Effect of water and nutrient supply on root distribution in anEucalyptus globulus plantation

Water and nutrients were supplied to anEucalyptus globulus plantation in a controlled experiment in west central Portugal. The trees were planted in a sandy soil at a spacing of 3 × 3 m. The experiment consisted of four treatments: irrigation, irrigation plus fertilization, fertilization without irrigation, and a rain fed and unfertilized control. The quantification of root biomass was carried out 13 mo after planting. When the plantation was 31 mo old, a trench was dug in the soil to uncover the distribution of the roots of individual trees. In the irrigated treatments root biomass was higher than in the control and in the fertilized plots. Differences in fine and coarse root distribution along the soil profile were also observed. In both irrigated treatments roots were concentrated along tree rows, where the irrigation tubes were dripping water or water plus nutrients.     

Productivity,nutrient immobilization and soil chemical properties in an Eucalyptus globulus plantation under different irrigation and fertilization regimes

To evaluate the influence of irrigation and fertilization on the productivity of E. globulus a field experiment was started in 1986 in Central Portugal. The nutrients accumulated in the biomass and their allocation to the various biomass components as well as the changes in soil chemical characteristics were also followed. Irrigation and fertilization resulted in a significant increase of biomass production during the first 2 yr. A similar trend occurred with the net primary production and leaf litterfall. The differences between treatments in the amounts of accumulated nutrients in the aboveground biomass were similar to those of biomass accumulation. However, there was a small but consistent effect related to the average concentration of nutrients in the plant tissues. This effect occurred essentially in the leaves and branches. The concentration of N and P in the leaf litterfall was higher in the fertilized treatments than in the others. Fertilization alone induced a slight increase in the soil pH values, C content, exchangeable Ca and available P levels. Such increase was more pronounced in the fertilized with dripping irrigation treatment. This was due to the accumulation of nutrients in the wetted soil volume.     

供水条件对温室番茄根系分布及产量影响

通过田间试验,分析了不同生育期供水条件对番茄灌水量、光合作用、根系分布、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：番茄开花坐果期控制灌水下限为60%f_C(田间持水量),结果盛期控制灌水下限为75%f_C,控制灌水上限为90%f_C,番茄产量最高,达到91.7 t/hm²,水分利用效率达到27.51 kg/m³,整根的根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重都明显增加。叶片净光和速率在75%f_C条件下最高,有利于光合产物的形成。随土层深度的增加,根长密度呈指数下降。不同土壤水分条件对番茄根系生长影响主要体现在直径小于1 mm的根系上,而且直径小于1 mm的根长和产量之间存在很好的相关关系。     

桉树幼苗对土壤养分及pH的影响

桉树(Eucalyptus)原产澳大利亚及其周围岛屿,是桃金娘科(Myrtaceae)桉树属的树种,由于其具有速生、丰产、优质、适应性强、用途广泛等特点,在热带和亚热带地区广泛栽植.     

Productivity,nutrient immobilization and soil chemical properties in anEucalyptus globulus plantation under different irrigation and fertilization regimes

To evaluate the influence of irrigation and fertilization on the productivity ofE. globulus a field experiment was started in 1986 in Central Portugal. The nutrients accumulated in the biomass and their allocation to the various biomass components as well as the changes in soil chemical characteristics were also followed. Irrigation and fertilization resulted in a significant increase of biomass production during the first 2 yr. A similar trend occurred with the net primary production and leaf Litterfall. The differences between treatments in the amounts of accumulated nutrients in the aboveground biomass were similar to those of biomass accumulation. However, there was a small but consistent effect related to the average concentration of nutrients in the plant tissues. This effect occurred essentially in the leaves and branches. The concentration of N and P in the leaf Litterfall was higher in the fertilized treatments than in the others. Fertilization alone induced a slight increase in the soil pH values, C content, exchangeable Ca and available P levels. Such increase was more pronounced in the fertilized with dripping irrigation treatment. This was due to the accumulation of nutrients in the wetted soil volume.     

