The Otter Lutra lutra in central Portugal

In a survey of central Portugal during August 1980, otters were found to be widespread with signs of animals 70% of the 90 stations visited. Otters were present on major rivers and their tributaries, on small streams connecting pools and at fetid pools in semi-dry river beds. The greatest densities of marking sites and signs were found around fetid pools. Snakes, as well as fish, were found to be important prey items. The survival, in good numbers, of the otter in Portugal may be due in part to the limited use of agricultural chemicals.     

Quantitative determination of pyrethroids, pyrethrins, and piperonyl butoxide in surface water by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry

A new method for determination of pyrethroids, pyrethrins, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was developed for surface water samples. The method is based on sampling 100 L of ambient surface water with a solid phase extraction (SPE) technique that uses both wound glass fiber filters for collecting the particulate-associated chemicals and XAD-2 resin for collecting the dissolved chemicals. The method detection limits of the analytes ranged from 0.58 to 8.16 ng/sample, which is equivalent to a detection limit range of 0.0058-0.082 ng/L for a 100 L water sample collected by the SPE technique. The SPE when coupled with HRGC/HRMS was a suitable match for detecting these chemicals at subnanogram per liter ranges that are toxicologically significant to aquatic organisms. To confirm the utility of this method for environmental applications, pyrethroids and PBO were found at subnanogram per liter concentrations in surface water samples collected from five tributaries (primarily urban creeks) of the San Francisco Bay, California.     

An intensive multi-site pilot study investigating atmospheric mercury in Broward County,Florida

An intensive multi-site pilot study of atmospheric Hg was conducted in Broward County, Florida in August and September of 1993. Broward County, which contains the city of Fort Lauderdale, is located in southeastern Florida. The county borders the Florida Everglades on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. A network of four sampling sites was set up for 20 days throughout Broward County to measure Hg in both the vapor phase and the particle phase as well as Hg in precipitation. The mean concentrations of total vapor phase Hg measured at two inland sites were found to be significantly higher (3.3 and 2.8 ng/m³) than that measured at a site located on the Atlantic shore (1.8 ng/m³). The mean concentrations of particle phase Hg collected at the two inland sites (51 and 49 pg/m³) were found to be 50% greater than that measured at the coastal site (34 pg/m³). In addition, event precipitation samples were collected at four sampling sites over the 20 day study period and were analyzed for both reactive and total Hg. The mean concentration of total Hg in the precipitation samples was found to be 44 ng/L, with a range of 14 to 130 ng/L. It was determined that further meteorological analysis and a more complete characterization of the aerosol and precipitation composition are needed to identify the probable source(s) contributing to the increased deposition of Hg.     

陇西县玉米病虫害种类及农药使用情况调查

为掌握玉米病虫害发生种类和农药使用情况,制定玉米病虫害防治规范。采用定点调查方法,对陇西县玉米病虫害及农药使用情况进行了调查。调查发现,该县玉米主要病害有茎基腐病、锈病、大斑病和小斑病,虫害有玉米螟、蚜虫、红蜘蛛、蓟马、黏虫和地下害虫等。将农药使用情况录入全国农药信息管理系统进行分析,表明在玉米整个生育期,按其类型,除草剂用量最大,其次为杀虫剂和杀菌剂,生长调节剂用量最小;按毒性,低毒农药用量最大,其次为中毒农药,微毒农药用量最小;按种类,以化学农药为主、生物农药为辅;按农药成分,辛硫磷、莠去津用量较大。     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment and fish from Wetlands in the north central United States

Sediment samples collected in 1980-1982 from riverine and pothole wetlands at 17 locations in the north central United States were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, certain of their metabolites, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations were above minimum detection levels (5 ng/g of organochlorines and 20 ng/g of PCBs) in less than 4% of the samples taken. Fish samples taken at 9 of these 17 locations, and analyzed for the same compounds, showed a higher frequency of detectable contaminants. The most common compound found in fish was DDE, which was found in 51% of the samples at levels up to 512 ng/g. alpha-BHC was present at concentrations of 5 to 27 ng/g in 36% of the fish samples, and DDD was found at levels of 5 to 60 ng/g in 14%. Four other compounds, DDT, dieldrin, PCB, and trans-nonachlor, were detected in fish at relatively low concentrations in less than 10% of the samples. This survey, thus, indicated little contamination by organochlorine pesticides or PCBs in the wetland habitats of this region.     

