土地利用/覆被变化的环境效应研究进展

土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)研究经历了一个不断发展的过程,清楚、透彻地认识LUCC的研究现状及存在的问题,有利于更好地把握核心领域并开展更进一步的研究.在回顾国际LUCC研究发展历程的基础上,首先阐述了LUCC的内涵、驱动因子及驱动机制,再将LUCC对大气、水体、土壤与生物等四大自然要素的环境效应方面展开论述,分析了目前研究所取得的进展,最后基于国内外研究现状存在的不足进行了讨论与展望,对今后LUCC的环境效应研究提出以下几点意见:重视遥感与GIS研究手段的同时,加强其他方法的应用;重视学科交叉,加强综合研究;环境效应的微观机理及反馈机制研究有待加强;将多尺度融合问题及构建普适模型作为今后研究的突破点.     

区域土地资源可持续利用评价

构建了区域土地资源可持续利用评价指标体系框架，制定并评价指标体系中各单项指标的标志值，运用层次分析法（AHP）确定各评价指标的权重和评价模型，对区域土地资源的可持续利用进行综合评价。以河北省为例，提出区域土地资源可持续利用的5个等级，对河北省土地资源可持续利用进行了综合评价，提出土地资源可持续利用的对策和措施。     

四川省土地资源优化配置及其可持续利用

系统分析评价了四川省土地资源现状构成、利用特点及存在问题,从区域经济社会发展战略入手,着眼于土地供需状况,提出了跨世纪的土地资源优化配置方案及其可持续利用目标,以不断提高土地生态经济系统功能,保持土地资源的可持续利用,获取土地利用的最佳经济、生态和社会效益,促进区域国民经济可持续发展。     

Mineral resources, economic growth, and world populatic

World population and world income can grow at any likely rate for the next 50 to 75 years, probably for longer, and mineral supplies will continue to keep pace with demand. Not, however, without environmental costs, without affecting Third World development, and, perhaps most important, without ignoring critical questions of power. In what might be termed the revisionist form of the limits to growth thesis, Aurelio Peccei and Alexander King, cofounders of the Club of Rome, seem to be saying that the forecasts of doom themselves are unimportant but they symbolize critical problems of the nature and uses of power in the modern world (30): . . . the Club of Rome is questioning the quality of growth and its distribution around the world. . . . We know that the present structure of the world is obsolete. . . . Both private and state capitalism are stale . . . we have to develop something else. Surely, continually increasing rates of mineral production are symptoms of this obsolete power structure, a result of the fact that, ultimately, population growth and monetary income growth lead to demands for natural resources that necessitate their being found and produced regardless of the implications. Since such higher rates of production are geologically and economically sustainable, we should choose among alternative paths of growth, and hence among alternative rates of mineral resource development, according to what we like or dislike about these implications. The key information will not be found in tables comparing reserves and consumption but in preferences and ethics.     

可持续土地利用与土地制度改革

阐述了可持续土地利用的5大目标及土地制度对实现可持续土地利用的正反两方面的作用,分析了我国建国后农村土地实行农民所有制和集体所有制下的两种土地使用制对可持续土地利用的影响,构建了与可持续土地利用相适应的土地使用制的基本框架。     

农村城镇化与环境保护问题

近年来随着经济与社会迅速发展,我国城镇建设和发展日新月异,城镇化水平不断提高。但是与此同时也出现了一系列环境问题,这不仅会影响城市化的进程,还会影响我国的可持续发展,因此如何协调好城镇化发展和环境保护的问题就显得尤为重要了。     

物元模型在整理期区域土地利用可持续评价中的应用

研究土地利用可持续发展问题是土地资源持续性和经济社会生态持续发展的重要课题,传统的评价方法中存在诸多不足。针对这一问题参考农用地整理可持续评价体系和目标的特点,建设性地引入物元评价方法。实例证明,该方法与其他决策方法相比,评价结果准确、一致,且评价过程中无须人工干预,结果更科学、更可靠。     

Radar mapping, archeology, and ancient maya land use

A severe incongruity has long existed between the well-known complexity of ancient Maya civilization and the relatively feeble economic base that could be reconstructed for it. Recent fieldwork has ihdicated that much more intensive cultivation patterns were used than was previously thought. Data from the use of synthetic aperture radar in aerial surveys of the southern Maya lowlands suggest that large areas were drained by ancient canals that may have been used for intensive cultivation. Ground checks in several limited areas have confirmed the existence of canals, and excavations and ground surveys have provided valuable comparative information. Taken together, the new data suggest that Late Class period Maya civilization was firmly grounded in large-scale and intensive cultivation of swampy zones.     