Contribution of decomposing harvest residues to nutrient cycling in a second rotation Eucalyptus globulus plantation in south-western Australia

Amounts of nutrients in harvest residues and their contribution to nutrient cycling were quantified following logging of a Eucalyptus globulus plantation in south-western Australia. An estimated 64 t ha^–1 of leaf, bark and branch material less than 3 cm in diameter was deposited on the forest floor during harvesting. Leaves contributed about one-third of the residue dry weight but accounted for almost three-quarters of residue-N stores (299 of 428 kg N ha^–1) and 36% to 52% of P, K, Ca, and Mg stores. Stores of nutrients in slash were significant in comparison to amounts in surface soil (0–20 cm). Residue-N amounted to 11% of total surface soil N and cations stored in residues were equivalent to 23–114% of surface soil exchangeable cations. Decomposition of the leaf fraction of slash was rapid with more than 90% of dry weight released during the 105-week study. Bark and branch fractions of diameters 0.5, 1 and 2 cm lost 39%, 37%, 32% and 29% of dry weight, respectively, during the same period. Single and double exponential decay models fitted to the data indicated half lives ranging from 20 weeks for leaves and from 3 to 4 years for bark and the branch fractions. During decomposition, K was leached rapidly from all residue fractions, Mg and P were released at similar rates to dry weight, and Ca and N were released more slowly than dry weight. In the 105-week study period, 250 kg ha^–1 of N, 20 kg ha^–1 of P, 213 kg ha^–1 of Ca, 298 kg ha^–1 of K, and 63 kg ha^–1 of Mg were returned to the soil from decomposing harvest slash. The leaf fraction was the major contributor to nutrient cycling, accounting for almost all of the N and Ca release and from half to three-quarters of the K, Mg and P released. Amounts of nutrients released from residues in the year following logging greatly exceeded quantities likely to be taken up by the newly established tree crop.     

不同养分配比对高粱根系生长及养分吸收的影响

为探明高粱养分吸收和根系生长对氮、磷、钾胁迫的响应,通过长期定位试验,在高粱/玉米轮作条件下研究了不同养分配比NPK、PK、NK、NP、CK对高粱根系生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:与NPK相比,长期不施氮肥(PK)条件下高粱总根长增加18.29%,总根体积降低26.52%,且根系主要分布在0~10 cm土层,直径小于0.5 mm细根所占比例显著增加。不施磷肥(NK)显著抑制了高粱根系生长,总根长、总根表面积和总根体积分别降低24.03%、27.48%和41.29%。不施钾肥(NP)对细根生长有明显抑制作用。不施氮、磷、钾均降低高粱对相应养分的吸收和累积,不施氮促进了营养器官中氮和钾素向籽粒转运,不施磷或钾肥抑制了氮、磷及钾的转运。高粱对养分的吸收、积累和转运与根系形态有关,不同养分积累与运转与根系形态关系表现不尽相同:氮素、钾素积累和转运与根系形态具有较好的相关性,氮素的积累和转运与植株生物量和产量的相关性大于磷素和钾素。综上,高粱根系形态及养分吸收对氮、磷及钾胁迫响应不同,该研究可为不同养分瘠薄地高粱高效栽培提供理论依据。     

Comparison of foliar composition of eucalyptus globulus and quercus agrifolia growing together

Foliage of each species was sampled at 26 paired locations in the San Francisco Bay area. Eucalyptus globulus had significantly higher concentrations of Mn, Ca and Na, but significantly lower concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn, P, NO₃‐N and Kjeldahl‐N than did Quercus agrifolia. Concentrations of K and Mg did not differ between species. The relative concentration series for the species were similar: N>Ca>K>Mg>Na>P>Mn>Fe for Q. agrifolia and Ca>N>K> Mg>Na>Mn>P>Fe for E. globulus. Correlations between species were statistically significant for concentrations of Fe and Ca only. Thus, for these elements analysis of one species could be used as an indicator of the other.     

