低压管喷及其节水高产机理研究

通过在中国农科院商丘试验区实施低压管喷，结合麦棉套种作物需水特点、农田小气候相互关系进行了农业高效用水研究与实践，揭示出低压管喷麦田连续畦灌水４５％－４７％，棉田较连续灌灌节水４３％，小麦和棉花水分生产效率达１．８８－１．９５ｋｇ／ｍ＾３和０．３２ｋｇ／ｍ＾３较高水平的节水高产机理。     

彬县旱塬玉米抗旱节水栽培技术研究

对旱地玉米应用不同抗旱节水栽培技术进行研究.结果表明:地膜覆盖、抢墒播种、带水播种、浸种催芽、适时补水等抗旱播种保苗技术较露地直播增产64.7%～130.5%,水分生产效率提高0.48～1.11 kg/m 3 ,水分生产效益提高0.57～1.21元/m 3 ,农田节水量达到3 180～7 143 m 3 /hm 2 .在地膜覆盖条件下,带水播种可增产21.6%,浸种催芽带水播种可增产6.6%～29.6%,适时补水可增产7.9%～39.9%,水分生产效率、水分生产效益和农田节水量明显提高.     

微喷灌在山区茶园的应用效果研究

1999和 2 0 0 0年的示范研究结果显示 ,茶园微喷灌具有显著的节水、增产、增效作用。 2年平均 ,微喷灌比地面灌减少灌水量 50 .3% ,产量比地面灌增加 4 2 .2 % ,灌溉水的水分生产率则由 0 .0 57kg/m3 提高到 0 .2 0 8kg/m3 ,增加了 2 6 4 .9%。     

宁夏引黄灌区小麦垄作节水高产栽培研究

在宁夏引黄灌区进行小麦垄作栽培试验：春小麦全生育期在降水量为89.2 mm条件下,灌水量为3 183m3/hm^2,比传统的平作栽培的小麦灌水量5 131.5 m3/hm^2节水38%,抗倒伏,锈病、白粉病等发病轻;冬小麦全生育期在降雨量为101 mm、灌水量为4 582.5m3/hm^2条件下,4个冬小麦品种（系）垄作栽培试验的单产为6 691.5～7 350kg/hm2,垄作小麦播种量为210kg/hm2的处理比播种量为240kg/hm^2处理省种30%,而产量提高0.5%～7.9%.“烟农19号”和2个新培育的冬小麦品系2002AW5012、2002AW5011适于垄作,其产量水平为9 295.5～9 636kg/hm^2,比对照品种“宁冬6号”增产10.5%～14.5%.     

关于发展农业节水灌溉的建议

1　农业节水的主要潜力在河水灌区在我国 5 2 0 0万ｈｍ2 灌溉面积中 ,渠灌 3 876万ｈｍ2 ,井灌1333万ｈｍ2 。井灌区大多采用渠道防渗 ,低压管道输水、小畦灌溉 ,有的还采用了喷灌、微灌等节水灌溉技术。而占灌溉面积 3/4的渠灌区 ,渠道衬砌率只有 1/4～ 1/3 ,渠系渗漏损失约130 0亿ｍ3,占灌溉总损失水量 70 %以上。目前渠灌区灌溉水的利用率仅 0 .2～ 0 .4,水量浪费严重 ,这是农业节水的潜力所在。目前喷灌、微灌等高效节水灌区只占总灌溉面积的 2 .8%。因此 ,发展节水灌溉的重点在河水灌区与地面灌溉。黄河流域农田灌溉用水量 2 80亿ｍ3,…     

华北平原冬小麦不同培肥措施的节水增产效应研究

根据华北平原农业水资源日趋减少的现状 ,开展了以减少土壤水分蒸发 ,提高水分利用效率为目的的不同培肥措施的节水田间试验。研究结果表明 :秸秆还田具有明显的节水增产效应。在相同灌溉水量 ( 1 50mm)的情况下 ,玉米秸与小麦秸全部还田较不还田 (对照 )增产小麦 540 kg/ hm2 ,仅麦秸还田较对照增产小麦4 65kg。水分利用效率分别提高了 2 .3 4和 2 .3 6kg/ ( hm2 · mm) ;同时增施有机肥可增产小麦 73 5kg/ hm2 与660 kg/ hm2 ,水分利用效率分别提高 2 .2 1和 2 .1 8kg/ ( hm2 · mm)     

