青藏高原碱土的发生类型

作者近年在对昆仑山-可可西里山区考察中发现在海拔5000m左右的高原面上有碱土发育,从而首次揭示了我国存在高原碱土.它主要分布在湖泊边缘、河流阶地、古湖洼地及洪积-冲积扇上,分布比较零散.高原碱土与低海拔碱土一样,具有明显的碱化层,土体紧实,棱柱状或柱状结构发育,pH>9.2,钠碱化度40%以上.     

山前冲积扇蓄洪入灌坎儿井水源保护方法研究

新疆吐鲁番盆地的坎儿井是我国宝贵的非物质文化遗产,且对吐鲁番绿洲生态的存在与发展具有不可替代的作用。近年来随着大量机电井的使用,区域地下水位持续下降,致使坎儿井出水流量减少甚至干涸。吐鲁番盆地北侧天山山脉的年降雨量可达300~400 mm,该降雨除一部分通过多条河流排出外,在山前冲积扇上也会造成一定规模的洪水,给盆地边沿地区带来一定的威胁。通过分析吐鲁番盆地基本情况、坎儿井现状和山前冲积扇蓄洪入灌的自然条件,提出一种山前冲积扇蓄洪入灌坎儿井水源保护方法,并采用数值模拟对此方法进行了研究。山前冲积扇蓄洪入灌坎儿井水源保护方法,即在冲积扇修筑拦洪坝的方式,拦蓄该部分洪水,一方面起到防洪效果,另一重要方面就是补给地下水,抬升地下水位,从而增加该区域的坎儿井的出水量。研究表明:该方法可以大幅提升地下水位,增加坎儿井的出水量,甚至可使得已经干涸的坎儿井重新出水,是经济可行的一种保护坎儿井的方法。     

艾比湖流域不同生态系统土壤水盐空间异质性分析

运用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法对艾比湖流域山前人工绿洲—绿洲—荒漠过渡带—湖滨湿地生态系统土壤表层(0~20 cm)盐分、含水量、pH的空间异质性特征进行分析,结果表明:(1)山前人工绿洲属中度盐化土,绿洲—荒漠过渡带和湖滨湿地均属于重度盐化土;艾比湖流域土壤pH和盐分均由山前人工绿洲向湖滨湿地逐渐增大,含水量由山前人工绿洲向湖滨湿地递减;艾比湖流域土壤pH属于弱变异性,盐分和含水量均属于中等变异强度;(2)受结构因素影响,山前人工绿洲土壤pH、绿洲—荒漠过渡带土壤盐分和含水量、湖滨湿地土壤pH和盐分具有较强的空间相关性;受结构因素和随机因素综合影响,山前人工绿洲土壤盐分和含水量以及湖滨湿地土壤含水量具有中等的空间相关性;(3)艾比湖流域土壤pH和盐分呈现斑块状分布,均由山前人工绿洲向绿洲—荒漠过渡带到湖滨湿地依次递增;土壤含水量呈现条带状分布,由山前人工绿洲向绿洲—荒漠过渡带到湖滨湿地依次递减、艾比湖北部向南部逐渐减少;土壤盐分与pH和含水量分别呈现极显著正相关、显著负相关。     

模拟降雨条件下地貌发育与侵蚀产沙的关系

地貌是影响流域侵蚀产沙的关键因素之一,为了进一步研究地貌发育与侵蚀产沙的关系,该文以小流域概化模型为对象,运用模拟降雨试验方法,以高精度摄影测量和GIS技术为手段对流域地貌发育过程及侵蚀产沙强度变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,产沙速率（Gt）、降雨产沙强度（Gp）和平均输沙强度（M）都随着流域地貌发育过程呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势;在流域地貌发育过程中,存在临界地面裂度（32%左右）和临界相对体积（65%左右）,使降雨产沙强度和平均输沙强度的变化趋势由递增变化为递减。这种临界现象对更深入地研究流域地貌发育及其与侵蚀产沙的关系具有重要理论意义,同时说明地面裂度和相对体积可以作为流域发育程度的指标。     