Presence of Pharmaceuticals and Hormones in Waters from Sewage Treatment Plants

This paper describes the presence of 33 pharmaceuticals and hormones in waters from two sewage treatment plants (STPs) situated in Catalonia, in northeastern Spain. The target compounds were one psychoactive stimulant, one antiepileptic, four analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, one lipid regulators, two anti-ulcer agents, nine antibiotics (sulfonamides and macrolides), two beta-blockers, two metabolites, and 11 hormones (free and conjugates). The determination was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry after enrichment by solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB sorbent. Most of the pharmaceuticals were found in both influent and effluent samples from the two STPs. The most frequently detected were caffeine, acetaminophen, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, ranitidine, omeprazole, estrone 3-sulfate, and estradiol 17-glucuronide. Specifically, the highest concentrations found in influents were 19,850?ng/L (acetaminophen), 9,945?ng/L (caffeine), 4,215?ng/L (ibuprofen), 5,695?ng/L (sulfamethoxazole), and 5,140?ng/L (sulfathiazole). Most of the pharmaceuticals present in influent waters were found in effluents at lower concentrations. The highest concentrations in effluents were 970?ng/L (caffeine), 670?ng/L (sulfamethoxazole), 510?ng/L (bezafibrate), and 1,032?ng/L (diclofenac).     

我国有机氯农药场地污染现状与修复技术研究进展

有机氯农药是一类毒性大、残留期长,较难处理的一类化学品。有机氯农药生产企业搬迁遗留的污染场地是我国城市发展进程中面临的新环境问题。本文分析了我国有机氯农药污染场地中主要污染物种类及其残留特征,介绍了欧美发达国家应用于此类污染场地的修复技术,着重评述了我国有机氯农药污染场地的修复技术研发与应用情况,并就今后该类场地修复发展提出建议。     

Isolation and concentration of organophosphorus pesticides from drinking water at the ng/L level, using macroreticular resin.

A screening method has been developed for determining organophosphorus pesticides at ng/L levels in drinking water. Sixteen organophosphorus pesticides, diazinon, diazinon-oxon, dimethoate, ronnel, beta-phosphamidon, methyl parathion, ethyl parathion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, ruelene, methidathion, ethion, EPN, phosalone, and phosmet, were extracted by Amberlite XAD-2 resin from 100 and 200 L drinking water previously spiked with these pesticides. The pesticides were eluted from the XAD-2 resin with acetone-hexane (15+85). The concentrated extract was analyzed by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-phosphorus selective detector and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring. Recoveries at the 10 and 100 ng/L spiking levels were greater than 90%, except recoveries for dimethoate and phosphamidon were 37 and 42%, respectively. The analysis of 300 L Ottawa tap water showed no detectable amounts (less than 1 ng/L) of any of the 16 organophosphorus pesticides.     

Fusarium mycotoxins: overlooked aquatic micropollutants?

Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are among the most prevalent toxins produced by Fusarium spp. They have been investigated in food and feed products for decades but rarely in the environment. We therefore established solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods to quantify these mycotoxins at trace concentrations in aqueous natural samples. In a model emission study, we inoculated a winter wheat field with Fusarium graminearum and subsequently monitored deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in its drainage water. Before during and after harvest in June and July 2007, these toxins were emitted in concentrations from 23 ng/L to 4.9 microg/L for deoxynivalenol and from not detected to 35 ng/L for zearalenone. Simultaneously, in July and August 2007, deoxynivalenol was also detected in a number of Swiss rivers in concentrations up to 22 ng/L and zearalenone was present in several river samples below the method quantification limit. Other mycotoxins might be emitted from Fusarium-infected fields as well, because some of them are produced in similar amounts as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and exhibit similar or even higher water solubility than deoxynivalenol. The ecotoxicological consequences of the presence of mycotoxins in surface waters remain to be elucidated.     

