Marine lava cave fauna: composition, biogeography, and origins

An assemblage of endemic cavernicolous marine invertebrates, including taxa found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean of great phylogenetic age or with affinities to deep sea organisms, inhabits the Jameos del Agua cave, a sea waterflooded Holocene lava tube cave on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. This marine cave contains both relicts from Tethyan times, such as an apparently new crustacean family belonging to what had been the monotypic class Remipedia, and relicts of groups that are now common only in the deep sea as well as species that occur outside the cave.     

Ridge spreading, subduction, and sea level fluctuations

A numerical model of mantle convection shows that sea level fluctuations are not simply associated with temporal changes in ocean c plate spreading. In the dynamic model, sea level rises rapidly and then falls toward a steady value (but one still higher than the initial) following increased ridge spreading; this time dependence results from profound changes in the deep thermal structure under ocean and continent. The use of past variations in oceanic spreading to infer sea level fluctuations is called into question. With more realistic models and better continental stratigraphy, constraints may be placed on the viscosity structure of the mantle.     

冬季大叶藻与幼参混养效果的模拟研究

在实验室条件下对冬季大叶藻Zosteramarina与刺参却ostichopttsjaponicas当年生幼苗的生态混养效果进行了研究,分析了大叶藻对养殖水体中氨氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐的控制作用以及大叶藻对幼参生长的集聚效果。试验设置大叶藻与幼参混养组、幼参单养组和大叶藻单养空白组,每组设5个重复。试验幼参为2010年培育的秋苗（体长2．90cm±0．04cm,体质量0．69g±0．02g）,试验总水体75L,幼参放养密度为1个／L,水温为（15±1）℃,盐度为31～32,光照强度为（271±14）lx,试验共进行30d。结果表明：大叶藻单养组氨氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐含量最高;幼参摄食大叶藻碎屑,对水体营养盐起到一定的控制作用,混养组各种营养盐含量居中;幼参单养组各种营养盐含量最低。试验期间,底质情况良好,水质对幼参的生长无影响;大叶藻可为幼参提供附着基,对幼参的集聚效果良好,超过80％的幼参栖息在大叶藻叶片上。     

间歇投喂模式对刺参摄食、生长和消化酶活性的影响

为了探讨间歇投喂模式对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)摄食、生长和消化酶活性的影响,以1 d·次^-1的连续投喂为对照组,采用2 d·次^-1的间歇投喂模式,设置正常投喂量(100%)的125%、150%、175%和200%共4组投喂水平,对平均体重为 (3.41±0.05) g的刺参投喂30 d,对刺参的摄食、生长和消化酶活性进行检测。结果显示：间歇投喂模式能够对刺参生长产生显著影响,刺参特定生长率随着投喂水平的上升而增加,但与对照组差异不显著; 刺参增重率与投喂水平呈正相关,200%组达到最佳,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);随着投喂水平的增加刺参摄食率逐渐升高,而饲料转化率呈现先下降后升高的变化趋势,200%间歇投喂处理的刺参摄食率显著高于100%连续投喂处理,而200%和125%间歇投喂处理的刺参饲料转化率与100%连续投喂处理间无显著差异;间歇投喂模式对刺参蛋白酶活性产生显著影响,125%、150%组蛋白酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),而175%、200%组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),但投喂模式对淀粉酶活性影响不显著。结果表明：基于刺参的生长性能和对饲料的转化利用,认为在刺参工厂化养殖中采用2 d·次^-1的间歇投喂模式,以175%～200%投喂水平进行养殖管理,能够满足刺参的正常摄食需求,有效促进刺参的生长。     

1989—2018年南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡海冰时空变化分析

基于1989—2018年美国冰雪中心海冰密集度数据，分析近30年南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡及附近海域海冰分布规律及变化趋势。结果表明，布兰斯菲尔德海峡内部海冰属于1年冰，海冰密集度于2月达到最低，8月达到最高，历史上强厄尔尼诺年份与该区域海冰密集度较低的年份存在明显对应关系。对30年冰情线性拟合得到年际变化趋势，海峡内结冰月份普遍延迟，年结冰月数以减少为主。3个代表站点的海冰密集度分析结果显示，海峡内A站点海冰变化与海峡口外北部海域B站点的相关性较强，与海峡口外南部靠近威德尔海区域C站点的相关性弱。循环神经网络模型可用于预测和分析海冰密集度的时序变化，尤其是适合海冰密集度相对较低的时序分析。     