杏子河流域的土壤水分资源与利用评价

黄土丘陵区的土壤水分资源及其存储特征,较之黄土塬区和冲积平原地区有着许多不同的特点。现以陕北延河支流杏子河流域为例,对黄土丘陵区的土壤水分资源加以评价,以期对这一地区农、林、牧生产有所俾益。杏子河流域的地貌形态属梁峁状黄土丘陵区。区内地形主要为古地形所控制。古地形基础为第三纪形成的丘陵,广泛为第四纪黄土所覆盖。黄土总厚度为150—180米,地层内含有古土壤条带。杏子河两侧普遍发育三级阶地,其相对高差为100—300米,自下游至上游逐渐增大。下游有较宽阔的阶地分布,为该流域较好的农田。     

中条山北麓韩阳段冲沟发育及其新构造意义

基于数字高程模型数据(DEM),运用河长坡降指标(SL)、河流Hack剖面、面积高度积分值(HI)及盆地流域形态因子(BS)分析方法对山西省中条山北麓韩阳段6条冲沟地貌发育进行了量化分析。结果表明:中条山北麓韩阳段流域处于地貌演化的壮年期阶段,断层活动性自西南至东北方向呈现先增强后降低的趋势。野外发现盘底村和三新村沟口东岸阶地发育明显而西岸发育相对较弱的一致性规律,说明沟谷东侧山地抬升较强烈、西侧抬升较弱,从而验证韩阳段自西南向东北方向新构造活动性呈现逐渐增强的趋势。     

北洛河流域不同地貌和植被类型区径流演变特征及控制因素

采用水文统计法,以北洛河流域丘陵沟壑区、高塬沟壑区、阶地平原区以及林区等不同地貌类型和覆被区水文测站资料为基础,分析其近50年来流域径流变化趋势、程度以及极端降雨事件下的稳定性,对比辨析区域尺度流域径流演变特征和控制因素。结果显示,总体上北洛河流域年径流量呈显著减少趋势,年均变率为-0.19mm/a。林区流域径流比较稳定,而非林区流域,无论哪种地貌类型,均呈显著减少趋势,变幅为-0.11~-0.66mm/a。丘陵沟壑区年径流量发生跃变时间在1999年左右,高塬沟壑区和阶地平原区变化时间则在1994年。在水文序列的3个阶段,即1979年前、1979年后水土流失治理效应期以及1999年后的退耕还林时期,丰水流量(5%)不受地貌类型差异和森林覆被与否的影响,各流域均呈持续减小趋势。而枯水流量(95%),受水土流失综合治理影响,各流域首先表现出一致地增加趋势,然后受退耕植被恢复类型和程度影响,在不同地貌类型间有差异。以草灌恢复为主的丘陵沟壑区流域,枯水流量持续增加,以林灌恢复为主的高塬沟壑区和阶地平原区反而呈减少趋势。平水流量(50%)在各流域间反应均变化较小。多重分形临界指数分析认为,总体上阶地平原区和林区流域径流稳定性最好,其次为高塬沟壑区,丘陵沟壑区稳定性最差。区域水土流失综合治理和植被恢复,对各流域1%~5%和5%~50%频域下的降雨-产流调控作用均比较有效,而对≤1%极端降雨事件的作用有限。结果表明,森林覆盖与否及植被恢复类型等生态因素,而不是地貌类型,控制着区域尺度径流演变过程和程度。     

辽宁省白浆化土壤中白土层的特征及其形成

本文以辽宁省浑河在不同历史时期形成的阶地上的黄土状物质发育的土壤为研究对象,通过对剖面形态学特征、基本理化性质和母质均一性判定等研究,探讨了浑河三级阶地白浆化土壤的白土层特征及其形成机制。结果显示:(1)土壤粉粒中的稳定元素钛与锆分析结果表明在三级阶地上的21-003、21-009、07和21-076剖面和二级阶地上的21-001、21-200、03和04剖面的母质均一;(2)由于土体发育程度不同,一级阶地土体中无淀积层;二级阶地土体中有淀积层且无白土层,尚未出现白浆化现象;三级阶地土体中淀积层和白浆化现象明显,出现了白土层,其形成以黏粒的机械淋溶和潴育淋溶为主;三级阶地上土壤比二级阶地和一级阶地发育时间长,但尚未达到漂白层的标准。     