季节性干旱丘区的麦秸还田技术与水分利用效率研究

2003~2004年在季节性干旱的丘陵地区进行了麦秸还田种植水稻的试验研究。结果表明:不同覆盖物中,麦秸的节水效果最好,但还田方式与节水效果直接相关。翻耕、水稻栽后麦秸覆盖还田,可以减少田间蒸发耗水,节水41.84%;稻谷水份生产率为1.55 kg/m3比CK高0.51 kg/m3,灌溉水的稻谷生产率比CK高1.22 kg/m3;与此同时水稻增效1860元/hm2。免耕、水稻栽后麦秸覆盖还田的水份生产率为1.26 kg/m3,比CK高0.22 kg/m3,灌溉水的稻谷生产率比CK高0.47 kg/m3。免耕、覆盖、水稻抛栽不节水,但省工节本,增效840~1110元/hm2。     

水肥对土壤盐分影响及增产效应

为了内蒙古河套灌区盐渍化土壤的肥料高效利用,采用田间试验的方法,将不同种类肥料和灌溉定额进行组合,研究其对土壤盐分的动态影响及增产效应.结果表明:小麦收获后,除尿素处理外,有机肥、控释肥和缓释肥处理在常规及节水灌溉条件下耕层和剖面土壤电导率(EC)均值较试验初都有不同程度的降低.有机肥处理在常规灌水条件下(灌水定额为1 005 m³/hm²),控盐效果略显优势;缓释、控释肥在节水灌溉条件下(灌水定额为750 m³/hm²),控盐效果更明显,剖面土壤EC均值较试验前分别下降16.4%,14.3%;尿素处理在常规灌水条件下,耕层及剖面土壤EC均值较播前分别增加3.6%,2.7%,积盐程度略高于节水处理.4种肥料处理的小麦产量较对照处理增产效果显著;缓释肥处理在常规及节水灌溉条件下均表现出显著的增产优势.综合考虑节水、增产、土壤脱盐等效应,获得优化灌水施肥模式为:缓释肥配二铵基施,生育期内不进行追肥,缓释肥为800.4 kg/hm²,二铵为350.6 kg/hm²,灌水定额为750 m³/hm²,产量为8 374.5 kg/hm², 较当地农民习惯灌水施肥处理可增产2.14%、节水25%,作物耕层EC值和剖面土壤EC均值较播前分别下降18.6%,16.4%.     

冬小麦调亏灌溉节水高效技术指标试验初报

针对井灌区冬小麦普遍存在高产不高效的问题,进行了2种灌溉制度的对比试验。调亏灌溉1.26hm2示范田在干旱偏枯年型灌1～2次关键水,总耗水量平均2296.48m3/hm2,经济系数平均0.497,平均产量7695.9kg/hm2,产投比为1.5～3,净收益2899.3～11607.7元/hm2或3.73～4.97元/m3。日耗水量0.61m3,耗水系数0.299,水分生产率3.35kg/m3,与对照田充分灌溉相比,浇水次数平均减少2.33次,总耗水量减少1574.35m3/hm2,经济系数减少0.079,产量增加649.9kg/hm2,产投比增长0.47～1.97,净收入增加2704.56～11413元/hm2(或1.76～3元/m3),平均日耗水量减少0.42m3,耗水系数减少0.251,节省灌溉用水1350.75m3/hm2,节水率64.09%,水分生产率增加1.52kg/m3。     

黄河下游水情变化特征与引黄灌溉的可持续发展

自 2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,黄河下游年径流量逐渐减少 ,年最大流量亦在减少 ,1 990～ 1 995年本区引黄水量达到 1 0 7.8亿 m3 ,实灌面积达到 2 2 2 .3万 hm2 。1 995～ 1 999年全区用水量为 1 3 0 .5亿 m3 ,其中 ,流域内占3 1 .7% ,流域外占 68.3 %。本区河南段以引黄渠系自流灌溉为主 ,井灌为辅 ;山东段则是渠系自流、河网调蓄提灌和机井提灌相结合的综合引黄模式。本区作物灌溉定额 ,小麦为 2 66～ 3 3 5 mm,玉米为 1 1 5～ 1 3 9mm,大豆为 1 75～ 2 0 3 mm,棉花为 1 96～ 2 49mm,水稻为 699～ 75 4mm。引黄灌溉的发展潜力为 1 1 5 .8亿 m3 ,冬春占3 3 .4% ,夏秋占 66.6%。通过发展工程节水 (将综合节水率提高 7.6% )、实施适水种植 (将小麦播种面积下调1 0 .1 % ) ,则可节水 1 4.8%。     