The Pollution Load by Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Cetina River

The objective of the investigations of the Cetina River, located in southern Croatia, was to record specific characteristics and properties of the Cetina waters at nine stations. In addition to measurements undertaken in the Cetina River, the water quality of its most significant springs and tributaries, such as Kosinac, ?ilovka, Studenci and Mala Ruda, Velika Ruda and Grab, has also been measured. The water quality in the Cetina watershed has been evaluated in the following storage reservoirs: Peru?a, Bu?ko Blato and Pran?evi?i. The nitrogen compounds and phosphorus concentrations have been estimated at all these sampling sites over a 3-year period (2005–2008). Concentration levels at the Cetina-Vinali? sampling site for total N (from August 2005 to December 2008) ranged from 0 to 1.759 mg/L, for NH₃–N from 0 to 0.374 mg/L, for NO₃–N from 0.063 to 0.916 mg/L and for PO₄–P from 0 to 0.099 mg/L. The results prove that the Cetina-Vinali? sampling site is not polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. The river section from Trilj to the Pran?evi?i dam, where the water is used for the water supply of Omi?, Makarska and Dalmatian islands, has been polluted by wastewater because the majority of agricultural area, roads, industry and settlements are located upstream of it. The highest concentration for total N of 1.128 mg/L and of 1,527 total coliforms in 100 mL, expressed as a mean value for a 3-year period of investigations, was found at the sampling site Trilj. The results of concentration changes at the ?ikotina La?a and Cetina Radmanove Mlinice sampling sites show no regularities. The highest concentration for total N of 0.941 mg/L was measured at the Cetina Radmanove Mlinice during 2007. The highest concentration for NO₃–N of 0.916 mg/L was measured at the same sampling site. According to the investigations of the water quality of the Cetina springs and tributaries, the bacteriological most polluted river spring is Kosinac, and the bacteriological most polluted river tributary is Grab. With reference to the water quality in the Cetina storage reservoirs, it may be concluded that the lowest quality standard has been found within the Pran?evi?i storage reservoir regarding nitrogen compounds and phosphorus concentration levels.     

Occurrence of Azoxystrobin, Propiconazole, and Selected Other Fungicides in US Streams, 2005�C2006

Fungicides are used to prevent foliar diseases on a wide range of vegetable, field, fruit, and ornamental crops. They are generally more effective as protective rather than curative treatments, and hence tend to be applied before infections take place. Less than 1% of US soybeans were treated with a fungicide in 2002 but by 2006, 4% were treated. Like other pesticides, fungicides can move-off of fields after application and subsequently contaminate surface water, groundwater, and associated sediments. Due to the constant pressure from fungal diseases such as the recent Asian soybean rust outbreak, and the always-present desire to increase crop yields, there is the potential for a significant increase in the amount of fungicides used on US farms. Increased fungicide use could lead to increased environmental concentrations of these compounds. This study documents the occurrence of fungicides in select US streams soon after the first documentation of soybean rust in the US and prior to the corresponding increase in fungicide use to treat this problem. Water samples were collected from 29 streams in 13 states in 2005 and/or 2006, and analyzed for 12 target fungicides. Nine of the 12 fungicides were detected in at least one stream sample and at least one fungicide was detected in 20 of 29 streams. At least one fungicide was detected in 56% of the 103 samples, as many as five fungicides were detected in an individual sample, and mixtures of fungicides were common. Azoxystrobin was detected most frequently (45% of 103 samples) followed by metalaxyl (27%), propiconazole (17%), myclobutanil (9%), and tebuconazole (6%). Fungicide detections ranged from 0.002 to 1.15 ??g/L. There was indication of a seasonal pattern to fungicide occurrence, with detections more common and concentrations higher in late summer and early fall than in spring. At a few sites, fungicides were detected in all samples collected suggesting the potential for season-long occurrence in some streams. Fungicide occurrence appears to be related to fungicide use in the associated drainage basins; however, current use information is generally lacking and more detailed occurrence data are needed to accurately quantify such a relation. Maximum concentrations of fungicides were typically one or more orders of magnitude less than current toxicity estimates for freshwater aquatic organisms or humans; however, gaps in current toxicological understandings of the effects of fungicides in the environment limit these interpretations.     

