Nickel Oxide Interstratified agr-Zirconium Phosphate, a Composite Exhibiting Ferromagnetic Behavior

As part of an ongoing research program to synthesize novel pillared layered materials, nickel and cobalt hydroxyacetates were inserted between the layers of amine intercalates of alpha-zirconium phosphate. The structure of the resultant nickel composite, derived from x-ray powder data, was found to consist of a three-tiered layer of nickel atoms bridged by hydroxo and acetato groups. Heating to 420 degrees C converted the hydroxyacetate layers to oxide and imparted ordered magnetic domains to the composite. The phosphate layers appear to act as a template directing the growth of the inserted layers in this class of composite materials.     

Chemical reactions on clays

Layer aluminosilicates catalyze reactions in numerous ways. They stabilize high-energy intermediates. They can store energy in their lattice structures and can release it in the form of chemical energy. They can catalyze redox reactions and can serve as photocatalytic devices. They often exhibit high surface acidity. Organic reactions that are catalyzed by the agency of days are reviewed. The role of clays in prebiotic chemistry is also examined.     

Saturn ring particles as dynamic ephemeral bodies

Although Saturn's rings are within the Roche zone, the accretion of centimeter-sized particles into large aggregates many meters in diameter occurs readily, on a time scale of weeks. These aggregates are disrupted when tidal stresses exceed their very low strengths; thus most of the mass of the ring system is continually processed through a population of large "dynamic ephemeral bodies," which are continually forming and disintegrating. These large aggregates are not at all like the idealized ice spheres often used in modeling Saturn's ring dynamics. Their coefficient of restitution is low, hence they form a monolayer in the ring plane. The optically observable characteristics of the rings are dominated by the swarm of centimeter-sized particles.     

Ostwald ripening of clays and metamorphic minerals

Analyses of particle size distributions indicate that clay minerals and other diagenetic and metamorphic minerals commonly undergo recrystallization by Ostwald ripening. The shapes of their particle size distributions can yield the rate law for this process. One consequence of Ostwald ripening is that a record of the recrystallization process is preserved in the various particle sizes. Therefore, one can determine the detailed geologic history of clays and other recrystallized minerals by separating, from a single sample, the various particle sizes for independent chemical, structural, and isotopic analyses.     

陕西几种土壤粘粒的表面固有特征

表面络合模式中的恒定容量模式 (CCM)、三层模式 (TL M)均不同程度适应于描述土壤粘粒表面的固有特征。 TL M图解法的单外推法既可求出表面酸度常数 ,同时也可求出介质阳离子的络合常数 ;供试土壤粘粒的表面固有酸度常数 p Kinta2 在 5 .1 1～ 6 .4 4 ,且呈现土娄土 >黄绵土 >黑垆土 >黄褐土。同一土壤粘粒在不同介质中的固有酸度常数也有明显的差异 ,p Kinta2 (Ca2 + )

Kint Na+ ,Kint K+ 。     

Endothelial cell membranes: polarity of particles as seen by freeze-fracturing

Freeze-fracturing shows particles within membranes. In plasma membranes of most cells the particles are more strongly bound to the inner half. In unfixed endothelial cells, this polarity is reversed. Glutaraldehyde fixation results in conventional polarity. The reverse polarity may be related to a mechanism for preferential fusion of pinocytotic vesicles with the plasma membrane.     

Precision measurements and fundamental constants

Recent developments in the techniques for making precision measurements and their use in the determination of the fundamental constants are reviewed. Particularly noteworthy developments are clocks with high stability, the proposed redefinition of the meter in terms of the standard for time, and the increased precision with which electrical standards can be maintained. The relevance of precision measurements to tests of general relativity is briefly discussed.     

Molecular microscopy: fundamental limitations

On the basis of estimates of molecular damage caused by the observation process, it is concluded that molecular microscopy of biological molecules in which the individual atoms are resolved is impossible with an electron or x-ray microscope. Microscopes that use low-energy helium atoms or neutrons as illuminants may be capable of serving as ultimate biomolecular microscopes.     

基础教育的经济学分析

全面推行免费义务教育是一项惠及全民的政策,它的实施将产生巨大的影响和效应。文章从公共经济学的视角探讨了政府实施此项政策的理论依据和可能产生的问题,并在此基础上提出了若干建议。     

Reactions at interfaces as a source of sulfate formation in sea-salt particles

Understanding the formation of sulfate particles in the troposphere is critical because of their health effects and their direct and indirect effects on radiative forcing, and hence on climate. Laboratory studies of the chemical and physical changes in sodium chloride, the major component of sea-salt particles, show that sodium hydroxide is generated upon reaction of deliquesced sodium chloride particles with gas-phase hydroxide. The increase in alkalinity will lead to an increase in the uptake and oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in sea-salt particles. This chemistry is missing from current models but is consistent with a number of previously unexplained field study observations.     

Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon

The fine particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei in pristine Amazonian rainforest air consist mostly of secondary organic aerosol. Their origin is enigmatic, however, because new particle formation in the atmosphere is not observed. Here, we show that the growth of organic aerosol particles can be initiated by potassium-salt-rich particles emitted by biota in the rainforest. These particles act as seeds for the condensation of low- or semi-volatile organic compounds from the atmospheric gas phase or multiphase oxidation of isoprene and terpenes. Our findings suggest that the primary emission of biogenic salt particles directly influences the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei and affects the microphysics of cloud formation and precipitation over the rainforest.     

Sulfates as pollution particulates: catalytic formation on carbon (soot) particles

Experimental evidence (obtained by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) is presented which shows that finely divided carbon (soot) particles may play a major role in the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in polluted atmospheres. The results obtained with sulfates produced in the laboratory by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide on graphite particles and combustion-produced soot particles are compared with the properties and behavior of ambient sulfates. The proposed sulfur dioxide oxidation mechanism is qualitatively consistent with field observations.     

几种土壤粘粒表面Pb2+吸附-解吸不可逆性特征研究

为了探讨土壤粘粒表面Pb²⁺吸附-解吸的不可逆性特征，采用一次平衡法研究了陕西4种土壤粘粒对Pb²⁺的吸附和解吸特征。结果表明，在恒定pH条件下，残留吸附常数K_d与吸附常数K_a的比值称为吸附-解吸的不可逆性特征参数，K_d/K_a=1，表示吸附-解吸过程是可逆的；K_d/Ka≠1,表示该过程不可逆；在不同解吸溶液中，供试土壤粘粒表面Pb²⁺K_d/K_a值由大到小依次表现为NaNO₃、草酸、柠檬酸，不可逆程度大小与此相同。在不同pH条件下，供试土壤粘粒表面Pb²⁺络合常数log K^int_a与解吸常数logK^int_d的比值也可作为过程不可逆性特征参数；在不同介质中，其绝对值由大到小依次为NaNO₃、柠檬酸、草酸，不可逆程度大小与此相反。     

Don't forget long-term fundamental research in energy

Achieving a fundamental understanding of the phenomena that will underpin both global stewardship and future technologies in energy calls for a thoughtful balance between large-scale immediate solutions using existing technology and the fundamental research needed to provide better solutions in the 50-year period.     

关于微积分基本概念的注记

从与微分中值定理保持统一性的观点出发定义微分 ,基于 Newton- L eibniz微积分基本公式定义定积分 ,建立相当于微分中值定理逆命题的辅助定理 ,并据此严格叙述定积分的微元法。