矿区环境质量初步评价分析研究——以攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿-宝鼎煤矿区为例

矿产资源开发不可避免会引发很多环境问题,诸如：地质环境灾害、大气污染等。我国中西部地区矿产资源储量丰富,对这些环境问题进行质量评价是矿区环境研究的热点,其评价结果是矿区环境治理措施制定的一个重要参考依据。本文用模糊数学方法对攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿一宝鼎煤矿区的环境质量进行环境评价。     

干旱胁迫下AM真菌对矿区土壤改良与玉米生长的影响

以神东矿区塌陷区退化土壤为供试基质,以玉米为宿主植物,研究在干旱胁迫下,丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响,以及对矿区退化土壤的改良作用。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,接种AMF显著提高了玉米根系侵染率和生物量,玉米叶片相对含水量和叶色值明显高于对照组;接种组玉米地上部分磷、氮、钙和根系部分磷、钾、钙含量显著增加;接种AMF后,玉米根际土壤总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素含量分别增加了36.2%和33%,且根际土壤中有机质含量显著增加。由此可见,接种AMF促进了玉米对矿质养分的吸收,缓解了干旱造成的玉米生长的不利影响,提高了根际土壤中有机质含量,对矿区退化土壤改良有重要意义。     

露天矿区景观生态风险空间分异

以露天矿区为研究对象,评价矿区景观生态风险,并采用ESDA方法定量研究矿区生态风险空间分异特征.结果表明,矿区景观生态风险空间分布以高风险区域为核心,由高到低呈环形包围特征.其中,高风险主要分布在矿业生产及城市生活区域,以土地破坏、压占及城市建设为主要风险来源;中等风险主要分布于自然、半自然功能区,以城市生活与农业生产为主要风险来源;低风险区域以林地、荒草地等植被覆盖区域为主,但大面积植被退化、水土流失导致该区域生态基底较差、环境脆弱,加之露天煤矿作业频繁,整体生态环境质量堪忧.同时,不同功能区的风险高低排序(人工区＞半自然区＞自然区)特征符合常规的区域生态风险等级差异规律.此外,基于ESDA分析矿区景观生态风险,其空间自相关性高达0.7521,风险的空间集聚效应明显;而对比矿区景观生态风险的空间分异特征发现,景观干扰度是高、低风险区域的主要驱动因子;而景观脆弱度则是中等风险区域的驱动因子;基于以上研究结果可对矿区环境管理和风险决策提供一定的数据支撑和理论依据.     

以平等原则推进农村矿业用地制度改革

解决矿业用地供给与需求之间的矛盾，关键是用地需求侧的改革。当前，矿业用地需求端有以"国家战略"为由确立"矿权优位"的趋势，矿产开发以"强制""连带"以及"优先"等方式获取集体土地，地权人有接受强制缔约的义务。"矿权优位"理论违反物权平等原则，不契合市场配置土地的改革目标。应以权利平等原则矫正"矿权优位"主义，让矿产权人与土地权人进行平等谈判、交易。矿业用地制度应坚持以"用"地为中心，以"用地"需求决定"获地"方式，而不是相反。以产权平等保护为原则，合理构建多元的矿业用地产权制度。     

煤矿区产业转型的机制、模式研究与实证分析——以平朔矿区为例

为探讨煤炭型矿区复垦土地可持续利用与产业转型,本研究以平朔矿区为例,通过对矿区产业结构框架组成关系、矿区传统土地复垦模式以及产业结构特征与演替规律分析,研究了矿区复垦土地与产业转型的机制与模式。研究表明:我国矿区复垦土地可持续利用与产业转型目标导向机制应从"二元主导机制"过渡到"多元并存主导机制",最终实现"多方合作主导机制";平朔矿区产业框架应由粗放型、外延式向精益型、内涵式转变;依产业链不同,平朔矿区产业转型模式可分为两类,一是黑色工业产业链:煤炭开采-煤矸石-电-硅铝-建材工业,可实现矿区资源、能源和废弃物的高效利用,减缓产业转型的环境压力;二是绿色生态产业链:农-林-牧-药-农产品加工-生态旅游,是依托田园综合体的经济技术原理重构"生产、生活、生态"空间、促使复垦土地功能提升的必然途径。     

浙中地区废弃矿山复绿技术研究

浙中城市——金华拥有丰富的矿产资源,其开发利用保障了社会发展和经济建设的需求。然而多年的开采,许多矿山存在严重的环境问题与隐患,废弃矿山生态治理与复绿工作迫在眉睫。选择具有代表性的岭下镇王溪采石场作为研究对象,通过矿山环境现状调查,确定了PMS技术、植生袋围堰造坑植树技术、基质型容器苗种植技术、石壁藤本垂直绿化技术、坡脚挡墙回填土绿化技术、客土复垦技术和艺术景观再造技术7项复绿技术,并进行陡峻边坡、缓陡边坡、缓边坡和坡脚迹地分类复绿设计,达到了复绿效果,改善了生态环境,为同类矿山复绿工作提供借鉴和指导。     