Mercury speciation in Lake Baikal

Research on mercury (Hg) distribution and speciation was carried out in Lake Baikal, a large, strong-oligotrophic freshwater reservoir in Siberia, Russia, during June 1992 and march 1993. In summer, total Hg in the water column ranged from 0.14 to 0.77 ng Hg/L, with the highest concentrations observed in the central basin of the lake in surface water samples. Labile inorganic Hg was found to be 7 to 20 % of the total Hg content. Highest total Hg concentrations were found in river waters: up to 2 ng Hg/L. Labile methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations ranged from 2 to 38 pg Hg/L in the water column, with the higher concentrations in the central part of the lake, and showing a slight increase in near bottom waters. Labile MeHg makes up 1 to 15 % of the total Hg content in the water column, with larger fractions in deep waters. The slight increase of the MeHg gradient with depth corresponds with the O₂ minimum region. Highest MeHg concentrations were observed in river waters (up to 145 pg Hg/L) and in some bays of the lake (up to 160 pg Hg/L). In these high temperature- and phytoplankton-rich water masses, the MeHg-fraction increased up to 35 % of total Hg. Labile MeHg concentrations in water samples taken in winter in the southern basin (under the ice cover), showed slightly higher concentrations than in summer, possibly due to an early spring bloom. In rainwater, total Hg ranged from 3 to 20 ng Hg/L and MeHg from 0.1 to 0.25 ng Hg/L. In snow, a large fraction of total Hg is bound to particulate matter; concentrations of total Hg ranged from 8 to 60 ng Hg/L and labile MeHg from 0.1 to 0.25 ng Hg/L. Atmospheric Hg was found to be 0.73 to 2.31 ng/m³ as gaseous Hg and 0.005 to 0.02 ng/m³ in its particulate form. Spatial distribution patterns of atmospheric Hg show slightly higher concentrations over the central part of the lake and the Selenga river delta. In winter, atmospheric Hg values (measured in the southern region), ranged from 1.2 to 6.1 ng/m³ as total gaseous Hg and 0.02 to 0.09 ng/m³ as total particulate Hg, and are higher than in summer, probably influenced by coal burning and traffic by the local population. MeHg contents in fish ranged from 20 ng Hg/g dry weight in small Cottocomephorus to 300 ng Hg/g dry weight in pike and trout species, which were caught in organic-rich waters.     

Organochlorine Compounds (pesticides and PCBs) in Scats of the European Otter (Lutra lutra) from an Actual Expanding Population in Central France

Scats of the European otter (Lutra lutra) were sampled along the Allier river (France) catchment for organochlorine toxic compounds (nine pesticides and 16 PCBs congeners) measurement. From early 2004 to June 2005, 90 sites of 40 rivers were twice investigated, and 71 scats samples collected, in four geographical areas being naturally re-colonized by the species since its legal protection. Detectable pesticides and PCBs were found in 100% of the samples. Mean values reached 2.72 and 13.58 mg kg^?1 (lipid weight) for pesticides and PCBs, respectively. Amounts were significantly different between the four areas investigated. A significant increase in medium and absolute values is noted by going downstream of the catchment. Potential medium- and long-term consequences on the observed population increase are discussed.     

营养和病虫害管理对双季杂交水稻种植系统的土壤生态质量的共同影响

The mineral fertilizers(NPK) and pesticide,including herbicides,insecticides and fungicides,were applied alone or in combination and the soil sampling was done at different growth stages during the crop cycle to study the changes in soil organic matter,microbial biomass and their activity parameters in a paddy soil with different nutrient and pest management practices in a hybrid rice double-cropping system.A consistent increase in the electron transport system(ETS) activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice.The use of fertilizers(NPK) alone or with pesticides increased ETS activity,while a decline of ETS activity was noticed with pesticides alone as compared with the control.Nearly an increasing trend in soil phenol content was observed with the progression of crop growthstages,while the usage of pesticides alone caused maximum increments in the soil phenol content.The soil protein content was found nearly stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops taken.But notable changes were noticed at different growth stages probable because of fluctuations in moisture and temperature at particular stages,which might have their effects on N mineralization.Marked depletions in the phospholipid content were found with the advancement of crop growth stages,while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also produced slight changes,in which a higher decline was noticed with pesticide application alone compared with the control.     