Irrigation water salinity affects soil nutrient distribution,root density,and leaf nutrient levels of citrus under drip fertigation 1

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of irrigation water salinity on soil nutrient distribution, citrus leaf nutrition and root density. Irrigation water, salinized to an EC of about 0.3,1.6, or 2.5 dS/m using a 3:1 ratio of NaCl:CaCl₂ plus uniform weekly applications of liquid fertilizer, was applied through a drip system. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm, both directly under the drippers and 45 cm outward from the drippers, near 8‐year old ‘Valencia’ orange trees on either Carrizo citrange or Sour orange rootstocks growing in a Candler fine sand in lysimeter tanks.

In both undisturbed and uniformly mixed soil profiles, soil pH and concentrations of Na, Ca, and P were higher under the dripper than 45 cm outward from the dripper at both depths regardless of salinity level. Soil N and Cl tended to be higher outward from the drippers than near the drippers, except in undisturbed soil at the 0–15 cm depth. Increasing salinity levels in the mixed soil profile not only increased soil EC, Na, Cl, and Ca, but also increased the concentration of P and decreased the concentration of Mg.

Root density of both rootstocks were increased by high salinity. Root densities and organic matter percentages were higher in soil sampled under drippers than that sampled outward from drippers. Leaf nutritional values and responses to salinity were dependent on rootstock as trees on sour orange had higher K and Ca, but lower Mg and Cl than trees on Carrizo. Although there were no nutrient deficiencies, K of trees on Carrizo citrange and Mg of trees on sour orange were rereduced by high salinity. An increase in leaf Ca concentrations when irrigated with salinized irrigation water likely minimized the effects of salt stress.     

Compensatory root growth in winter wheat: Effects of copper exposure on root geometry and nutrient distribution

Plants of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Starke II) were grown for seven days in split‐root chambers containing nutrient solutions with various copper chloride (CuCl₂) concentrations [0.5/0.5 (controls), 0.5/2, 0.5/5, 0.5/7 and 0.5/10 μM]. At harvest (day 11), shoot dry weights were about the same in the different copper (Cu) treatments. Dry weights of the root parts exposed to 2–10 μM Cu (Cu‐fed) decreased while they increased for the control roots. A Cu exposure of 2–10 μM severely retarded lateral root initiation and average lateral root length. Average seminal root length was also reduced. The control roots compensated for the retarded growth of the Cu‐fed roots by increasing chiefly in lateral root number, but their average length remained similiar. Phosphorus (P) concentration decreased gradually in all determined plant parts (shoots, Cu‐control and Cu‐fed roots) with increased external Cu concentration. The potassium (K) concentration in the shoots was similarly affected, but it did not decrease in the Cu‐fed roots until the external Cu concentration reached 10 μM. The Cu concentration in the Cu‐fed roots increased proportionally to the external Cu concentration, but Cu was not exported to the other plant parts. The reasons for changes in root geometry and nutrient balance are discussed.     

广西桉树林地土壤养分状况与施肥研究

通过对 6年来桉树林地土壤养分结果的统计分析 ,了解广西桉树土壤养分丰缺状况 ,并提出科学合理施肥建议 ,供广大桉树种植单位和农民参考借鉴。1　材料与方法1 1　样品来源1998年至 2 0 0 3年广西林业科学研究院土壤与植物分析化验室共分析广西区各地桉树林地土壤样品 30 0余个 ,大部分样品采用《中华人民共和国国家标准森林土壤样品的采集与制备GB7830～7332— 87》中所规定采样方法进行采样 ,小部分样品采用《中华人民共和国林业行业标准森林土壤样品的采集与制备LY/T12 10— 1999》中所规定的采样方法进行采样。样品分布遍及广西的主要…     

水 、氮供应对玉米伤流及其养分含量的影响

以玉米为供试作物, 在遮雨棚内进行了微区田间试验, 研究了不同水、氮供应玉米的伤流量, 伤流液中的硝态 氮、铵态氮、游离氨基酸及磷、钾含量, 以及对植株氮、磷、钾等养分含量和吸收量的影响。 结果表明, 供水明显增加 伤流量和伤流液中硝态氮、铵态氮、游离氨基酸及磷、钾含量。 水分充足或水分胁迫较轻时, 伤流量及其养分含量 随施氮增加而增加;水分胁迫严重时, 则减少。 在不同水、氮供应条件下, 植株氮、磷、钾养分含量及吸收量具有相 同的变化趋势。     