Nutritional strategies for reducing nitrogen,phosphorus and trace mineral excretions of livestock and poultry

Animal agriculture contributes to environmental pollutions through the surplus nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and trace minerals that animals excrete. Animal nutritionists have sought alternatives to formulate more efficient diets and reduce production costs and environmental concerns. In general, element excretions may be reduced by avoiding the overfeeding of specific elements or using nutritional approaches to improve element utilizations by the animals. Several nutritional strategies are possible for minimizing N, P, and trace mineral excretions: 1) to accurately meet dietary N, P and trace mineral requirements of animals, which includes reducing the dietary crude protein contents with synthetic amino acids or feeding high rumenally undegraded protein, minimizing the adequate levels of dietary P and trace elements, adopting phase or group-feeding program, and considering the bioavailable trace mineral contents in the feed ingredients; 2) to improve the bioavailabilities of dietary N, P, and trace elements for animals by using some additives(enzymes, growth promoters, probiotics, prebiotics, vitamin D isomers, and organic acids); 3) to use highly available P sources or organic trace elements. In the future, nutrient strategies must be integrated into total production systems so that animal production systems are environmentally safe as well as economically viable.     

西藏矿山迹地环境问题及其治理

通过资料收集整理和野外典型调查,查明西藏矿山迹地遗留大量采坑和弃土弃渣引发的一系列环境问题,并针对矿山迹地环境问题及其特殊自然条件提出西藏矿山迹地的治理策略、治理技术和治理分区,为西藏矿山迹地治理提供理论依据和技术支持。     

实物期权价值忽视与国有资产流失--我国现行矿业权价值评估方法评述

国内外研究表明矿业权价值除了投资开发的正常收益以外,还包括多种实物期权价值,而在分析了目前国土资源部推荐的7种矿业权价值评估方法以后,我们发现这些方法都存在忽视期权价值的现象.评估与拍卖矿业权的实例进一步表明当前评估方法所得出的价格与实际价值之间存在显著差异,很多造成国有资产流失,而且这种流失倾向不会因为矿业权拍卖制度的建立而消失,加强以实物期权为基础的矿业权评估方法研究与应用是解决这一问题的方向.     

Innovations of phosphorus sustainability: implications for the whole chain

Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource, therefore ensuring global food and environmental security depends upon sustainable P management. To achieve this goal, sustainable P management in the upstream and downstream sectors of agriculture from mineral extraction to food consumption must be addressed systematically. The innovation and feasibility of P sustainability are highlighted from the perspective of the whole P-based chain, including the mining and processing of P rock, production of P fertilizers, soil and rhizosphere processes involving P, absorption and utilization of P by plants, P in livestock production, as well as flow and management of P at the catchment scale. The paper also emphasizes the importance of recycling P and the current challenges of P recovery. Finally, sustainable solutions of holistic P management are proposed from the perspective of technology improvement with policy support.     

西石门矿地下尾矿库安全回填项目环境影响及对策

介绍了西石门铁矿尾矿安全回填工程的基本情况，分析了地下尾矿库的库体安全性及环境影响并提出了相关对策。结论认为，西石门矿采用地下尾矿库技术，最大程度地减少了地面尾矿库对环境产生的不良影响，有利于尾矿库区的生态恢复。     

Mineral resources, economic growth, and world populatic

World population and world income can grow at any likely rate for the next 50 to 75 years, probably for longer, and mineral supplies will continue to keep pace with demand. Not, however, without environmental costs, without affecting Third World development, and, perhaps most important, without ignoring critical questions of power. In what might be termed the revisionist form of the limits to growth thesis, Aurelio Peccei and Alexander King, cofounders of the Club of Rome, seem to be saying that the forecasts of doom themselves are unimportant but they symbolize critical problems of the nature and uses of power in the modern world (30): . . . the Club of Rome is questioning the quality of growth and its distribution around the world. . . . We know that the present structure of the world is obsolete. . . . Both private and state capitalism are stale . . . we have to develop something else. Surely, continually increasing rates of mineral production are symptoms of this obsolete power structure, a result of the fact that, ultimately, population growth and monetary income growth lead to demands for natural resources that necessitate their being found and produced regardless of the implications. Since such higher rates of production are geologically and economically sustainable, we should choose among alternative paths of growth, and hence among alternative rates of mineral resource development, according to what we like or dislike about these implications. The key information will not be found in tables comparing reserves and consumption but in preferences and ethics.     