参藻混养生态系统中孔石莼、蛋白核小球藻与刺参的相互作用研究

为了探讨参藻混养生态系统中孔石莼Ulva pertusar、蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa与刺参Apostichopus japonicus的相互作用,采用实验生态学方法进行了10~6、10~5 cells/mL两种浓度的蛋白核小球藻与孔石莼及刺参不换水混养的生态效应研究。结果表明:孔石莼和小球藻能有效地吸收养殖水体中的氮磷;10~6cells/mL浓度的小球藻在与孔石莼、刺参混养时对孔石莼有明显的抑制作用,而10~5 cells/mL浓度的小球藻对孔石莼有一定的抑制作用。研究表明,小球藻浓度为10~5 cells/mL的混养组在水质、刺参生长方面与孔石莼混养组相近,且能较好地抑制孔石莼过快生长。     

Ocean climate change: comparison of acoustic tomography, satellite altimetry, and modeling

Comparisons of gyre-scale acoustic and direct thermal measurements of heat content in the Pacific Ocean, satellite altimeter measurements of sea surface height, and results from a general circulation model show that only about half of the seasonal and year-to-year changes in sea level are attributable to thermal expansion. Interpreting climate change signals from fluctuations in sea level is therefore complicated. The annual cycle of heat flux is 150 +/- 25 watts per square meter (peak-to-peak, corresponding to a 0.2 degreesC vertically averaged temperature cycle); an interannual change of similar magnitude is also detected. Meteorological estimates of surface heat flux, if accurate, require a large seasonal cycle in the advective heat flux.     

扇贝土和黄土在刺参幼参饲料中的应用研究

为探寻刺参Apostichopus japonicus饲料中品质优、资源广、价格廉的海泥替代物,用扇贝土和混合一定比例螺旋藻(1∶9)的黄土分别替代海泥,并搭配海带投喂平均体质量为0.35 g的刺参幼参,试验设海泥组、扇贝土组、黄土组,每组设3个重复,在室内水族玻璃缸中进行试验,每个缸中放80头幼参,饲养时间为56 d,养殖试验结束后,分别测定各组刺参的生长、消化和非特异性免疫指标。结果表明:扇贝土组和黄土组刺参的成活率、增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率等均高于海泥组,而饲料系数略低于海泥组,但均无显著性差异(P0.05);黄土组脏壁比、比肠重显著低于扇贝土组和海泥组(P0.05);扇贝土组刺参肠道中淀粉酶活力显著高于黄土组(P0.05),但两组与海泥组均无显著性差异(P0.05);扇贝土组刺参体腔液中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力显著高于黄土组(P0.05),且两组显著高于海泥组(P0.05);扇贝土组和黄土组刺参体腔液过氧化物酶(POD)活力及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)高于海泥组,但无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,扇贝土和混合螺旋藻的黄土均可作为新资源完全替代海泥饲料,且以扇贝土最优。     

Holocene sea-level curves for santa monica shelf, california continental borderland

A curve is constructed showing changes in sea level at the Santa Monica shelf over the past 18,000 years. The curve is based on radiocarbon dates, sedimentologic data, and high-resolution seismic stratigraphic analysis of late Quaternary terrace deposits. Sea level was 117 meters below its present position about 18,000 years ago. During the first 8000 years of the Flandrian transgression, sea level rose to at least 24 meters, fell to about 46 meters, and then rose to 20 meters, all below present sea level. Subsequently, sea level rose more slowly and without discernible interruption to its present position.     

