大气CO_2升高与农田土壤碳循环研究

大气CO2浓度的升高通过植物-土壤-微生物的相互作用对陆地生态系统中最大碳库土壤的稳定性产生重要影响。大气CO2浓度升高,影响许多植物生长发育过程,进而影响土壤有机碳输入量。与此同时,土壤微生物的群落与功能也会随之发生变化,参与土壤碳的转化,深刻影响陆地生态系统的碳循环。文章分析了大气CO2浓度升高影响农田土壤碳循的有关过程,包括高CO2浓度条件下,作物地下部分的生长响应,以及向土壤中输入作物光合有机物量和质的变化,探讨了土壤碳库对大气CO2浓度升高反馈的土壤微生物作用机制,进一步解析了土壤微生物群落结构在土壤碳与大气CO2浓度之间的相互作用,提出研究土壤有机碳转化的土壤微生物作用机制是预测全球气候变化条件下的农田土壤碳循环规律的关键。图1,参79。     

渭北苹果园土壤有机碳库变异特征

土壤碳库是陆地生态系统中最大且最活跃的碳库之一,是全球碳循环的核心内容.土壤有机碳的固定和矿化不仅对全球大气CO2浓度起着重要的调节作用[1],而且影响着土壤肥力及作物产量[2-3],指示着植被演替的结果和演化的趋势,倍受学术界广泛关注.     

我国东北地区土壤有机碳密度和储量的估算研究

土壤有机碳库(Soilorganiccarbonpool)是陆地碳库的主要组成部分,在陆地碳循环研究中有着重要的作用。据估计,全球大约有15 0 0Gt碳是以有机质形态存在于土壤中[1] ,因此,土壤有机碳库量的微小变化,都会对大气温室气体浓度及全球气候产生相当大的影响。另一方面,土壤有机碳含量     

稳定13C同位素示踪技术在农田土壤碳循环和团聚体 固碳研究中的应用进展

农田土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解直接影响陆地生态系统碳贮藏与全球碳平衡。土壤团聚体是土壤结构的物质基础和土壤肥力的重要载体,也是土壤有机碳的固定场所。稳定~(13)C同位素示踪技术是研究土壤碳动态变化的有效手段,能够揭示新输入碳在土壤及团聚体中赋存状态、周转过程以及微生物的调节机制。本文主要归纳与阐述了稳定~(13)C同位素示踪技术在农田土壤有机碳循环及土壤团聚体固碳机理方面的研究进展,提出~(13)C同位素示踪技术在未来土壤碳循环和固碳机制方面的主要研究方向。     

农田土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因子研究进展

全球气候变暖引起的环境问题已经引起各国政府及科学家的密切关注。农田土壤作为大气CO2的源和库,在全球碳循环中的重要角色日渐被认识。本文围绕土壤固碳的基本问题,总结了农田土壤固碳潜力、土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因素的国内外研究进展。国内研究表明,目前耕地的地力不稳,土壤有机碳密度较低,农田土壤固碳的潜力较大。因此,加强不同区域农田土壤固碳潜力、固碳过程、固碳机理等方面的研究,设计合理优化的农业管理措施,是今后研究的重点。     

土壤微生物生物量和呼吸强度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

随着全球环境变化对陆地生态系统的影响逐渐成为公众和科学界关注的热点,CO2作为一种重要的温室气体受到格外重视.大气CO2浓度升高将直接影响陆地植物的光合作用[1].植物的光合产物约有20% ～ 50%被运送到地下,通过根系分泌及死亡输入土壤[2],因此大气CO2浓度升高将会间接影响土壤生态系统.长期以来,关于大气CO2浓度升高对农作物地上部分的研究较多,但关于大气CO2浓度升高对土壤特别是土壤微生物的影响的研究报道较少.     

水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环及土壤微生物多样性影响的研究进展

[目的] 针对水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环"源汇"效应争议,综述水力侵蚀对土壤有机碳矿化作用和土壤微生物多样性的影响机制,提出未来定量研究的方向与注意事项。[方法] 在提出水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环"源"汇"效应概念和理论的基础上,分析现阶段研究中水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环"源汇"效应争议的核心问题,进而探讨水力侵蚀导致不同种类土壤微生物多样性变化的差异及其作用机制。[结果] 水力侵蚀过程导致土壤有机碳矿化作用形成碳循环中的"源"效应,而沉积过程导致有机碳迁移至低洼处固存形成碳循环中的"汇"效应,微生物的呼吸和分解作用可能解释土壤碳循环中消失的碳"汇"问题;水力侵蚀过程削弱细菌群落结构复杂性,而沉积过程可增加细菌群落结构的复杂性,但侵蚀和沉积过程都可能降低土壤真菌的α多样性和群落结构复杂性;水力侵蚀过程通过影响土壤有机碳含量、植被覆盖度和土壤pH等因素间接影响土壤微生物多样性。[结论] 未来研究应强化不同尺度水力侵蚀过程对土壤碳循环的影响机制、水力侵蚀过程与土壤微生物多样性的相互作用机制及水力侵蚀过程中土壤微生物对碳循环的影响机制相关量化研究。     