土法炼锌的环境危害及废弃矿区环境评价

统计已有的研究数据,分析土法炼锌区环境中重金属的污染状况与环境危害,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法,综合评价土法炼锌历史较久的赫章县妈姑镇废弃矿区环境质量状况.结果显示,矿区大气、土壤和食物中重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cd的总含量均超标;土壤污染严重,不适合种植粮食类作物,已收获的食物不能安全食用;河水中Pb、Zn、Cd的浓度符合Ⅲ类水质要求,但底泥和悬浮物中重金属总含量很高,是潜在的污染源,对河水水质和水生生物的生存构成威胁;建议对矿区弃渣和受污染土壤进行治理,采用农家肥、磷肥与碱石灰混合施用的方法可行.     

浅析煤矿区生态环境质量评价指标体系构建

由于近年来煤矿资源的高强度开采,我国煤炭矿区生态破坏和环境污染问题日益严重,矿区生态环境恢复治理及矿区环境管理亟待加强。作为矿区环境管理的重要内容,矿区生态环境质量评价,是衡量矿山生态保护与恢复治理成效的一项基本工作。该文提出了矿区生态环境质量评价指标体系的功能和构建基本原则,并结合煤炭矿区的具体特点,构建了一套综合的煤炭矿区生态环境质量评价指标体系。     

Science careers. In the geosciences, business is booming

Flat federal funding means tight times in academia, but jobs abound in the petroleum, mining, and environmental consulting industries.     

A plant based sensing method for nutrition stress monitoring

Due to economical and ecological reasons it is important to provide the necessary flexibility in fertilizer management to respond to differences in plant nutrients requirements. Plant-based sensors have potential to provide more accurate and on-line information regarding crop bio-responses to environmental stress and could overcome limitations of traditional methods which focus only on monitoring parameters of soil. Current research regarding on-line plant stress sensing techniques concentrates on spectroscopic and image processing methods. These techniques have many limitations connected with their sensitivity to environmental interferences. In recent years, impedance spectroscopy has become a well-known non-invasive tool for describing the electrical properties of many systems. The research hypothesis tested was that information provided by Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy is correlated with tomato plant stress caused by lack of mineral nutrients in the growth medium. The experiment was conducted with two sets of hydroponically-grown tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. ‘Maliniak’). During the experiment the tomato plants were fed alternately with flow of necessary nutrients and with distilled water. The impedance spectra were measured by scanning frequencies from 100 Hz to 50 kHz to determine the most sensitive frequency. A Nutrition Index was proposed for indicating variability of mineral nutrition within plants, and its correlation with experimental plant data was tested. Data showed that the relation between the Nutrition Index and the stress caused by lack of mineral nutrients in the growing medium was a monotonic function in the case of study. The results presented in the paper support the concept that the electrical impedance spectroscopy is a non-destructive, economical and reliable measurement method, which can be utilised for plant nutrition stress monitoring.     

南方重金属矿区的重金属污染现状及治理

综述了南方重金属矿区重金属污染的现状及治理措施,指出当前治理中存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

选矿药剂对矿区水体COD的影响研究

矿山选矿药荆的使用已经引起了严重的水体和环境污染。采取有效的技术手段实现矿山水质净化和回用,是高效利用水资源,实现矿区的可持续发展的必由之路。丈中对矿山浮选药剂的水体污染作用进行了阐述,并对各种浮选药荆对水体化学需氧量（COD）的贡献进行了试验研究,为矿区水资源保护和可持续发展提出了途径和方法。     

山西沁新煤矿周边植被资源生态特征研究

采用典型取样法,对山西沁新煤焦股份有限公司沁新煤矿周边植被资源现状进行调查,共取样方30个,记录了71个物种,说明矿区周边植被种类还比较丰富。采用TWINSPAN等级分类的方法,划分为5个群丛,并描述了各群丛的特征。调查表明矿产资源的开发和利用会对其周边环境产生一些不利影响,尤其对植被的破坏比较明显。资源型区域生态恢复是一个漫长的过程,需要从多方面进行考虑,真正做到矿产资源开发与生态保护的协调发展,实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益统筹兼顾的最优化方案,走可持续发展的道路。     

Iron ore: energy, labor, and capital changes with technology

Resource gathering is depending on leaner crude ores. Iron ore mining typifies this trend. To make lean taconite iron ores useful required a technologic breakthrough-pelletization. The shift to iron ore pellets has the advantage that they require less energy and labor per ton of molten iron than high-grade naturally concentrated ores. Increased reliance on pellets causes a geographic shift of some jobs and environmental effects from blast furnaces to iron ore mines.