苏州市不同土地利用变化类型的生态环境效应分析

基于谢高地的生态系统服务单价和苏州市实际情况,量化苏州市1995-2005年间的不同土地利用变化类型对区域生态系统服务价值的影响.结果表明:1995-2005年间,苏州市的土地生态系统服务价值共减少了2.43亿元.其中,农地内部转移造成生态系统服务价值增加2.947亿元;农地向城乡建设用地转移造成生态系统服务价值下降650.51×10<'6>元;城乡建设用地向农地转移造成生态系统服务价值增加112.83×10<'6>元.当前协调苏州市土地利用与生态建设,关键在于提高城乡建设用地的利用效率,尤其是加强农村建设用地整理力度,将部分建设用地转变为农地.     

土地资源可持续利用及其评价

根据对土地资源的自然、社会、经济属性的分析认为,土地利用过程可以分为可持续利用与不可持续利用两个阶段;土地资源可持续利用与不可持续利用之间的转变、区域上的差别受自然、社会、经济等多种因素不同程度与不同方式的影响;土地资源可持续利用评价可以分为土地利用类型可持续利用评价和区域土地资源可持续利用评价,后者实际上是区域社会经济可持续发展的反映。     

城市边缘区土地资源开发利用的影响因素研究--以北京市海淀区为例

在城市的快速发展过程中,城市边缘区土地资源的开发利用发生着迅速转变,农业用地特别是耕地资源急剧减少,城镇及工矿等建设用地规模迅速扩大。通过对北京市边缘海淀区的土地资源利用变化分析,从自然条件、工业化和城市化发展、土地利用经济效率指数的差异、经济发展战略和产业政策、生态环境建设与保护等方面,对影响土地资源开发利用的因素进行了初步的分析。     

Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile virus

Many invasive species that have been spread through the globalization of trade and travel are pathogens. A paradigmatic case is the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North America in 1999. A decade of research on the ecology and evolution of WNV includes three findings that provide insight into the outcome of future pathogen introductions. First, WNV transmission in North America is highest in urbanized and agricultural habitats, in part because the hosts and vectors of WNV are abundant in human-modified areas. Second, after its introduction, the virus quickly adapted to infect local mosquito vectors more efficiently than the originally introduced strain. Third, highly focused feeding patterns of the mosquito vectors of WNV result in unexpected host species being important for transmission. This research provides a framework for predicting and preventing the emergence of foreign vector-borne pathogens.     

土地利用变化研究现状

采用文献研究的方法,综合叙述土地利用/覆被变化研究20多年来的研究进展,总结土地变化科学研究的新理论与新方法,并展望了未来土地变化科学研究的方向,进一步加强中国的土地变化科学研究。土地变化科学在土地利用数量变化研究、驱动力研究、土地利用变化模拟研究方面取得了丰硕的成果。一方面是驱动力因子的多样性;另一方面是土地利用变化模拟方法的交叉性,已从数量模拟研究转向空间模拟研究,从单方法模拟研究转向多种方法结合的模拟研究,从生物物理驱动力的建模方式转向生物物理驱动力与社会经济驱动力相结合的建模方式。未来的土地变化研究要加强精度的要求,促进土地变化科学的发展,同时其研究成果能真正引导土地利用规划。参46     

土地流转合作社若干问题研究

从我国面临的粮食安全隐患及家庭联产承包责任制存在的弊端出发,以发展现代农业为导向,分别从土地流转合作社的经济意义、功能定位、基本模式和发展方向等多角度分析了其在推动规模农业、高效农业等方面所起的有效作用.提出当前土地流转合作社发展中应该着重注意的问题及其建议.     

Global consequences of land use

Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet's resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term.     

万州区土地整理与土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)

通过对万州区1990～2000年LUCC变化的主要驱动力分析及其主要地类变化预测,确定了土地整理的目标、重点,选择了土地整理区域以及制定了土地整理宏观政策,从而利用LUCC对土地整理效果进行了评价。结果表明,土地整理改变了万州区LUCC,优化了土地利用结构,提高了土地利用的广度和深度,重构了人与自然的和谐统一,使景观多样性指数提高、优势度降低。据此认为土地整理改变着LUCC,并进而对其优化调控,同时为保障土地整理规划、设计的合理性,又需要LUCC的研究提供技术支持。     

农村资源环境数据库研究

本文介绍了资源环境数据库的发展现状,阐述了数据库建设中的主要问题和解决方法,研究了农村资源环境数据库建设方面的相关内容.