海湾泥、粉煤灰和碱渣综合利用中环境影响分析

就海湾泥、粉煤灰、碱渣3种固体废弃物作为替代种植基质利用中是否存在重金属及有机污染物污染问题进行了探讨,试验结果表明碱渣中重金属含量均符合国家土壤环境质量一级标准,粉煤灰、海湾泥中砷含量较高,海湾泥中砷含量与沉积地点有关,将三者按适当比例混合掺拌形成新土源的重金属含量符合土壤环境质量一、二级标准,而基质上种植植物重金属含量及其分布因植物而异,但不会对植物生长带来危害,对环境也不会造成二次污染,可以大面积推广应用。     

饲料中添加木聚糖酶对刺参幼参生长、消化和体腔液酶活力的影响

为探讨木聚糖酶添加量对刺参Apostichopus japonicus生长、体成分、消化酶和体腔液酶活力的影响,在饲料中添加不同水平(0、0.03%、0.06%、0.09%、0.12%和0.24%)的木聚糖酶制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,试验设6组,每组设3个平行,每个平行放体质量为(7.73±0.09)g的幼参50头,分别用6种饲料进行投喂,共进行56 d养殖试验。结果表明:饲料中添加木聚糖酶显著提高了幼参增重率和特定生长率(P0.05),且0.09%木聚糖酶添加组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),各添加组增重率与对照组相比均显著提高(P0.05);木聚糖酶添加组幼参体壁粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),0.06%~0.24%木聚糖酶添加组幼参粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.06%~0.12%木聚糖酶添加组肠道蛋白酶活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),0.24%添加组淀粉酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);幼参体腔液中溶菌酶、过氧化氢酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力均随木聚糖酶添加量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,0.06%~0.12%添加组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加木聚糖酶可显著提高刺参生长、体成分、消化酶和体腔液酶活力,以增重率为评价指标,折线回归分析得出,对平均体质量为(7.73±0.09)g的刺参,其饲料中木聚糖酶最适添加量为900 mg/kg。     

Pleistocene Sea Levels, Southeastern Virginia

Detailed study of post-Miocene stratigraphy in southeastern Virginia reveals at least 13 formations which show six Pliocene (?) and Pleistocene cycles of emergence and submergence, with maximum submergent sea levels near +45, +45, +20, +25, +15, and 0 feet, respectively. The newly established stratigraphic framework disproves earlier interpretations of "terrace-stratigraphy" and sea level chronologies.     

Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities

Reexamination of stratified faunal components of a prehistoric Aleut midden excavated on Amchitka Island, Alaska, indicates that Aleut prey items changed dramatically during 2500 years of aboriginal occupation. Recent ecological studies in the Aleutian Islands have shown the concurrent existence of two alternate stable nearshore communities, one dominated by macroalgae, the other by epibenthic herbivores, which are respectively maintained by the presence or absence of dense sea otter populations. Thus, rather than cultural shifts in food preference, the changes in Aleut prey were probably the result of local overexploitation of sea otters by aboriginal Aleuts.     

益生菌对生物絮团养殖系统中刺参幼参生长、消化酶和免疫反应的影响

为了解益生菌对生物絮团养殖系统中刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参生长、消化酶和免疫反应的影响,选择体质量为(10.77±0.07)g的健康幼参,随机分配到6个盛有20 L沙滤海水的聚乙烯养殖箱中,每箱放30头幼参,试验设对照组和益生菌组(枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis+硝化菌),每组设3个平行,对照组每天投喂1次基础饵料(约为幼参体质量的4%)并添加蔗糖(基础饵料的70%),益生菌组在对照组基础上,每3 d向水体中添加枯草芽孢杆菌和硝化菌制剂各1.8 g,养殖试验共进行60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,养殖30、60 d时,益生菌组幼参的特定生长率均显著提高(P0.05);益生菌组幼参肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力均显著增强(P0.05),但胰蛋白酶活力与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05);益生菌组幼参的体腔细胞吞噬活力、体腔液和体腔细胞裂解液溶菌酶活力均显著增强(P0.05)。研究表明,生物絮团养殖系统中添加益生菌可促进幼参生长,提高消化酶活力和增强免疫反应。     

Eustatic sea level 120,000 years ago on oahu, hawaii

Extensive dating of the fossil corals associated with the Waimanalo shoreline on Oahu has shown that 120,000 years ago the ocean was approximately 7.6 meters above its present level. Corals grown during that time constitute a major portion of the subaerial reef-derived material on the island, with exposures ranging from about 10 meters to near sea level. This evidence corroborates the notion that 120,000 years before the present was the last time during which the sea stood significantly higher than it does today. The reported benches at 3.7, 1.5, and 0.6 meters, if not of Recent origin, could be features created by brief halts of the sea during rapid regression shortly after the Waimanalo high stand.     