我国湿地碳循环的研究进展

湿地生态系统的碳循环正成为全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的一大热点,在稳定全球气候变化中占有重要地位,其重要性主要表现在湿地土壤是陆地重要的有机碳库,土壤碳密度高,能够相对长期地储存碳,是多种温室气体的源和汇。目前湿地碳循环的研究主要集中在碳循环的影响因素方面,对我国湿地土壤有机碳储存的变化及其空间分布规律的特点研究较少。本文通过文献综述,研究我国不同气候区湿地土壤有机碳的储存变化及空间分布规律,对于了解湿地土壤有机碳的储存特点及其与陆地生态系统碳循环的关系,评价和保护湿地生态系统都具有重要的科学意义。     

火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳影响研究进展

森林生态系统土壤有机碳作为陆地碳循环研究的重要内容,在全球变化和全球碳收支的研究中占据了重要地位。火干扰能改变森林生态系统中土壤与大气的碳素交换,是森林生态系统碳循环的重要影响因子。为此,加强火干扰下森林生态系统土壤有机碳循环研究,了解火干扰与森林生态系统土壤有机碳循环之间的交互关系,有助于揭示火干扰下土壤碳库动态机理。本研究简要综述了火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳影响研究进展,探讨了不同强度林火对土壤有机碳的影响,分析了其产生机理;阐述了火干扰不同时间后土壤有机碳变化、火干扰对不同土层土壤有机碳的影响,并分析了其原因。最后讨论了火干扰对森林土壤有机碳影响研究中存在的相关问题,提出了在今后研究中应关注的问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

陆地土壤碳循环研究进展

[目的]对近年来国内外碳循环方面的研究进展进行综述,为退化土地的生态恢复及环境治理和保护提供依据。[方法]总结了当前土壤有机碳循环研究中的几种主要方法(室内培养法、同位素示踪法、碳循环模型和计算机模拟法等),分析对比了这几种方法的特点和存在的问题,并对土壤有机碳循环机理和影响土壤有机碳循环的主要因素进行分析。[结果]目前,在土壤有机碳库的估算方法、数据依据、结果以及土壤有机碳循环模型上存在较大差异,给土壤有机碳变化和循环研究带来一定的困难。土地利用方式和土地覆盖变化是影响陆地土壤有机碳变化及循环最直接的人为因子。[结论]应注重土地利用及覆被变化在土壤碳循环中的作用及地位。并建立适用于中国国情的碳循环模型。未来的土壤碳循环研究应探索标准化、高精度的有机碳库储量估算方法。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验,研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示,土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势;当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂,其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小;但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Nonisothermal nature of soil profiles and soil hydrophysics

The results of studies of thermal water transfer and the functional analysis of nonisothermal soil water exchange (summarizing the current concepts of its physical nature, value, relations to soil properties, contribution to heat conductivity, and use for determining other hydrophysical properties of soils) are presented without going into detail of the mathematical analysis.     

Effect of soil acidification on the soil microflora

The effects of short and long term acidification on a few Alberta soils were studied with respect to bacterial numbers and total soil respiration. Significant reductions in bacterial numbers were observed in both short and long term acidified soils. Total soil activity was severely affected in an acid soil (pH 3.0, longterm) adjacent to a S block. A soil (pH 6.8) 200 m away from this S block when artificially acidified to pH 2.9 significantly reduced soil activity but not as drastically as found in the long term pH 3.0 soil. A garden soil (pH 7.7) which was also acidified to pH 3.2 showed no significant reduction in total soil respiration rate as compared to its unacidified control soil. These acid soils when amended with organic substrates demonstrated that certain physiological groups of organisms were severely inhibited by this acid condition. The importance of examining more than one parameter when assessing the effect of a potential pollutant on soil activity is discussed.     

Factors of soil formation in soil classification systems

The development of soil classification systems in Russia has been accompanied by certain changes in the attitude toward the factors of soil formation as criteria for separating soil units at the high taxonomic levels. The works of N.N. Rozov supported the traditional priority of the bioclimatic approach to the separation of soil types and subtypes in the classification systems of 1967 and 1977. In the new classification of Russian soils, the factors of soil formation are taken into account in a “hidden” form, through the diagnostic horizons and features reflecting the facial and zonal changes in the character of the pedogenesis and through the separation of several high-level soil taxa developing under specific combinations of lithological and geomorphic conditions. Ecological matrices illustrating the position of the soil types distinguished on the basis of substantive criteria in the field of soil-forming factors are included in the latest version of the new Russian soil classification system. The idea of these matrices fully corresponds to the logic of the factor-genetic soil classification system developed in the works of N.N. Rozov.     

新造雅阳系土壤养分变化的研究

随着城乡建设和经济发展的需要,征用耕地面积不断扩大。通过新造农田复垦在较短的时间内能实现耕地面积总量的动态平衡,但新造农田复垦达到耕地质量标准尚需较长的时间。本文以新造雅阳系3个不同耕作年限耕层土壤养分变化的分析研究,其结果表明,耕作年限在15年后,土壤有机质、速效P、速效K含量才能达到老雅阳系耕层土壤养分水平,即耕地质量标准,而全N含量存在着一定的差异。     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.