可能机制,这对认识TGF-β信号通路在鱼类性别决定、分化中的作用和性控育种有重要意义。 相似文献
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高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFAs)在淡水鱼类中的营养作用研究进展 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
鱼粉、鱼油资源的短缺促使全球水产养殖业积极寻找其替代原料,而探究鱼粉、鱼油与其替代物之间的差异尤为重要,其中最主要的差异就是高不饱和脂肪酸(highly unsaturated fatty acids,HUFAs)是否存在及其含量多少。HUFAs是一类碳原子数目≥20、双键数≥3的脂肪酸,具有为动物提供能量、构成细胞膜组分、形成高生物活性物质、调控脂质代谢和免疫功能等重要作用,主要存在于鱼油和某些类别的微藻中。淡水鱼类具备自身合成HUFAs的能力,因此,一般认为HUFAs不是淡水鱼类的必需脂肪酸,无需通过饲料提供。但已有研究指出,饲料中添加一定量的HUFAs能够对淡水鱼类产生积极的营养作用,表明淡水鱼类的脂肪酸营养理论尚需进一步完善。本文综述了HUFAs在淡水鱼类生长、脂质代谢、健康免疫、繁殖特性等方面发挥作用的相关研究结果,明确提出淡水鱼类需要摄取一定水平的外源性HUFAs,指出在当前淡水鱼饲料中普遍使用HUFAs相对缺乏的蛋白源和油脂源的背景之下,HUFAs对淡水鱼类的作用应受到关注。最后,本文对今后淡水鱼类HUFAs营养的研究方向,以及新的HUFAs油脂源的开发前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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生长抑素(Somatostatin,简称SS)是结构和功能多样的肽激素家族。它的生理作用是通过结合G蛋白介导偶联的跨膜生长抑素受体(SSTR)来完成的。SS和SSTR在鱼的组织(如肾脏、甲状腺、肾上腺、胃肠道和大脑等)中广泛存在并相互作用来调节许多生理过程。通过研究其生长变化,了解它们在生长调节中的作用。SS对生物体生长的影响在生长激素(GH)-胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)系统的上起作用。旨在叙述鱼类中的生长抑素及其在鱼类生长代谢中的作用,为今后鱼类生长相关实验的提供参考。 相似文献
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动物从受精卵发育到具有不同性别特征的个体是一个奇妙而又严谨的过程,是人类长期以来试图揭示的自然现象。上世纪90年代初在人类Y染色体上发现了性别决定基因SRY[1],进而发现了一个新的Sox基因家族[2]。上述基因的发现,促进了以哺乳类为代表的动物性别决定和分化机制研究。由于鱼类在脊椎动物中的特殊进化地位、庞大的种类数量以及显著的社会经济价值,鱼类的性别决定研究一直受到遗传和发育学者的重视。尽管离最终阐明鱼类性别决定的机制还有距离,但近20多年来鱼类性别决定的遗传基础研究已取得不少重要进展。本文试图根据现有文献资料,… 相似文献
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过去,在对草鱼进行免疫注射时,手续繁琐,费工费时,又耽心伤鱼,因而,注射免疫法在上海难以推广,迫切需要改进注射器。上海市水产研究所和上海市水产技术推广站在从事青草鱼免疫防治时,采用上海师范学院附属工厂研制的金属连续注射器,稍加改进后应用于鱼类,注射时可定量、定位,且能连续注射。是一种比较实用的注射器。 相似文献
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浅谈水产养殖对水域环境的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
<正> 1 我国渔业水域环境保护方面存在的问题1.1 淡水渔业水域环境 国家曾对532条江河进行了监测,发现受污染的约占82.3%,其中有些江河的局部水体污染情况十分严重。长江的污染源有3万多个,鱼、虾死亡,人畜中毒现象时有发生。黄河是我国第二大河流,现有3 500km河段受不同程度的污染,如兰 相似文献
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本研究由浅海网箱区富营养沉积物经多步富集和筛选获得高效复合生态净化菌群,对浅海养殖区的有机物、氨氮和亚硝酸氮有明显去除效果.研究了不同条件对复合菌液去除养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝酸氮和有机物能力的影响,并确定了最佳净化条件.结果表明,复合菌添加量、葡萄糖添加量,处理时间、温度、pH和盐度对复合菌的去除效果均有影响,实验条件确定为复合菌的添加量为3%、处理时间为4 d、温度为30±2 ℃、pH值为8.1±0.2、葡萄糖添加量为2 g/L和盐度为(30±10) g/L 时,去除效果达到最佳,此时氨氮、亚硝酸氮和溶解有机物的去除率可分别达到79.1%、85.2%和88.7%. 相似文献
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微生物在水产养殖环境生物修复中的作用机制 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
微生物作为一种生态调节剂,它不仅能改善机体微生态平衡,还能改善动物的代谢并无致病性;对致病微生物具有一定程度的抑制作用。微生物在水产养殖环境中生物修复的作用机制主要是利用微生物(细菌、真菌、酵母菌或提取物)对环境污染物的吸收、代谢、降解等功能,在环境中对污染物的降解起催化作用,从而去除或消除环境污染的一个受控或自发的过程。 相似文献
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海洋主要污染物对贝类及其环境的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为给海水贝类健康养殖提供依据,本文总结了近年国内外的报道,从氮、磷、重金属、石油类、有机氯农药等海洋污染物对贝类及其环境影响进行了归纳综述,发现由于特殊的取食方式,贝类体内的污染物含量较其它生物高,此外,同种污染物在不同种类贝类体内的积累也存在显著差异。因此,贝类养殖区的选择要比其他养殖区的选择更加谨慎,另外,也可以针对不同养殖海域的具体情况因地制宜地选择不同的养殖种类。 相似文献
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《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2005,243(1-4):159-174
Previous investigations into the environmental impacts at a shallow-water oligotrophic marine experimental cage aquaculture site in Western Australia have found no accumulation of organic material, and limited changes in macrofaunal communities. It was hypothesised that wild fish populations in the area consumed particulate wastes emanating from the cage, thus reducing the benthic impacts. An experiment was designed to quantify the accumulation of organic material on the seabed occurring in the presence and absence of wild fauna. Three treatments were arranged in duplicate, cages without exclusion nets (normal situation) (CAGE-FISH); cages surrounded by a 35-mm mesh exclusion net (preventing wild fish access to the sea bed and water column near the cage) (CAGE-FISH-EXCL); and empty cages surrounded by exclusion nets (to control for effects from the exclusion net) (CAGE-EXCL). In addition, four reference sites without cages (REF) were sampled. Following baseline sampling, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were stocked into the CAGE-FISH and the CAGE-FISH-EXCL treatments at an initial stocking density of 2.4 kg m−3. The experiment was terminated after 62 days, at a final stock density of 5.6 kg m−3. Sampling found significantly greater accumulation of nutrients and fine sediments under the cages enclosed in the exclusion net than in other treatments and sites. Levels of organic carbon deposition at cages with exclusion nets was found to be 4.5±1.0 g C m−2 day−1 (mean±S.E.) compared to 0.7 to 1.1 g C m−2 day−1 at control and reference sites.The accumulation of nutrients at the CAGE-FISH-EXCL sites was correlated to distinct changes in macrofaunal community composition, with a sharp increase in overall macrofaunal abundance and a growing dominance of capitellid polychaetes. Based on a comparison between sedimentation rates within and outside excluded areas, the proportions of the total sedimenting nutrients consumed by wild fish were calculated to be 40% to 60%. It was concluded that in the natural coastal system of Western Australia or comparable environments, wild fish are potential important consumers of cage aquaculture waste materials. The fact that sediment C, N and P did not increase below cages with fish and no exclusion nets suggests that the benthic fauna, including surface grazing fish, at these sites were able to assimilate much of the remaining total sedimentary nutrients. 相似文献
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Comparative study of water environment variation in the industrial aquaculture system of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus 下载免费PDF全文
Lei Gao Chongbo He Xiangbo Bao Hao Su Xianggang Gao Yunfeng Li Weidong Liu Zhen Ma 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(4):1787-1798
This study investigated the microbial community, water quality, bacterial densities and growth performance in the industrial aquaculture system of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus without water exchange. Six treatments were set including, C (control treatment without sea cucumber culturing), S (small individual treatment), B (big individual treatment), Sd (small individual treatment with high density), Ss (small individual treatment adding carbohydrate source) and Sb (small individual treatment adding effective microorganisms). A total of 27916–32236 optimized reads and 564–742 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from each samples. The phylum Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria predominated, representing 69.01–97.21% of the bacterial communities in the water samples. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that higher similarity was observed among S, Sd, Ss and Sb. The densities of TB and Vibrio in Ss were significantly higher than those in the other culture treatments after the 7th day. The concentrations of NH4‐N, NO2‐N, NO3‐N and PO4‐P in Ss and Sb were relatively lower than the other treatments. Conclusively, no deterioration was found in the water environment parameters during the 21‐day culture period without water exchange, indicating that low‐level water exchange protocol may be applied to the industrial aquaculture system. Based on the effects of different operations on culture system, industrial aquaculture is proved to be a viable way to rear sea cucumber. 相似文献
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