Deposit from a giant wave on the island of lanai, hawaii

Limestone-bearing gravel, the newly named Hulopoe Gravel, blankets the coastal slopes on Lanai. The deposit, which reaches a maximum altitude of 326 meters, formerly was believed to have been deposited along several different ancient marine strandlines, but dated submerged coral reefs and tide-gauge measurements indicate that the southeastern Hawaiian Islands sink so fast that former worldwide high stands of the sea now lie beneath local sea level. Evidence indicates that the Hulopoe Gravel and similar deposits on nearby islands were deposited during the Pleistocene by a giant wave generated by a submarine landslide on a sea scarp south of Lanai.     

Insular erosion, isostasy, and subsidence

Organic reefs and shore erosion record the intersection of sea level with islands. From this record it is possible to reconstruct the history of vertical movement of the islands and the adjacent deep sea floor, including midplate swells. As judged by coral thickness, islands with barrier reefs sink as though they were on thermally youthful crust regardless of the actual age. Reefless islands do not sink until truncated by erosion. Apparently, thermal subsidence is balanced by isostatic uplift in response to erosion. Barrier reefs prevent wave erosion of encircled volcanoes and capture products of stream erosion so that isostatic uplift is eliminated. Insular shelves widen initially at rates of 0.6 to 1.7 kilometers per million years; the rates decrease with time. Thus the subsidence of islands depends on the size of the is land and the presence of reefs, and it may not always be the same as that of the surrounding oceanic crust.     

大果沙棘新梢生长、座果与产量研究

对同一试验园中的俄罗斯沙棘、蒙古沙棘大果品种和中国沙棘(对照)的新梢生长动态、新梢生长量、生长势、座果、产量和果实主要性状进行了系统地比较研究。结果表明：中国沙棘新梢生长量、生长势和座果率强于俄罗斯沙棘和蒙古沙棘生长。从产量上看,俄罗斯沙棘“金阳”单株产量最高,中国沙棘最低。从果实主要性状看,俄罗斯沙棘“巨人”和“金阳”最好,其次为蒙古沙棘“秋阳”,中国沙棘较差。     

饲料脂肪水平对中间球海胆幼胆生长、消化酶和热胁迫后抗氧化酶活力的影响

为了确定中间球海胆Strongylocentrotus intermedius幼胆饲料中适宜的脂肪水平,采用摄食生长试验探讨了饲料中脂肪水平(3%、6%、9%、12%和15%)对海胆幼胆存活、生长、消化酶和热胁迫后抗氧化酶活力的影响,试验共进行96 d。结果表明:试验结束时,6%饲料脂肪水平组海胆增重率最高,显著高于15%脂肪组(P0.05);随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,中间球海胆消化道中脂肪酶活力显著升高(P0.05),淀粉酶活力显著下降(P0.05),胃蛋白酶活力有下降趋势(P0.05);饲料脂肪水平显著影响热胁迫后海胆体腔液中抗氧化酶活力,其中热胁迫2 h后,12%脂肪组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力最高,显著高于15%脂肪组(P0.05);热胁迫6 h后,海胆体腔液过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高值出现在6%脂肪组,且高于12%和15%脂肪组。研究表明,6%饲料脂肪水平时中间球海胆幼胆的生长速率最快,6%~12%饲料脂肪水平能够显著提高热胁迫后海胆的抗氧化能力。     

渤海鱼类感染复殖吸虫分析

对1983~1986年采集于渤海的鱼类感染复殖吸虫进行分析,结果表明:从外海到内海鱼类感染强度呈现加重的趋势。这种变化趋势受多种因素的影响,即水环境特点、鱼类的生态习性、复殖吸虫的群落结构、活物运输等。