不同供水条件对小南瓜产量及根系发育的影响

以小南瓜为试验材料,采用盆栽的方法研究了5种供水条件:贫水年型(对照)、平水年型、丰水年型、贫补年型和平补年型(在贫水年和平水年中于小南瓜开花伸蔓期和果实膨大期补水,每次10mm)对小南瓜产量、水分利用效率和根系发育的影响。结果表明:平补年型小南瓜产量最高,达到了19604.5kg/hm2,水分利用效率达到64.76kg/(mm·hm2);整根总根长、直径小于1mm的根长、总根表面积、总根体积均高于对照;根系干质量最大,为799g,冠质量最大,为441.60g,根冠比为1.81%。因此,平水年适期补水是最适合小南瓜生长的供水条件。     

土壤水分对作物根系生长及分布的调控作用

研究了作物根系生长、分布对不同土壤水分条件,特别是水分胁迫条件和不同灌溉方式的动态响应特征及其与冠部生长、籽粒产量和水分利用的关系,指出对作物根系实施调控的方法,为寻求节水高产途径提供了可靠依据。     

根区温度对黄瓜生长和土壤养分利用的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤温度（对照不加温10?2℃、加温到18?2℃、加温到26?2℃）和不同盐分含量土壤（1#>2#>3#）对黄瓜干物质积累、矿质元素吸收与分配特征的影响,并对土壤性状、酶活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与对照不加温10℃相比,加温到18℃和26℃可以克服冬季土壤低温对黄瓜生长的限制作用,促进黄瓜苗的正常生长,为黄瓜开花结果提供保障。随着土壤温度升高,黄瓜果实干物重增加;加温到26℃与加温到18℃相比,三种盐分含量土壤1#、2#、3#黄瓜果实干物重分别增加了41.84%、15.49%、3.59%,同时反映了盐分含量高的土壤加温对提高黄瓜产量更明显。与对照不加温相比,土壤加温使黄瓜单株N、P、K的总摄取量增加,促进黄瓜根系吸收的养分向地上部转移,使土壤中速效养分（碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾）含量降低。土壤加温使土壤脲酶活性明显升高,对磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶影响不大。因此,冬季升高土壤温度可增加黄瓜产量,促进土壤养分转化,提高土壤养分利用率。     

Comprehensive study on the chemical structure of dioxane lignin from plantation Eucalyptus globulus wood

Results of a comprehensive study on the chemical structure of lignin from plantation Eucalyptus globulus Labill are presented. Lignin has been isolated by a modified mild acidolysis method and thoroughly characterized by functional group analysis, by a series of degradation techniques (nitrobenzene oxidation, permanganate oxidation, thioacidolysis, and Py-GC-MS), and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Plantation Eucalyptus globulus lignin was found to be of the S/G type with an extremely high proportion of syringyl (S) units (82-86%) and a minor proportion of p-hydrophenyl propane (H) units (roughly 2-3 mol %). Unknown C-6 substituted and 4-O-5' type syringyl substructures represent about 65% of lignin "condensed" structures. Eucalypt lignin showed high abundance of beta-O-4 (0.56/C(6)) structures and units linked by alpha-O-4 bonds (0.23/C(6)). The proportion of phenylcoumaran structures was relatively low (0.03/C(6)). Different kinds of beta-beta substructures (pino-/syringaresinol and isotaxiresinol types) in a total amount of 0.13/C(6) were detected. ESI-MS analysis revealed a wide molecular weight distribution of lignin with the center of gravity of mass distribution around 2500 u.     