新疆典型农业地区土壤中有机氯农药（OCPs）分布特征及风险评价

为加强有机氯农药(organic chlorinated pesticides,OCPs)的污染预防与控制,该研究分析了新疆典型农业地区有机氯农药的污染状况并对其进行了风险评价。采集表层土壤样品36个,分析其中15种OCPs的残留状况。六六六(Hexachlorocyclohexanes,HCHs)、滴滴涕(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes,DDTs)、氯丹类化合物、硫丹和硫丹盐的质量分数范围分别是0.37～22.82、0.91～858.47、0.15～47.08ng/g、N.D(未检出)～16.27和N.D～73.83ng/g。对OCPs的来源进行分析,发现HCHs来源于历史上工业HCHs的使用或近期林丹的输入,DDT来源于工业品的违法使用和三氯杀螨醇的使用,研究区域氯丹存在新的来源,而硫丹新来源较少。通过主成分分析,从15种OCPs中提取了5个主成分,总方差解释量达到了79.93%。5个主成分分别归因于DDT和工业HCH s的使用、OCPs原料的差异以及研究区域内病虫害的发病特征等。利用灰色关联分析研究区域内OCPs污染状况,结果表明石河子污染水平最高,各研究区域土壤均需要采取进一步的污染控制措施。     

柴达木农田土壤Cd的积累影响及风险预测

【目的】土壤重金属空间结构特征是土壤环境质量评价及重金属污染评价的基础。本文用地质统计学方法研究了柴达木盆地原生地和耕种50年的农田土壤镉的空间分布特征,对土壤镉进行质量评价,同时分析了农业耕种对土壤镉积累的影响,调查统计了灌溉水、肥料、农药等农业源土壤镉的输入量,为农田镉积累的风险预测提供参考。【方法】以柴达木盆地诺木洪农场的一块原生地（从未耕种过的土地,可以认为无化肥污染）和一块耕种地（已种植了50年的农田）为研究对象,从原生地采集22个土壤样本,耕种地采集50个土壤样本进行镉含量的测定,同时检测灌溉水、农药、化肥中的镉含量,并进行每年农田输入量的统计。用Excel软件进行数据处理,反比权重法（IDW,Inverse Distance Weighting）插值,GIS9.3进行空间分析和图像处理;以单项污染指数法评价土壤镉质量,评价模式为Pi=Ci/Si（Pi为污染物镉的单项污染指数,Ci为污染物镉的实测数据,Si为污染物的评价标准）。评价标准分别以农业部公布的行业标准《无公害食品 枸杞生产技术规程》（NY/T 5249-2004）和《绿色食品 枸杞》（NY/T1051-2006）产地环境标准要求下的《绿色食品 产地环境技术条件》（NY/T 391-2000）为依据。依据农业源土壤镉输入量,以土壤现状值为起点,以绿色食品标准限量值为终点,测算输入量积累突破两端差值的年限。【结果】原生地22个土壤样品的镉平均含量为0.30 mg/kg,是土壤背景值的两倍（0.14 mg/kg）,达到无公害食品（0.60 mg/kg）和绿色食品（0.40 mg/kg）标准;种植50年农田的50个土壤样品的镉平均含量为0.43 mg/kg,是土壤背景值的3倍,达到无公害食品标准,但超过绿色食品标准。用于灌溉的河水的镉含量为0.0036 ng/kg。检测生产中使用的15种农药和7种肥料,其中的镉导致每年土壤镉增加3444 mg/hm2。最严重的污染源是鸡粪,施入土壤后每年导致土壤镉增加2025 mg/hm2,其次依次为复合肥（使土壤镉增加576 mg/hm2）,磷酸二铵（增加432 mg/hm2）,有机肥（增加360 mg/hm2）。【结论】以小尺度空间分布和全量统计研究的诺木洪农场土壤镉含量这一单一指标衡量,可以看出诺木洪原生地土壤是清洁的,能够满足无公害、绿色食品的生产;但是研究选择的多年耕种田已经遭到重金属镉的污染,只能达到无公害食品标准,而达不到绿色食品标准。现行生产中的施肥措施是导致诺木洪土壤重金属镉污染的一个重要因素,其中鸡粪对镉污染的贡献最大,其次是复合肥、磷酸二铵和有机肥。如果继续现在这种耕种方式,以现有的原生地镉含量均值为0.30 mg/kg进行计算,76.3年后该土地镉含量将超过0.40 mg/kg的绿色标准上限。     

Quantification of six phytoestrogens at the nanogram per liter level in aqueous environmental samples using 13C3-labeled internal standards