北京市不同类型喷灌设备应用效果试验

选取北京市常用的半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机,在房山区窦店镇、密云区河南寨镇开展实地喷灌效果试验,从灌溉设备质量、灌溉强度、灌溉均匀度和灌溉前后的土壤水分变化等方面,对半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机应用效果进行分析。结果表明,半固定式喷灌设备喷灌均匀度为86.8%,圆形喷灌机喷灌均匀度为92.3%,与传统管灌相比,在冬小麦灌溉中应用半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机可分别节水1 514.55、1 771.2 m3/hm2,节水率分别达到31.71%和34.88%。在产量方面,应用半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机可分别提高小麦产量0.45%和2.99%。结合设备应用成本和节水效果,建立了喷灌设备应用规模数学模型,结果显示,当连片灌溉面积超过22.08 hm2时,使用圆形喷灌机综合效益更高。试验结果为北京市进一步推广大田节水喷灌技术提供了理论依据和设备支撑。      

高产高效冬小麦节水喷灌模式研究

采用田间试验和数学模拟相结合的方法研究了喷灌条件下冬小麦田间水分转化规律，以喷灌水量无效消耗（土面蒸发＋深层渗漏）最小为目标，提出了节水型合理喷灌定额为４０～６０ｍｍ。以此为基础，结合田间土壤墒情和麦田苗情，总结出高产高效冬小麦节水喷灌模式。经过两年度田间示范试验，取得了高产（６９３０ｋｇ／ｈａ）、高效（水分生产效率达２．４３ｋｇ／ｍ３）的效果     

Impact of crop rotation and minimum tillage on water use efficiency of irrigated cotton in a Vertisol

Crop water use efficiency of irrigated cotton was hypothesized to be improved by a combination of minimum tillage and sowing a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation crop. This hypothesis was evaluated in a Vertisol near Narrabri, Australia from 1997 to 2003. The experimental treatments were: continuous cotton sown after conventional or minimum tillage and minimum-tilled cotton–wheat. Soil water content was measured with a neutron moisture meter, and runoff with trapezoidal flumes. Application efficiency of irrigation water was estimated as the amount of infiltrated water/total amount applied. Plant available water was estimated using the maximum and minimum soil water storage during the growing season. Evapotranspiration was estimated with the water balance method using measured and simulated soil water data. Seasonal evapotranspiration was partitioned into that coming from rainfall, irrigation and stored soil water. Crop water use efficiency was calculated as cotton lint yield per hectare/seasonal evapotranspiration. Rotation of cotton with wheat and minimum tillage improved water use efficiency in some years and application efficiency in all years. Average seasonal evapotranspiration was higher with minimum tillage than with conventional tillage. In years when cotton was sown in all plots, average cotton crop water use efficiencies were 0.23, 0.23 and 0.22 kg (lint)/m³ for minimum-tilled cotton–wheat and continuous cotton, and conventionally tilled continuous cotton, respectively. In-season rainfall efficiency, transpiration and soil evaporation were unaffected by cropping system.     

套播夏玉米滴灌条件下的适宜水肥调配

麦行间套播夏玉米,采用滴灌方式和适宜灌水量、分期追肥、水肥结合、氮磷肥适宜调配等有效技术措施,全生育期追施氮（折纯Ｎ）、磷（Ｐ２Ｏ５）肥量分别保持在１６８～１８６ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２ 和１３２～１５９ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２ 水平时,可获取９４５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２ 以上产量,水分生产效益达到１．９ｋｇ／ｍ ３ 以上,显示出良好的节水增收效益     