不同水、氮供应条件下夏玉米养分累积动态研究

在遮雨棚内进行了微区试验,采用不同水、氮素供应研究了玉米N、P、K吸收累积动态。结果表明,植株生物量和N、P、K吸收量,随生育期延长而持续增加;而植株的N、P、K含量,则呈下降趋势。植株生物量和N、P、K吸收量随时间的变化,可用S曲线方程描述。玉米生长期间干物质与养分吸收并非同一速率,前期上升快,至最高峰后缓慢下降。在N、P、K三要素中,N、K吸收速率高,上升快,下降也快;P吸收速率低,上升慢,下降亦慢。养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早,N次之,P最晚。但三者均早于干物质最大累积速率出现的时间。水分和氮素供应增加养分最大吸收速率及养分吸收量,也可增加生育前期的养分含量,但不改变养分累积变化趋势和养分吸收速率的变化趋势。水分和氮素供应促进了营养体养分向子粒的运转,提高了养分在子粒中的分配比例,从而提高了子粒产量。     

超级早、晚稻的养分吸收和根系分布特性研究

为了阐明双季超级稻的高产机理和指导合理施肥,采用品种比较的方法,研究了超级早、晚稻品种的养分吸收和根系分布特性。结果表明,超级早、晚稻品种的养分吸收量平均分别为N 170.04、224.90 kg/hm2,P 21.97、39.88 kg/hm2,K 107.48、144.47 kg/hm2,均高于对照。生育中期（穗分化至抽穗）的养分吸收量与产量密切相关。生产100 kg稻谷所需要的养分较对照低10%左右。超级早、晚稻品种根系发达,根量较大。抽穗后15 d（早稻）或20 d（晚稻）的根量与产量密切相关,其中5—10 cm的根量与养分吸收总量密切相关。说明生育中期较多的养分吸收和发达的根系是超级早、晚稻高产的重要原因。     

Neutron radiography and tomography of water distribution in the root zone

Water uptake by roots and resulting water redistribution along the soil profile depend on soil hydraulic properties and root distribution, as well as on the physical, chemical, and biological soil–plant interactions that occur in the root zone. The hydraulic properties of the soil in the root zone are difficult to investigate in situ at the needed high spatial resolution, and they still present important open questions. For instance, is there more or less water at the root–soil interface compared to the bulk soil? Neutron radiography (2‐D) and tomography (3‐D) are efficient methods to answer such questions, providing the possibility to image simultaneously water distributions and root structure in situ at high spatial resolution. We planted a lupin and a maize in rectangular boxes filled with sandy soils. The plants were grown for 3 weeks at controlled conditions. Infiltrated water and subsequent water redistribution were imaged for 5 d at regular intervals by means of neutron radiography and tomography. Soil water‐content distributions were quantified from the radiographs after correcting for neutron scattering. The radiographs showed that the water content in the root zone was higher than in the bulk soil both during and after infiltration. Similarly, the tomograms showed localized regions of high water content around some locations of the roots, in particular near the tips of the lupin. Local regions of water depletion, which are expected as a consequence of water uptake, were visible along the main root where laterals branched. These results reflect the complexity of soil–plant–water relations, showing the different properties of bulk soil and root zone, as well as the varying moisture gradients along the root system.     

滴灌密植枣林细根及土壤水分分布特征

为明确黄土丘陵区滴灌密植枣林（Ziziphus jujube Mill.)细根（直径＜2 mm）及土壤水分的空间分布特征,以无滴灌稀植枣林为对照,利用根钻法（洛阳铲）分别获得12 a生密植枣林地0～5.4 m和12 a生稀植枣林地0～10.4 m土层的细根干重密度,及0～10.4 m的土壤水分。结果表明：枣林细根干重密度随土层深度的增加而减少,50%以上的细根集中分布在0～0.8 m的土层中,该土层为根系密集层。密植枣林的细根干重密度较稀植枣林高,而细根最大分布深度却相反,密植枣林细根最大分布深度为5 m,稀植枣林为10 m。密植枣林土壤水分低值区的土层达3.0 m,稀植枣林延伸到4.6 m。该研究表明滴灌密植对枣林根系分布及土壤水分有显著影响,滴灌可减短枣林细根最大分布深度,滴灌条件下密植枣林整体根系较浅,有利于减轻深层土壤水分消耗。