新疆玛河流域绿洲土壤特性空间分异与合理开发模式

水土资源是干旱区内陆河流域地域分异及绿洲发育的主要物质基础。以玛纳斯河流域为案例,重点分析沿流域纬度梯度土壤特性的变化。研究表明:从山地到沙漠,土壤养分表现为由高到低,具有波动性,其中有机质含量呈现明显下降趋势。土壤盐分空间变化规律明显:在前山区地带,土壤含盐量低;在冲积扇、冲积扇缘及冲积平原上部绿洲区,土壤耕层总盐高、表聚性强;从冲积平原中下部到干三角洲绿洲,耕层盐分含量依次降低,但剖面盐分含量呈现依次增加趋势,形成盐分聚集的漏斗效应,尤其进入沙漠边缘区,这种趋势更加明显。农业开发应该遵循这种分异规律,并进一步提出绿洲土壤资源合理开发利用对策与建议。     

流域地貌形态的定量化研究

流域地貌形态的定量化研究不仅揭示了流域地貌发育过程中的内在规律．反映了流域地貌在特定条件下的发育规律，而且也是土壤侵蚀预报模型中地形量化问题的一个重要方面，回顾了流域地貌形态定量研究历史、现状以及最新进展，并对研究中存在问题进行了探讨。     

Late Quaternary alluvial fans and paleosols of the Kangra basin,NW Himalaya: Tectonic and paleoclimatic implications

The paper describes Late Quaternary pedosedimentary sequences of the alluvial fans from the Kangra basin of NW Himalayas for tectonic and paleoclimatic implications. In the proximal part of the Kangra basin three coalescing alluvial fans, namely Rait-Rihlu fans (~ 65 km²), Kangra fans (~ 200 km²), and Palampur fans (~ 170 km²) from west to east evolved due to reactivation of longitudinal and transverse faults and climatic changes during the Late Quaternary. The fans are characterised by subsidence of Rait-Rihlu fans, uplift of Kangra fans and tilting of Palampur fans. The thick (~ 90 m) pedosedimentary sequences exposed along the rivers characterise the dominant formative processes over the fans. The stream flow sediments dominate the Rait-Rihlu fans, whereas the debris flow sediments dominate the Kangra and Palampur fans. The fan sequences are also marked by the formation of strongly developed paleosols on loess (L1–L3 loess paleosols) and weakly developed paleosols on fluvial deposits in response to the tectonics and climate change in NW Himalayas.     

干旱区绿洲-荒漠化演变中的水足迹表征研究——以新疆天山北坡为例

以新疆天山北坡为研究区,首先利用改进后的方法计算了研究区的水足迹,然后在水足迹时空变化和荒漠化格局演变分析的基础上,建立天山北坡荒漠化与水足迹之间的关系,并从水足迹的角度对天山北坡绿洲荒漠化的过程机制进行了分析。结果表明:(1)1960—2007年,天山北坡水足迹呈现较为明显的上升趋势,同时,水足迹结构发生了明显的变化。(2)天山北坡各市县当地生产水足迹的空间差异明显。(3)研究区荒漠面积与水足迹之间存在显著的负相关性。(4)调整地区生产结构(特别是农业)和改善区域居民的消费模式都有利于减轻干旱区水资源压力,对干旱区荒漠化的预警和防治具有重要的战略启示。     