In light of the estrogenic potentials and the recent concentration levels found for six phytoestrogens in surface waters, detailed monitoring and assessment of potential input sources are required. An accurate, precise, and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS analytical method incorporating five (13)C 3-labeled internal standards for the quantification of these plant estrogens in various aqueous environmental samples is presented here for the first time. The compounds investigated included biochanin A, daidzein, equol, formononetin, genistein, and coumestrol. The use of [ (13)C 3]biochanin A, [ (13)C 3]daidzein, [ (13)C 3]equol, [ (13)C 3]formononetin, and [ (13)C 3]genistein ensured an accurate quantification of the target analytes unaffected by matrix effects and analyte losses. Absolute method recoveries for all analytes ranged from 63 to 105%, from 63 to 99%, and from 73 to 133%, relative recoveries from 90 to 132%, from 89 to 139%, and from 89 to 115%, method detection levels from 0.5 to 2.7 ng/L, from 0.5 to 2.6 ng/L, and from 0.4 to 11.0 ng/L, and precision from 1 to 19%, from 1 to 16%, and from 1 to 11% in drainage water, river water, and WWTP effluent, respectively. The validated analytical method was applied in investigating the emission of the phytoestrogens via drainage water from a pasture containing 43% red clover ( Trifolium pratense) and in monitoring their occurrence in Swiss surface waters. Isoflavone concentrations ranging from 4 to 157 ng/L and up to 22 ng/L were found in drainage and river water, respectively.     

Development of a Multi-Residue Method for Monitoring 44 Pharmaceuticals in Slovene Surface Water by SPE-LC-MS/MS

The article describes a novel analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and LC-MS/MS for detection of a high number (n?=?44) of selected pharmaceuticals in surface waters. The validated method showed suitable accuracy, precision, and linearity. The extraction efficiency for pharmaceuticals was mostly above 90% and the determined LOQs were generally below 5 ng/L and even down to 0.03 ng/L. The matrix effect was successfully minimized with isotopically labeled internal standards. Six river and lake samples from Slovene regions were afterwards analyzed. Forty-two of the 44 target pharmaceuticals were detected in at least two water samples; 66% of them were detected in all samples. Three analytes were present above the LOQ in all samples: caffeine (1.1–3.1 ng/L), irbesartan (0.2–9.3 ng/L), and valsartan (0.8–47 ng/L). The highest concentration was measured for valsartan. Comprehensive comparison with the literature data showed that the found concentrations of pharmaceuticals were notably lower in our study and that a number of the pharmaceuticals had not been reported previously. Comparison of the measured and predicted (calculated) environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals in surface waters showed high discrepancy between the two approaches, clearly indicating the need for comprehensive analytical methods for routine monitoring of these newly emerging pollutants. In conclusion, our method was proven to be adequately sensitive to reliably quantify the majority of pharmaceutical contaminants even though they were found in notably lower concentrations in Slovenian surface waters than it was predicted from their consumption and from the literature.     

Pesticide occurrence in selected South Florida canals and Biscayne Bay during high agricultural activity

Climate and soil conditions in South Florida along with an extensive canal system facilitate movement of agricultural pesticides into surface waters. In a two-year study (2002-2004) of the currently used pesticides in South Florida, atrazine, endosulfan, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil were the most frequently detected in the canals and in Biscayne Bay, with average concentrations of 16, 11, 9.0, 2.6, and 6.0 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations of atrazine and chlorpyrifos were highest near corn production. Chlorothalonil and endosulfan concentrations were highest near vegetable production, with no clear trend for metolachlor, which is used on multiple crops. Concentration data were used to calculate an aquatic life hazard potential for the planting period (November) versus the harvest period (March). This analysis indicated that a higher hazard potential occurs during harvest, primarily from the use of endosulfan. These data will also serve to document canal conditions prior to implementation of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP).     

Pesticide, heavy metal, and other chemical residues in infant and toddler total diet samples. (IV). October 1977-September 1978

The Food and Drug Administration has conducted the Total Diet Study since 1964. The program originally focused on the average total diet of the young adult male but was eventually expanded to include the average total diets of infants and toddlers. This report is the fourth in the infant and toddler series and represents residues found in market basket samples, i.e., items comprising the average 2-week diet of infants and toddlers, collected in 10 different cities throughout 4 geographic areas of the United States from October 1977 through September 1978. The results are based on analyses of food composites representing 11 food classes into which all the food items were separated. Averages and ranges are reported for residues of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and selected metals and industrial chemicals. Recovery results are also included for various representative compounds added to a variety of food classes. The results for the adult market basket samples for the same reporting period are presented in a separate report.