干旱区棉花优质高效节水栽培技术试验研究

在干旱缺水、无霜期短、有效活动积温低的棉花超早熟地区，在足墒播种的条件下，采用地膜覆盖和矮杆密植的栽培技术，生育期适度控水，适宜土壤水分现蕾期不低于５５％，花铃期不低于４５％，吐絮后４５～３５％以下，生育期干旱年份灌水３次，一般年份灌水２次，多雨年份灌水１次，灌水定额１９５０～７５０ｍ３／ｈａ，可控制作物贪青徒长，减少耗水，促其早熟高产、优质。在耗水量３６００～４０５０ｍ３／ｈａ时，单产皮棉１５００ｋｇ／ｈａ，绒长４０ｍｍ，衣分３５％以上。灌水只是春小麦，春小麦─玉米“带田”、瓜类６６％、４４％、７２％，而效益分别是３、１．１６、１．１１倍。     

Water use efficiency and economic feasibility of growing rice and wheat with sprinkler irrigation in the Indus Basin of Pakistan

With a population of more than 150 million, Pakistan cannot meet its need for food, if adequate water is not available for crop production. Per capita water availability has decreased from 5600 m³ in 1947 to 1000 m³ in 2004. Water table has gone down by more than 7 m in most parts of the country. Present need is to identify and adopt measures, that will reduce water use and increase crop production. This study was conducted in farmers’ fields during 2002–2004 to evaluate the water use efficiency and economic viability of sprinkler irrigation system for growing rice and wheat crops. Yields and water use were also measured on adjacent fields irrigated by basin flooding, which were planted with the same crop varieties. Sprinkler irrigation of rice produced 18% more yield, while reducing consumption of water to 35% of that used in the traditional irrigation system. Sprinkler irrigation of wheat resulted in a water use efficiency of 5.21 kg of grain per cubic meter of water used compared to 1.38 kg/m³ in the adjacent flooded basins. Benefit–cost analysis showed that adoption of rain-gun sprinkler irrigation for rice and wheat is a financially viable option for farmers. While these findings show large potentials for improving water use efficiency in crop production they also indicate that a large portion of the water applied in traditional flooded basin irrigation is going to groundwater recharge, which has high value near large cities which draw their water from the aquifer.     

冬小麦喷灌节水高产优化技术研究

根据 1 997～ 2 0 0 0年在河北省丰润县冬小麦喷灌试验结果 ,提出了在喷灌条件下冬小麦需水量及需水规律和河北省主要冬小麦区的节水型灌溉制度 ,并提出了在喷灌条件下以肥激水的新概念 ,保证了冬小麦既节水又高产。这一成果在河北省一定面积上得到了推广应用 ,取得了明显的经济效益     

Effects of different irrigation methods on shedding and yield of cotton

In general, cotton is irrigated by surface methods in Turkey although sprinkler and drip irrigation have been suggested as a means of supplying most types of crops with frequent and uniform applications of water, adaptable over a wide range of topographic and soil conditions. Recently, sprinkler irrigation systems have been introduced for cotton as a result of increased pressure to develop new irrigation technology suited to limited water supply as well as to specific topographic and soil conditions. In this study, the effects of three different irrigation methods (furrow, sprinkler and drip) on seed-cotton yield, shedding ratio and certain yield components are presented. The research was carried out in The Southeastern Anatolia Region (GAP) of Turkey from 1991 to 1994. The maximum cotton yields were 4380, 3630 and 3380 kg/ha for drip, furrow and sprinkler irrigation, respectively. Drip irrigation produced 21% more seed-cotton than the furrow method and 30% more than the sprinkler method. Water use efficiencies (WUE) proved to be 4.87, 3.87 and 2.36 kg/ha/mm for drip, furrow and sprinkler, respectively. Shedding ratios ranged from 50.8 to 59.0% (furrow), 52.9 to 64.8% (sprinkler), 50.8 to 56.8% (drip), depending on the amount of water applied. The shedding ratio for sprinkler irrigation was significantly higher than that of either furrow (P=0.10) or drip irrigation (P=0.05), resulting in lower seed-cotton yield for sprinkler irrigation. For all methods, a quadratic relationship was found between the amount of water applied and shedding ratios, with the least shedding occurring between 1000 and 1500 mm of water. Both limited and over-irrigation increased the shedding ratio for all methods. Accordingly, a lower boll number per plant and a lower seed-cotton yield were obtained from sprinkler-irrigated cotton; a significantly decreasing linear relationship between the shedding ratio and the total cotton yield and boll number per plant.