拉萨河流域中下游洪积扇土壤养分评价

【目的】洪积扇是拉萨河流域珍贵的土地资源,目前西藏对洪积扇土地资源的管理还相当粗放,过度放牧、不合理开垦等人为活动已导致部分土地资源土壤肥力低下。本研究根据实地调查所得的土壤养分数据,对拉萨河流域中下游洪积扇的土壤养分状况进行综合评价,为其进行合理开发利用奠定基础。【方法】选取该区域20个典型洪积扇,分别于2019年和2020年7—8月采集土壤样本,测定土壤有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK) 7个指标。基于主成分分析确定各养分指标的权重,以全国第二次土壤养分普查养分分级标准为依据,应用物元模型进行土壤养分综合评价。【结果】洪积扇土壤OM、TN、TP、TK、AN、AP和AK的含量分别为2.65～314.57 g/kg、0.14～17.55 g/kg、0.04～2.06 g/kg、7.71～25.57 g/kg、7.70～358.56 mg/kg、0.12～342.50 mg/kg和17～1350 mg/kg。在321个样点中,土壤TN和TP含量在Ⅳ级以下的样点分别仅占9.97%和15.89%,而土壤AN和AP含量在Ⅳ级...     

The effects of land uses on soil erosion in Spain: A review

Soil erosion is a key factor in Mediterranean environments, and is not only closely related to geoecological factors (lithology, topography, and climatology) but also to land-use and plant cover changes. The long history of human activity in Spain explains the development of erosion landscapes and sedimentary structures (recent alluvial plains, alluvial fans, deltas and flat valleys infilled of sediment). For example, the expansion of cereal agriculture and transhumant livestock between the 16th and 19th centuries resulted in episodes of extensive soil erosion. During the 20th century farmland abandonment prevailed in mountain areas, resulting in a reduction of soil erosion due to vegetation recolonization whereas sheet-wash erosion, piping and gullying affected abandoned fields in semi-arid environments. The EU Agrarian Policy and the strengthening of national and international markets encouraged the expansion of almond and olive orchards into marginal lands, including steep, stony hill slopes. Vineyards also expanded to steep slopes, sometimes on new unstable bench terraces, thus leading to increased soil erosion particularly during intense rainstorms. The expansion of irrigated areas, partially on salty and poorly structured soils, resulted in piping development and salinization of effluents and the fluvial network. The trend towards larger fields and farms in both dry farming and irrigated systems has resulted in a relaxation of soil conservation practices.     

白龙江中游泥石流冲积扇坡耕地开发潜力分析

泥石流冲积扇是山区难能可贵的相对平坦土地资源,对其进行开发利用对山区农业经济的发展具有重要意义。以白龙江中游泥石流冲积扇坡耕地为研究对象,通过野外考察,结合室内Quick Bird 10m分辨率卫星影像解译,选取冲积扇面积、灌溉水源、泥石流频率、防治措施、已开发比例5个评价因子,对白龙江中游泥石流冲积扇坡耕地的分布、开发利用现状、开发潜力进行了分析和评价。结果表明:一是白龙江中游172个泥石流冲积扇总面积约为30.0km2,占河谷平坦地面积的52.07%;二是泥石流冲积扇在白龙江干热河谷所占的面积相当大,开发潜力高的泥石流冲积扇坡耕地有90个,占总数的52.3%。由此可见,整个白龙江中游区泥石流冲积扇具有很好的开发潜力,其中以沙湾-固水子段的开发潜力最高。     

The interaction of volcanic activity in quaternary times upon the evolution of the Alcantara and Simeto rivers, Mount Etna, Sicily

The interaction between volcanic and alluvial sequences is described for the Alcantara and Simeto Valleys, Mount Etna, Sicily. This study provides valuable information on the stratigraphy for prehistoric lavas exposed on the lower western flanks of the volcano. Eight orders of terrace are recognised in the Simeto Valley. The Basal Tholeiitic Volcanics, the oldest exposed lavas of Etna, are associated with Terrace 7 of the Simeto which is correlated with either the pre-Rianian (Nomentanan erosive phase), or the early Rianian Stage of the Pleistocene. The earliest evidence of Trachybasaltic volcanism in the Simeto catchment occurs in Terrace 4 which is considered to be of Late Maspinian age. The oldest known volcanics in the north western part of the volcano are related to Terrace 3 which is dated at around 20000 BP. The alluvial deposits of these terraces provide a valuable sequence of Italian Quaternary sediments dating back over the last 300000 years. The nature of these deposits is described and the probable conditions of their deposition considered. The terraces in the upper part of the Alcantara are quite different in their mode of formation from the lava-capped cut and fill terraces of the Simeto Valley. The current upper course of the Alcantara River is considered to be quite youthful (Versilian) in age and the terraces are bench features formed as the river cut down through the lava sequence.     

Soil chronosequences, soil development, and soil evolution: a critical review

Soils chronosequences are valuable tools for investigating rates and directions of soil and landscape evolution. Post-incisive chronosequences are the most common type of chronosequence. They are found in many landscapes, including sand dunes, glacial moraines, landslide scars, old pasture, burnt landscape patches, old mining areas, lava flows, alluvial fans, floodplains, river terraces, and marine terraces. They register pedogenic change over time-scales ranging from years to millions of years. Soil chronosequences help in testing rival theories of pedogenesis. Traditional soil formation theory sees a soil developing progressively under the influence of the environmental state factors until it is in equilibrium with prevailing environmental conditions. This developmental view of pedogenesis is supported by the classic soil chronosequence studies. A new evolutionary view of pedogenesis, which was prompted by the omnipresent inconstancy of environmental conditions and the notions of multidirectional changes and multiple steady states (as predicted by non-linear dynamics), proposes that environmental inconstancy and non-linear behaviour in soil-landscapes lead to soil evolution, rather than to soil development. Soils ‘evolve' through continual creation and destruction at all scales, and may progress, stay the same, or retrogress, depending on the environmental circumstances. Some recent soil and vegetation chronosequence investigations support an evolutionary view of pedogenesis. It is concluded that soil chronosequences are still potent instruments for pedological investigations and that they have a starring role to play in the testing of pedological theories.     

秦岭北麓陆地生态系统水源涵养功能的空间格局

[目的]对秦岭北麓陆地生态系统水源涵养功能空间格局进行分析,为该地区的水资源空间规划与管理,均衡各流域的水资源分配及城市经济发展等提供科学参考。[方法]基于InVEST模型从流域尺度分析秦岭北麓2000年和2010年的水源涵养能力与空间格局异质性,并对水源涵养能力的影响因素进行分析。[结果](1)2000年秦岭北麓水源涵养总量为4.02×10~9 m~3,平均水源涵养能力为242.37mm;2010年水源涵养总量为4.45×10~9 m~3,平均水源涵养能力为265.33mm。(2)黑河、石头河、灞河和浐河流域为秦岭北麓主要的水源涵养区,其高值区出现在黑河流域南部、石头河流域南部、神沙河流域、灞河流域南部小流域。(3)气候因子与水源涵养能力密切相关,土地利用/覆被通过植被面积变化影响到区域水源涵养功能的发挥,从植被类型来看,水源涵养贡献率最高的是落叶阔叶林;从土壤属性来看,棕壤的水源涵养贡献率最高。[结论]区域的水源涵养能力受气候、土地利用方式、植被覆盖及土壤条件等的综合作用而产生差异。秦岭北麓的水源涵养能力总体表现为越靠近秦岭主脊水源涵养能力越强。     

The soil cover of the Selenga delta area in the Baikal region

The main regularities of soil development in the Selenga delta area of the Baikal region have been studied. The terraces of Lake Baikal and the Selenga River are occupied by soddy forest and gray forest soils. Intrazonal saturated and calcareous alluvial soils are formed on the Selenga floodplain and delta. Soddy soils of pine forests occur on natural levees along the streams; hollows and depressions are occupied by swampy soils.     

The soils of the eastern hilly area and their suitability to vineyard in Friuli (Italy)

Typic Eutrochrepts (from “Flysch”), Typic Udifluvents (from alluvial deposits), Dystric Eutrochrepts and Plinthic Paleudults on old alluvial deposits and terraces were characterized. All soils investigated fall in the suitability class S2 or S3 for grape cultivation. Imperfect drainage and acidic reaction are most prominent soil limitations. Fertilization with organic matter, N and some microelements such as Zn, as well as drainage improvement, are the suggestions proposed in order to increase the soil fertility and the wine production.